Possible effects of irrigation with wastewater on the clay mineralogy of some Australian clayey soils: laboratory study

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serhiy Marchuk ◽  
Jock Churchman ◽  
Pichu Rengasamy
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Clayey Soils ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Peak Decomposition

Potassium is common in a wide variety of wastewaters and in some wastewaters is present at several hundred to several thousand mg L–1. Potassium is taken up by expandable clays leading to its fixation and illitisation of smectitic and vermiculitic layers. Hence the addition of wastewaters to soils may lead to mineralogical changes in the soils that affect their physico-chemical properties. Winery wastewater was equilibrated with clay-rich soils from Southern Australia. X-ray diffraction patterns and chemical composition of clays extracted from untreated and treated soils were determined. In three of the four soils, shifts in peak positions occurred towards more illitic components along with increases in K and sometimes also Mg and Na contents of soil clays. Peak decomposition showed trends towards the formation of interstratifications of illite with smectite at the expense of smectite and an alteration of poorly crystallised illite into its more well-ordered forms. The results show that illitisation may occur as a result of the addition of K-rich wastewaters to clayey soils.

scholarly journals Born out of Fire and Ice: Polymorph Studies of the Antiviral Famciclovir

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Liana Vella-Zarb ◽  
Ulrich Baisch
Keyword(s):  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Crystal Form ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Crystal Forms ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Crystalline Forms

There is much interest and focus on solid forms of famciclovir. However, in spite of the abundance of reported differences in oral bioavailability, compressibility, and other physical–chemical properties of the various crystal forms of this drug, very little precise structural analysis is available in the literature to date. The form used in the commercial formulation is the anhydrous form I. Patents and patent applications report three different anhydrous crystalline forms on the basis of unindexed powder diffraction patterns. Single-crystal and variable-temperature X-ray diffraction experiments using the commercially available anhydrous form of famciclovir were carried out and led not only to the crystal structure determination of the anhydrous form I, but also to discovery of a new crystal form of anhydrous famciclovir from powder data.

Physico-Chemical and Morphological Changes of Sayong Kaolinite Clay Treated with Sulphuric Acid for Enzyme Immobilization

2013 ◽  
Vol 832 ◽  
pp. 589-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A. Edama ◽  
A. Sulaiman ◽  
K.H. Ku Hamid ◽  
M.N. Muhd Rodhi ◽  
Mohibah Musa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Enzyme Immobilization ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Kaolinite Clay ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mineral Oxides ◽  
Physico Chemical

This study analyzed the effects of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) treatment on pysico-chemical properties and morphological changes of clay obtained from Sg. Sayong, Perak. The clay was ground and sieved to <150μm and treated with different concentrations of H2SO4. The treatment was completed by refluxing the clay with different concentration of H2SO4 (1M, 5M and 10M ) at 100 °C for 4 hours and followed by calcination at 500 °C for 1 hour. The physic-chemical properties and morphological changes of the untreated and treated clay were compared using Surface Area Analyser, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Micrograph (FESEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that acid treatment of 5M increased the surface area from 25 m2/g to 75 m2/g and the pore volume increased from 0.1518 cc/g to 0.3546 cc/g. The nanopore size of the clay decreased from 24.8 nm to 19.4 nm after treated with acid. This can be explained due to the elimination of the exchangeable cations and generation of microporosity. The results of XRF showed SiO2 increased from 58.34% to 74.52% and Al2O3 reduced from 34.6% to 18.31%. The mineral oxides such as Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, K2O and TiO2 also reduced. This concluded that H2SO4 treatment has led to significant removal of octahedral Al3+, Fe3+ cations and other impurities. In conclusion, this study showed the physico-chemical properties and morphology of Sayong clay were improved once treated with H2SO4 and therefore suggests better supporting material for enzyme immobilization.

scholarly journals Determination of Chromite Sands Suitability for Use in Moulding Sands

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-110
Author(s):  
K. Stec ◽  
J. Podwórny ◽  
B. Psiuk ◽  
Ł. Kozakiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Phase Composition ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Grinding Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Spectroscopy Technique ◽  
X Ray

Abstract Using the available analytical methods, including the determination of chemical composition using wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy technique and phase composition determined using X-ray diffraction, microstructural observations in a highresolution scanning microscope equipped with an X-ray microanalysis system as well as determination of characteristic softening and sintering temperatures using high-temperature microscope, the properties of particular chromite sands were defined. For the study has been typed reference sand with chemical properties, physical and thermal, treated as standard, and the sands of the regeneration process and the grinding process. Using these kinds of sand in foundries resulted in the occurrence of the phenomenon of the molding mass sintering. Impurities were identified and causes of sintering of a moulding sand based on chromite sand were characterized. Next, research methods enabling a quick evaluation of chromite sand suitability for use in the preparation of moulding sands were selected.

Fibrous Minerals and Synthetic Fibers

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Catherine W. Skinner ◽  
Malcolm Ross ◽  
Clifford Frondel
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Type Specimen ◽  
Mineral Species ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Synthetic Fibers ◽  
Fibrous Minerals ◽  
The Common

A mineral is a naturally occurring, crystalline inorganic compound with a specific chemical composition and crystal structure. Minerals are commonly named to honor a person, to indicate the geographic area where the mineral was discovered, or to highlight some distinctive chemical, crystallographic, or physical characteristic of the substance. Each mineral sample has some obvious properties: color, shape, texture, and perhaps odor or taste. However, to determine the precise composition and crystal structure necessary to accurately identify the species, one or several of the following techniques must be employed: optical, x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and diffraction, and chemical and spectral analyses. The long history of bestowing names on minerals has provided some confusing legacies. Many mineral names end with the suffix “ite,” although not most of the common species; no standard naming practice has ever been adopted. Occasionally different names have been applied to samples of the same mineral that differ only in color or shape, but are identical to each other in chemical composition and crystal structure. These names, usually of the common rock-forming minerals, are often encountered and are therefore accepted as synonyms or as varieties of bona fide mineral species. The Fibrous Minerals list (Appendix 1) includes synonyms. A formal description of a mineral presents all the physical and chemical properties of the species. In particular, distinctive attributes that might facilitate identification are noted, and usually a chemical analysis of the first or “type” specimen on which the name was originally bestowed is included. As an example, the complete description of the mineral brucite (Mg(OH)2), as it appears in Dana’s System of Mineralogy, is presented as Appendix 3. Note the complexity of this chemically simple species and the range of information available. In the section on Habit (meaning shape or morphology) both acicular and fibrous forms are noted. The fibrous variety, which has the same composition as brucite, is commonly encountered (see Fig. 1.1D) and is known by a separate name, “nemalite.” Tables to assist in the systematic determination of a mineral species are usually based on quantitative measurements of optical properties (using either transmitted or reflected light, as appropriate) or on x-ray diffraction data.

scholarly journals Zeolite Adsorption of Chloride from a Synthetic Alkali-Activated Cement Pore Solution

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Osio-Norgaard ◽  
Wil V. Srubar
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Pore Solution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elemental Chlorine ◽  
Cage Size ◽  
Synthetic Zeolites ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Alkali Activated ◽  
Alkali Activated Cement

This work presents experimental evidence that confirms the potential for two specific zeolites, namely chabazite and faujasite (with a cage size ~2–13 Å), to adsorb small amounts of chloride from a synthetic alkali-activated cement (AAC) pore solution. Four synthetic zeolites were first exposed to a chlorinated AAC pore solution, two faujasite zeolites (i.e., FAU, X-13), chabazite (i.e., SSZ-13), and sodium-stabilized mordenite (i.e., Na-Mordenite). The mineralogy and chemical composition were subsequently investigated via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and both energy- and wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS), respectively. Upon exposure to a chlorinated AAC pore solution, FAU and SSZ-13 displayed changes to their diffraction patterns (i.e., peak shifting and broadening), characteristic of ion entrapment within zeolitic aluminosilicate frameworks. Elemental mapping with WDS confirmed the presence of small amounts of elemental chlorine. Results indicate that the chloride-bearing capacity of zeolites is likely dependent on both microstructural features (e.g., cage sizes) and chemical composition.

scholarly journals Effect of TiO2 Addition on Mortars: Characterization and Photoactivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (13) ◽  
pp. 2598 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Hernández-Rodríguez ◽  
R. Santana Rodríguez ◽  
R. Darias ◽  
O. González Díaz ◽  
J. M. Pérez Luzardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mercury Porosimetry ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Setting Process ◽  
Flow Table ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Important Activity

In this study, mortar specimens were prepared with a cement:sand:water ratio of 1:3:0.5, in accordance with standard EN196-1. Portland CEM I 52.5 R grey (G) and white (W) cements were used, together with normalised sand and distilled water. Different amounts of TiO2 photocatalyst were incorporated in the preparation of the mortar samples. The effect of the addition of TiO2 was studied on mechanical properties of the mortar and cement including compressive and flexural strength, consistency (the flow table test), setting time and carbonation. Characterization techniques, including thermogravimetry, mercury porosimetry and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), were applied to study the physico-chemical properties of the mortars. It was shown that adding the photocatalyst to the mortar had no negative effect on its properties and could be used to accelerate the setting process. Specimen photoactivity with the incorporated photocatalyst was tested for NOx oxidation in different conditions of humidity (0% RH and 65% RH) and illumination (Vis or Vis/UV), with the results showing an important activity even under Vis radiation.

Possible effects of land use on the clay mineralogy of a brown forest soil

Clay Minerals ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Bain ◽  
D. T. Griffen
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Brown Forest Soil ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Effects Of Land Use ◽  
Brown Forest Soils

AbstractThree soil profiles classed as brown forest soils on schistose parent material, in close proximity but under different land uses, have been studied. The profile under 50 year-old Sitka spruce trees is the most acidic, the second profile under rough grassland is less acidic, and the third profile in an arable field which has been fertilized is the least acidic. The clay fractions (ς μm) of all three profiles are very similar. However, computer simulations of the X-ray diffraction patterns of clay phases using a modified version of NEWMOD revealed two possible weathering trends: (1) an increasing proportion of vermiculite in interstratified mica-vermiculite in the upper horizons of the arable and forested soils; (2) formation of high-charge corrensite by weathering of chlorite in all three profiles but least pronounced in the arable soil. The differences in clay mineralogy amongst the profiles are minor, but these two different weathering trends may be due to the effects of different land use.

Magnetization of aminated lignin and characterization

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (01) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueqing Qiu ◽  
Yingzhi Ma ◽  
Dafeng Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Vibrating Sample Magnetometer ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Bet Method ◽  
Scanning Electron

A magnetic lignin-based nanomaterial (MLN) was prepared from alkaline lignin through an amination and precipitation strategy and characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, scanning electron microscope (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results illustrated that MLN was thermostable and had an extensive degree of aminated lignin coating. The specific surface area of MLN was 65.43 m2/g, with the total pore volume of 0.311 cm3/g. The zeta potential of MLN was positive when pH was less than 2.9, and the saturation magnetization was 50.8 emu/g. The characterization data discovered that the physico-chemical properties of MLN were helpful for the adsorption application.

OCCURRENCE AND DETERMINATION OF LEPIDOCROCITE IN CANADIAN SOILS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. ROSS ◽  
N. M. MILES ◽  
H. KODAMA
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soils ◽  
Chemical Dissolution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Shape Characteristic ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Canadian Soils ◽  
Soluble Aggregates ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

Lepidocrocite occurred in B and C horizons of several poorly drained, acid soils; it was determined by X-ray diffraction, electron optical, and chemical dissolution methods. A comparison of X-ray diffraction results obtained by diffractometer, Debye-Scherrer and Guinier-de Wolff methods showed the latter method to be superior in providing the more distinct and complete evidence of lepidocrocite in soil clays. Dithionite-soluble aggregates commonly had a dumbbell-like shape characteristic of lepidocrocite but their electron diffraction patterns were similar to those of maghemite. This suggested the topotactic dehydroxylation of lepidocrocite in the electron microscope. Amounts of lepidocrocite estimated from X-ray diffraction intensities agreed fairly well (within 2.5%) with amounts calculated from iron dissolved by dithionite and oxalate treatments. Lepidocrocite concentrations in soil clays of 1–2% gave distinct X-ray diffraction evidence.

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