Texture effects on carbon stabilisation and storage in New Zealand soils containing predominantly 2 : 1 clays

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Curtin ◽  
Michael H. Beare ◽  
Weiwen Qiu
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Particle Size Fractions ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mass Proportion ◽  
C And N

Developing strategies to sequester carbon (C) in soils requires an understanding of the key factors that influence C stabilisation. Although fine mineral particles, especially clay, play a key role in stabilising soil organic matter (SOM), the relationship between SOM and texture is often not strong. We examined the role of the fine mineral fraction in C storage in sedimentary soils in New Zealand. Soils, representing two soil Orders (Brown and Recent) and different land use histories (total of 58 soils; 0–15 cm depth) were sampled. The concentration of C (and N) in four particle size fractions (<5, 5–20, 20–50, >50 µm) was determined (soils fractionated after dispersion by sonication). The soils had a wide range of textures and SOM; the mass proportion of clay (<5 µm) ranged from 10 to 60 g 100 g–1 and soil C from 16 to 45 g kg–1. Across both soil Orders and all land uses (dairy, sheep or beef, arable and vegetable cropping), the majority of soil C (57 to 66%) was stored in the clay fraction. However, there was no correlation (R2 = 0.02; P > 0.05) between the C concentration in whole soil and clay content. The concentration of C in the clay fraction, which varied over a wide range (35 to 135 g kg–1 clay), decreased as the mass proportion of clay increased. A similar trend in C concentration was observed for the fine (5–20 µm) silt fraction. Because of this inverse relationship between the mass of the fine fractions and their C concentration, there was little change in amount of stable C (defined as C in the <20 µm fraction) as the mass proportion of fine (<20 µm) particles increased. Differences in pyrophosphate extractable aluminium explained part of the variability in C concentration in the fine fractions; however, we were unable to identify any specific physico-chemical factor that would account for the relatively low C concentrations observed in the <5 and 5–20 µm fractions of fine-textured soils. We concluded that such soils may be under-saturated and potential may exist to store additional stable C.

Post-thinning soil organic matter evolution and soil CO2 effluxes in temperate radiata pine plantations: impacts of moderate thinning regimes on the forest C cycle

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1953-1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Fernandez ◽  
Juan Gabriel Álvarez-González ◽  
Beatríz Carrasco ◽  
Ana Daría Ruíz-González ◽  
Ana Cabaneiro
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Cycle ◽  
C And N

Forest ecosystems can act as C sinks, thus absorbing a high percentage of atmospheric CO2. Appropriate silvicultural regimes can therefore be applied as useful tools in climate change mitigation strategies. The present study analyzed the temporal changes in the effects of thinning on soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics and on soil CO2 emissions in radiata pine ( Pinus radiata D. Don) forests. Soil C effluxes were monitored over a period of 2 years in thinned and unthinned plots. In addition, soil samples from the plots were analyzed by solid-state 13C-NMR to determine the post-thinning SOM composition and fresh soil samples were incubated under laboratory conditions to determine their biodegradability. The results indicate that the potential soil C mineralization largely depends on the proportion of alkyl-C and N-alkyl-C functional groups in the SOM and on the microbial accessibility of the recalcitrant organic pool. Soil CO2 effluxes varied widely between seasons and increased exponentially with soil heating. Thinning led to decreased soil respiration and attenuation of the seasonal fluctuations. These effects were observed for up to 20 months after thinning, although they disappeared thereafter. Thus, moderate thinning caused enduring changes to the SOM composition and appeared to have temporary effects on the C storage capacity of forest soils, which is a critical aspect under the current climatic change scenario.

scholarly journals C and N urban soil budget and its spatial differentiation in comparison with natural areas in the Wroclaw region of Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 00085
Author(s):  
Izabela Sówka ◽  
Yaroslav Bezyk ◽  
Maxim Dorodnikov
Keyword(s):  
Urban Soil ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Natural Areas ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N ◽  
Natural Grassland

An assessment of C and N balance in urban soil compared to the natural environment was carried out to evaluate the influence of biological processes along with human-induced forcing. Soil C and N stocks were quantified on the samples (n=18) collected at 5 - 10 cm depth from dominated green areas and arable lands in the city of Wroclaw (Poland) and the relatively natural grassland located ca. 36 km south-west. Higher soil carbon and nitrogen levels (C/N ratio = 11.8) and greater microbial biomass C and N values (MBC = 95.3, MBN = 14.4 mg N kg-1) were measured in natural grassland compared with the citywide lawn sites (C/N ratio = 15.17, MBC = 84.3 mg C kg-1, MBN = 11.9 mg N kg-1), respectively. In contrast to the natural areas, the higher C and N concentration was measured in urban grass dominated soils (C = 2.7 % and N = 0.18 % of dry mass), which can be explained mainly due to the high soil bulk density and water holding capacity (13.8 % clay content). The limited availability of soil C and N content was seen under the arable soil (C = 1.23 %, N = 0.13 %) than in the studied grasslands. In fact, the significantly increased C/N ratios in urban grasslands are largely associated with land conversion and demonstrate that urban soils have the potential to be an important reservoir of C.

Comparison of carbon and nitrogen storage in mineral soils of graminoid and shrub tundra sites, western Greenland

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 165-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea L. Petrenko ◽  
Julia Bradley-Cook ◽  
Emily M. Lacroix ◽  
Andrew J. Friedland ◽  
Ross A. Virginia
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Soil C ◽  
N Storage ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Arctic Soils ◽  
C Pools ◽  
C And N

Shrub species are expanding across the Arctic in response to climate change and biotic interactions. Changes in belowground carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage are of global importance because Arctic soils store approximately half of global soil C. We collected 10 (60 cm) soil cores each from graminoid- and shrub-dominated soils in western Greenland and determined soil texture, pH, C and N pools, and C:N ratios by depth for the mineral soil. To investigate the relative chemical stability of soil C between vegetation types, we employed a novel sequential extraction method for measuring organo-mineral C pools of increasing bond strength. We found that (i) mineral soil C and N storage was significantly greater under graminoids than shrubs (29.0 ± 1.8 versus 22.5 ± 3.0 kg·C·m−2 and 1.9 ± .12 versus 1.4 ± 1.9 kg·N·m−2), (ii) chemical mechanisms of C storage in the organo-mineral soil fraction did not differ between graminoid and shrub soils, and (iii) weak adsorption to mineral surfaces accounted for 40%–60% of C storage in organo-mineral fractions — a pool that is relatively sensitive to environmental disturbance. Differences in these C pools suggest that rates of C accumulation and retention differ by vegetation type, which could have implications for predicting future soil C pool storage.

scholarly journals Tillage Effects on Spatiotemporal Variability of Particulate Organic Matter

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhwan Lee ◽  
Emilio A. Laca ◽  
Chris van Kessel ◽  
Dennis E. Rolston ◽  
Jan W. Hopmans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Soil C ◽  
No Till ◽  
C And N ◽  
Term Field

This study was performed to evaluate effects of no-till (NT) and standard tillage (ST) on POM in two 15-ha neighboring fields from 2003 to 2004. We also evaluated the effects of minimum tillage (MT) on POM after both NT and ST fields were converted to MT in the summer of 2005. We quantified C and N stocks of three size fractions (53–250, 250–1000, and 1000–2000 μm) of POM (0–0.15 m depth). The POM-C 53–250 μmand 250–1000 μmfractions decreased by 25% and 36% after six months under ST, whereas relatively little change occurred under NT, suggesting significant tillage effects over the period 2003-2004. Only small changes in POM content then occurred under MT on both fields. Changes in POM-N were similar to POM-C changes upon tillage conversions. This suggests that reduced tillage did not lead to soil C increase compared to ST but may help maintain the level of soil C for a typical California farming system. Short-term, field level variability of POM was primarily affected by tillage and was further influenced by clay content, bulk density, and scale of observation.

The use of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for in situ carbon and nitrogen analysis of pastoral soils

Soil Research ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bambang H. Kusumo ◽  
C. B. Hedley ◽  
M. J. Hedley ◽  
A. Hueni ◽  
M. P. Tuohy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
In Situ Assessment ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N

A field method has been developed for rapid in situ assessment of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content using a portable spectroradiometer (ASD FieldSpecPro). The technique was evaluated at 7 field sites in permanent pasture, and in 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year pine-to-pasture conversions on Pumice, Allophanic, and Tephric Recent Soils in the Taupo and Rotorua region of New Zealand. A total of 210 samples were collected from 2 depths: 37.5 and 112.5 mm. Field measurement of diffuse spectral reflectance was recorded from a flat sectioned horizontal soil surface of a soil core using a purpose-built contact probe attached by fibre optic cable to the spectroradiometer. A 15-mm soil slice was collected from each cut surface for analysis of total C and N using a LECO Analyser. Soils had a wide range of total C and N (0.26–11.21% C, 0.02–1.01% N). Partial least-squares regression analysis was used to develop calibration models between smoothed-first derivative 5-nm-spaced spectral data and LECO-measured total C and N. The models successfully predicted total C and N in the validation sets with the best prediction for C (RPD 2.01, r2 0.75, RMSEP 1.21%) and N (RPD 2.66, r2 0.86, RMSEP 0.07%). Prediction accuracy using different selection methods of calibration and validation set is reported. This study indicates that in situ assessment of soil C and N by field spectroscopy has considerable potential for spatially rapid measurement of soil C and N in the landscape.

Contrasting  effect of coniferous and broadleaf trees on soil carbon storage during reforestation of mature soils and afforestation of immature soils

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Hublova ◽  
Jan Frouz
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Soil Development ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Coniferous Trees ◽  
C Storage

&lt;p&gt;Soils and forest soil in particular represent important pools of carbon (C). Here, we present a quantitative review of common garden experiments in which various tree species were planted alongside each other in European countries to answer following questions: Does soil sequester more C under broadleaf than under conifer trees? and How do the effects of tree species and litter quality on soil C sequestration change with soil development (i.e., maturity) and other soil properties?&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;We found that the effects of broadleaf and coniferous trees on C sequestration differed with the stage of soil development. In mature soils, more C was stored under coniferous trees than under broadleaf trees. In soils in early stages of soil development, on post-mining spoil heaps, the opposite trend was found, i.e., more C was stored under broadleaf. C sequestration under broadleaf trees was highest in immature soils and in soils with high pH. C sequestration was negatively correlated with the litter C:N ratio in post-mining soils but not in other more mature soils. Similarly C sequestration was negatively correlated with the litter C:N&amp;#160; in alkaline soils and in soil with high clay content. These results suggest that C sequestration mechanisms differ in immature vs. mature soils such that C storage is greater under broadleaf trees in immature soils but is greater under coniferous trees in mature soils. The study was supported by LIFE17/IPE/CZ/000005 project&lt;/p&gt;

Soil C and N contents in a paired survey of dairy and dry stock pastures in New Zealand

2014 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 34-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.L. Barnett ◽  
L.A. Schipper ◽  
A. Taylor ◽  
M.R. Balks ◽  
P.L. Mudge
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N

scholarly journals A validated protocol for fish farm monitoring using environmental DNA

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Pochon ◽  
Susie Wood ◽  
Javier Atalah ◽  
Lauren Fletcher ◽  
Olivier Laroche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Biotic Index ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wide Range

Sea-based fish farms are associated with strong benthic enrichment gradients and routine monitoring is usually required by regulation. Internationally a wide range of approaches exist for measuring the degree of benthic deterioration around fish farming activities, ranging from simple visual or odour assessments to the calculation of secondary indices that combine multiple biological and/or physico-chemical metrics (e.g., AZTI Marine Biotic Index; Invertebrate Species Index; Norwegian Quality Index; Infauna Trophic Index). In New Zealand, the health of marine benthic ecosystems around coastal salmon farms is currently measured using an Enrichment State (ES) index. This index incorporates physico-chemical (redox, organic matter, sulphates, etc.) and benthic macrofaunal measurements, which requires taxonomic expertise, is time consuming and expensive. Supported by a range of private/government agencies and industry partners, we have developed and tested the robustness of bacterial, eukaryotic, and multi-trophic Metabarcoding Biotic Indices (b-MBI, e-MBI, and mt-MBI, respectively) using a molecular Eco-Group approach. The indices were calculated via automatic computer pipelines using data collected over a period of nine years from a range of high- and low-flow salmon farms (12 farms and 60 stations) from three distinct regions in New Zealand. The MBIs were compared against the established ES index. All MBIs yielded strong and highly significant relationships with the ES index. The strongest relationships (R2 &gt; 0.9) were obtained with the b-MBI. A refinement of the b-MBI (2019-2020) was supported by highly prolific microbes throughout the ES spectrum, and in particular in the upper end of the organic enrichment scale where traditional benthic indices tend to fail. This resulted in ES values of both (molecular-based versus morphology-based) indices to follow a near one-to-one relationship, performing consistently across water flow environments and considered sub-regions. Station-averaged results were also used to compare regulated compliance outcomes between the two indices, based on the current key compliance criteria for farms within each flow regime. Of the 67 seabed monitoring stations that were subsequently classified as compliant or non‑compliant, 62 stations had identical compliance outcomes (i.e. 92% of instances). Furthermore, the b-MBI showed consistently narrower (~50%) confidence interval bands when compared to the traditional ES index. The b-MBI offers unprecedented precision for determining subtle changes along enrichment gradients, constituting a valuable asset for triggering timely management responses and improving compliance. The protocols developed in this project enable rapid, standardised, and cost-effective eDNA isolation and extraction, followed by automatic b-MBI calculation. The affordability and versatility of the b-MBI tool suggests that it could be immediately integrated into current monitoring strategies as the primary benthic assessment tool for assessing benthic impacts of salmon farms in New Zealand.

Elevated CO2 increases plant growth but reduces soil C storage under N limiting conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia M. Eder ◽  
Enrico Weber ◽  
Johannes Rousk ◽  
Marion Schrumpf ◽  
Sönke Zaehle
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Exudation ◽  
Beech Forest ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Soil C ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
N Limitation ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C And N

&lt;p&gt;Rising atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations may induce or aggravate nitrogen (N) limitation to plant growth. To overcome this limitation, plants may invest their newly assimilated carbon (C) into N acquiring strategies, such as root growth, root exudation or C allocation to mycorrhizal symbionts. These shifts in C allocation can increase the turnover of soil organic matter by stimulating microbial activity. As these processes are poorly quantified, their net effects on ecosystem C storage remain uncertain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To gain a better quantitative understanding of these processes, we assessed the effect of elevated CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; on plant C and N allocation in a mesocosm experiment. For four months of one growing season, 64 saplings of Fagus sylvatica L. were grown in a natural beech forest topsoil. Plants were exposed to near ambient (390 ppm) or elevated (560 ppm, eCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations at two levels of continuous &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; enrichment (&amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C +50 or +150&amp;#8240;). At the end of the experiment, we determined dry biomass, C and N concentrations and isotopic compositions for all leaves, buds, twigs, stems and fine and coarse roots for all plants. For all plants, C and N budgets and the amount of newly incorporated C were evaluated.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We found a positive effect of eCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; on tree growth, with the highest growth response in fine root biomass. In both CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; treatments, newly fixed C was preferentially allocated to roots compared to other plant compartments, but under eCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, we found a shift in C allocation patterns towards higher belowground C allocation. These results suggest enhanced plant investments into belowground resource acquisition. Decreased N concentrations in all plant organs of these trees under eCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; may indicate plant N limitation and suggest that the effect of increased belowground C allocation was insufficient to fulfil the plants N demand. Still, the observed increase in C allocation to microbial biomass in these soils may be a mechanism to enhance plant N nutrition. CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations also affected C allocation within the whole plant-soil-system: Under eCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, more C was stored in tree biomass and less C was stored in soils. Overall, there was no effect of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; treatment on total mesocosm C. We will discuss these findings with regard to the N mining hypothesis.&lt;/p&gt;

Soil order and grazing management effects on changes in soil C and N in New Zealand pastures

2014 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 67-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.A. Schipper ◽  
R.L. Parfitt ◽  
S. Fraser ◽  
R.A. Littler ◽  
W.T. Baisden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N ◽  
Management Effects
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