Changes in the properties of Fijian Oxisols over 30 years of sugarcane cultivation

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 418 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Morrison ◽  
J. S. Gawander
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Land Preparation ◽  
Soil Mixing ◽  
Phosphate Retention ◽  
Sugarcane Productivity ◽  
Highly Weathered Soils

Sugarcane production plateaued in Fiji at ~4 million tonnes annually (average ~55 t/ha) during the latter part of the 1980s but, in recent years, despite the continuing release of high yielding varieties, the total production has decreased to under 3 million tonnes (average ~45 t/ha). This study was initiated to study the changes in the properties of Oxisols following sugarcane cultivation to ascertain whether yield declines were due to degradation of soil biophysical and chemical properties. The study lasted from 1978 (when the soils were first cleared for agriculture) to 2009. Soil (0–15, 30–40 and 70–80 cm) properties including pH, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, water retention, bulk density, phosphate retention and exchangeable bases were monitored. The observed topsoil changes could generally be related to changes in organic matter and associated ion exchange properties. The major changes occurred in the first three years after clearing, but some changes continued for many years. Subsoil samples (30–40 cm) showed an increase in organic carbon after cane cultivation, probably due to soil mixing during land preparation, organic matter movement during cropping and decay of sugarcane roots. At 70–80 cm, small but significant increases in organic carbon were observed along with small decreases in pH. Overall, these changes indicate that careful management of topsoils is essential for maintaining soil fertility and hence sugarcane productivity on these highly weathered soils.

scholarly journals Effect of termite activity on soil under different land management strategies

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Liane Barreto Alves Pinheiro ◽  
Rodrigo Camara ◽  
Marcos Gervasio Pereira ◽  
Eduardo Lima ◽  
Maria Elizabeth Fernandes Correia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Termite Mounds ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantation ◽  
Exchangeable Acidity ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Surrounding Soil

Mound-building termites are important agents of soil bioperturbation, but these species have not been extensively studied thus far. The present study aimed to evaluate the soil particle-size and the chemical attributes of termite mounds and the surrounding soil under different land use strategies. A one-hectare plot was defined for an unmanaged degraded pasture, planted pasture, and for a eucalyptus Corymbia citriodora plantation. In each plot, the top, center, and base sections of five Cornitermes cumulans mounds, and the surrounding soil at the depths of 0-5; 5-10; 10-20 cm, were sampled in the Pinheiral, Rio de Janeiro state. In the three areas, the center of the mounds contained higher clay content, organic carbon, phosphorous, calcium and magnesium, total bases, and cation exchangeable capacity, when compared to the top, base, and the surrounding soils. However, the center had lower values of exchangeable acidity and potassium, of the three areas. In the eucalyptus plantation, the values of pH, total bases, calcium, and magnesium were lower, whereas aluminum, exchangeable acidity, sodium, and cation exchange capacity were higher both in the mounds and in the surrounding soil, in relation to the pastures. There were no differences among the three areas in terms of organic carbon, potassium, phosphorous, and total bases, in the mounds and adjacent soil. Thus, the termite activity altered the clay content and most of the soil chemical properties in all of the studied areas, but only for the center of the mounds. However, the effect of these organisms was different in the eucalyptus plantation in relation to the pasture areas.

scholarly journals Chemical characterization of fine particular matter in Changzhou, China and source apportionment with offline aerosol mass spectrometry

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaolian Ye ◽  
Jiashu Liu ◽  
Aijun Gu ◽  
Feifei Feng ◽  
Yuhai Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Traffic Emissions ◽  
Aerosol Mass

Abstract. Knowledge on aerosol chemistry in densely populated regions is critical for reduction of air pollution, while such studies haven't been conducted in Changzhou, an important manufacturing base and polluted city in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China. This work, for the first time, performed a thorough chemical characterization on the fine particular matter (PM2.5) samples, collected during July 2015 to April 2016 across four seasons in Changzhou city. A suite of analytical techniques were employed to characterize organic carbon / elemental carbon (OC / EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs), trace elements, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5; in particular, an Aerodyne soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) was deployed to probe the chemical properties of water-soluble organic aerosols (WSOA). The average PM2.5 concentrations were found to be 108.3 μg m−3, and all identified species were able to reconstruct ~ 80 % of the PM2.5 mass. The WSIIs occupied about half of the PM2.5 mass (~ 52.1 %), with SO42−, NO3− and NH4+ as the major ions. On average, nitrate concentrations dominated over sulfate (mass ratio of 1.21), indicating influences from traffic emissions. OC and EC correlated well with each other and the highest OC / EC ratio (5.16) occurred in winter, suggesting complex OC sources likely including both secondarily formed and primarily emitted OA. Concentrations of eight trace elements (Mn, Zn, Al, B, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb) can contribute up to 6.0 % of PM2.5 during winter. PAHs concentrations were also high in winter (140.25 ng m−3), which were predominated by median/high molecular weight PAHs with 5- and 6-rings. The organic matter including both water-soluble and water-insoluble species occupied ~ 20 % PM2.5 mass. SP-AMS determined that the WSOA had an average atomic oxygen-to-carbon (O / C), hydrogen-to-carbon (H / C), nitrogen-to-carbon (N / C) and organic matter-to-organic carbon (OM / OC) ratios of 0.36, 1.54, 0.11, and 1.74, respectively. Source apportionment of WSOA further identified two secondary OA (SOA) factors (a less oxidized and a more oxidized OA) and two primary OA (POA) factors (a nitrogen enriched hydrocarbon-like traffic OA and a cooking-related OA). On average, the POA contribution overweighed SOA (55 % vs. 45 %), indicating the important role of local anthropogenic emissions to the aerosol pollution in Changzhou. Our measurement also shows the abundance of organic nitrogen species in WSOA, and the source analyses suggest these species likely associated with traffic emissions, which warrants more investigations on PM samples from other locations.

scholarly journals Effect of Tillage System and Organic Matter Management Interactions on Soil Chemical Properties and Biological Activity in a Spring Wheat Short-Time Cultivation

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 7451
Author(s):  
Barbara Breza-Boruta ◽  
Karol Kotwica ◽  
Justyna Bauza-Kaszewska
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Short Time

Properly selected tillage methods and management of the available organic matter resources are considered important measures to enable farming in accordance with the principles of sustainable agriculture. Depending on the depth and intensity of cultivation, tillage practices affect soil chemical composition, structure and biological activity. The three-year experiment was performed on the soil under spring wheat (cv. Tybalt) short-time cultivation. The influence of different tillage systems and stubble management on the soil’s chemical and biological parameters was analyzed. Organic carbon content (OC); content of biologically available phosphorus (Pa), potassium (Ka), and magnesium (Mg); content of total nitrogen (TN), mineral nitrogen forms: N-NO3 and N-NH4 were determined in various soil samples. Moreover, the total number of microorganisms (TNM), bacteria (B), actinobacteria (A), fungi (F); soil respiratory activity (SR); and pH in 1 M KCl (pH) were also investigated. The results show that organic matter amendment is of greater influence on soil characteristics than the tillage system applied. Manure application, as well as leaving the straw in the field, resulted in higher amounts of organic carbon and biologically available potassium. A significant increase in the number of soil microorganisms was also observed in soil samples from the experimental plots including this procedure.

Soil organic carbon, permanganate fractions, and the chemical properties of acidic soils

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Moody ◽  
S. A. Yo ◽  
R. L. Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Multiple Regression Equation ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Single Addition ◽  
Ph Buffer ◽  
Charge Curve

Total organic carbon (TC) in 32 acidic surface (0–10 cm) soils was divided into 3 fractions (C1, C2, and C3) based on oxidisability by different strengths of KMnO4 (33 mM and 167 mM). With the methodology used, ease of oxidation decreased in the order C1>C2>C3. Several fundamental soil chemical properties were also determined, i.e. ECEC, CEC at pH 6·5 (CEC6·5), slope of the charge curve (ΔCEC), pH buffer capacity, (pHBC), P sorption capacity using a single addition index (PSI150), and content of organically complexed Al. All soils had pH (1:5 water) <6·5, and comprised a wide range of soil types and clay contents. Multiple step-up regression indicated that C fractions were significantly (P < 0·05) correlated with ECEC, ΔCEC, CEC6·5, and pHBC. These results reinforce the critical importance of soil organic matter to the fundamental soil chemical properties of predominantly variable charge soils. The intercorrelations between the various oxidisable C fractions made it difficult to elucidate if degree of oxidisability had any bearing on the reactivity of the organic matter. ECEC was primarily correlated with C1, whereas all C fractions had highly significant (P < 0·01) effects on ΔCEC and pHBC. The fraction which was most difficult to oxidise, C3, made a significant (P < 0·01) contribution to CEC6·5 when combined with clay and ECEC in a multiple regression equation. Generally, one or other of the C fractions was better correlated with the fundamental soil chemical properties than TC. This simple empirical fractionation of soil organic C may therefore be a useful tool for assessing the effects of soil management on these properties.

LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF LIME ADDITIONS ON SUGARCANE YIELD AND SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN NORTH QUEENSLAND

2000 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. NOBLE ◽  
A. P. HURNEY
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soil ◽  
Ion Pairs ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Cane Yield ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Exchangeable Acidity ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Highly Weathered Soils

In many highly weathered soils of the humid tropics, crop exploitation of the subsoil environment is limited through acid soil infertility. Since the use of mechanical profile modification is often prohibitive, surface incorporation of soil amendments is often the only means available to rectify this problem. A field trial was established with sugarcane on a strongly Acidic Dystrophic Brown Dermosol (Oxic Humitropept) in 1978 to evaluate the effects of surface incorporated lime additions on yield and performance of sugarcane. Eighteen years after the establishment of this trial, significant responses in cane yield were still evident following a single application of 5 t lime ha−1 made in 1978, as well as repeated applications of 5 t ha−1 on three occasions over the past 18 years. Progressive reductions in exchangeable acidity were accompanied by increases in subsoil Ca2+ and Mg2+. Soil pH increased significantly to a depth of 100 cm, this being attributed to the formation of ion pairs with NO3 in the surface soil, the subsequent leaching of these complexes and the differential uptake of NO3 at depth by roots. The results from this long-term study indicate that surface incorporation of lime is an economically viable approach to the remediation of subsoil acidity on soils such as those studied, namely, those with a low inherent cation exchange capacity and anion exchange capacity.

scholarly journals Soil fertility, organic carbon and fractions of the organic matter at different distances from eucalyptus stumps

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geraldo Erli Faria ◽  
Nairam Félix de Barros ◽  
Roberto Ferreira Novais ◽  
Ivo Ribeiro Silva
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Light Fraction ◽  
Forest Residues ◽  
Chemical Attributes ◽  
Topsoil Layer

Knowledge on variations in vertical, horizontal and temporal characteristics of the soil chemical properties under eucalyptus stumps left in the soil is of fundamental importance for the management of subsequent crops. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of eucalyptus stumps (ES) left after cutting on the spatial variability of chemical characteristics in a dystrophic Yellow Argisol in the eastern coastal plain region of Brazil. For this purpose, ES left for 31 and 54 months were selected in two experimental areas with similar characteristics, to assess the decomposition effects of the stumps on soil chemical attributes. Soil samples were collected directly around these ES, and at distances of 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 cm away from them, in the layers 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm along the row of ES, which is in-between the rows of eucalyptus trees of a new plantation, grown at a spacing of 3 x 3 m. The soil was sampled in five replications in plots of 900 m² each and the samples analyzed for pH, available P and K (Mehlich-1), exchangeable Al, Ca and Mg, total organic carbon (TOC) and C content in humic substances (HS) and in the free light fraction. The pH values and P, K, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Al3+ contents varied between the soil layers with increasing distance from the 31 and 54-monthold stumps. The highest pH, P, K, Ca2+ and Mg2+ values and the lowest Al3+ content were found in the surface soil layer. The TOC of the various fractions of soil organic matter decreased with increasing distance from the 31 and 54-month-old ES in the 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers, indicating that the root (and stump) cycling and rhizodeposition contribute to maintain soil organic matter. The C contents of the free light fraction, of the HS and TOC fractions were higher in the topsoil layer under the ES left for 31 months due to the higher clay levels of this layer, than in those found under the 54-month-old stumps. However, highest C levels of the different fractions of soil organic matter in the topsoil layer reflect the deposition and maintenance of forest residues on the soil surface, mainly after forest harvest.

scholarly journals Impact of Cement Dust on Physical and Chemical Nutrients Properties of Forest Topsoil

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 695-700
Author(s):  
A.P. Adebiyi ◽  
H.O. Adigun ◽  
K.J. Lawal ◽  
K.D. Salami ◽  
V.A.L. Adekunle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Cement Dust ◽  
Sodium Calcium ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Magnesium Cation ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

: The study examined the impact of Cement dust on physical and chemical nutrients properties of forest topsoil in close proximity to a major private cement industry in Obajana, Kogi State, Nigeria using standard methods by collecting Topsoil samples for physical and chemical properties analyses which are particle size, moisture content, pH, carbon, nitrogen,phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, cation exchange capacity and organic matter.Data revealed a strong influence of the particulate pollutants on the forest topsoil in close proximity to the Cement factory. It was observed that the soil properties; moisture content and soil pH varied at distances away from the factory. The result showed that the Cement dust particles entering the soil increased the pH of the soil, it more alkaline. The highest pH (6.03) was observed from hundred and fifty meters sample indicating the highest particulate pollution. There were also variations in the other soil nutrient properties; carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, cation exchange capacity and organic matter arising from the effect of cement dust. High organic matter content was recorded in the location samples compared with the control sample. This is attributed to the addition of cement dust to the soils, resulting in improved organic-matter cycling and plant growth. The result also showed that the chemical properties; organic carbon (OC), organic matter (OM), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) are significantly higher in the study areas than the control. The study therefore concludes that the emission of cement dust on the forest stands over the years was found to have significantly affected the topsoil properties.

scholarly journals Physico-chemical characteristics of the seasonally flooded soils of Bangladesh and their management implications

1970 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-182
Author(s):  
KF Akhter ◽  
ZH Khan ◽  
MS Hussain ◽  
AR Mazumder
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Flooded Soils ◽  
Management Implications ◽  
Available N ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Seasonally Flooded

The seasonally flooded soils of Bangladesh are unique in respect of several specific characteristics and contribute toward producing bulk of its staple food - mainly rice. Having fine texture these soils are similar to the “paddy soils” of Southeast Asian floodplains and have high production potential under proper management. Six representative soil series, viz. Arial, Debidwar, Naraibag, Jalkundi, Siddirganj and Tippera from the central region of Bangladesh have been studied to evaluate some of their intrinsic physico-chemical properties and their sustainable management requirements. These soils are slightly acidic to neutral and are negatively charged with ΔpH values ranging between –0.2 and –1.2. The organic matter content in the surface soil is relatively low that decreases steadily with depth. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soils varies on the basis of their clay and organic matter contents while base saturation per cent (BSP) is high. The contents of available N, P, K and S and DTPA-extractable Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in soils are moderate and are commensurate with the contents of colloidal fractions. These soils receive several mineral nutrients annually with the sediments deposited during the monsoon floods. The characteristics like organic matter content, particle size distribution, CEC, pH and BSP that have important management implications have been discussed. Key words: Seasonally flooded soils; Physical and chemical attributes; Management implications DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v20i2.8978 DUJBS 2011; 20(2): 173-182

Effect of Tillage and Cover Crop on Fluometuron Adsorption and Degradation under Controlled Conditions

Weed Science ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake A. Brown ◽  
Robert M. Hayes ◽  
Donald D. Tyler ◽  
Thomas C. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
No Till

Fluometuron adsorption and degradation were determined in soil collected at three depths from no-till + no cover, conventional-till + no cover, no-till + vetch cover, and conventional-till + vetch cover in continuous cotton. These combinations of tillage + cover crop + soil depth imparted a range of organic matter and pH to the soil. Soil organic matter and pH ranged from 0.9 to 2.5% and from 4.7 to 6.5, respectively. Fluometuron adsorption was affected by soil depth, tillage, and cover crop. In surface soils (0 to 4 cm), fluometuron adsorption was greater in no-till + vetch plots than in conventional-tilled + no cover plots. Soil adsorption of fluometuron was positively correlated with organic matter content and cation exchange capacity. Fluometuron degradation was not affected by adsorption, and degradation empirically fit a first-order model. Soil organic matter content had no apparent effect on fluometuron degradation rate. Fluometuron degradation was more rapid at soil pH > 6 than at pH ≤ 5, indicating a potential shift in microbial activity or population due to lower soil pH. Fluometuron half-life ranged from 49 to 90 d. These data indicate that tillage and cover crop may affect soil dissipation of fluometuron by altering soil physical and chemical properties that affect fluometuron degrading microorganisms or bioavailability.

Pronamide Phytotoxicity in Ten Wisconsin Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Dutt ◽  
R. G. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Mg Content ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Pronamide [3,5-dichloro-(N-1, 1-dimethyl-2-propynyl) benzamide] phytotoxicity was compared in 10 Wisconsin soils and the relationship of activity to soil physical and chemical properties appraised. Twelve soil properties were measured and correlated with pronamide I50(50% fresh weight inhibition) values using oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Portal’) as the indicator plant in bioassays conducted under greenhouse conditions. Organic matter was the soil variable most inversely correlated with pronamide phytotoxicity. Cation exchange capacity, field moisture capacity, and Mg content were also inversely correlated with pronamide phytotoxicity, but probably reflect changes in soil organic matter levels. Clay content did not significantly affect pronamide phytotoxicity.

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