Using genetic programming to transform from Australian to USDA/FAO soil particle-size classification system

Soil Research ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Padarian ◽  
Budiman Minasny ◽  
Alex McBratney
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Genetic Programming ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions ◽  
Programming Technique ◽  
Size Classification ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Prior Models ◽  
Australian Soil

The difference between the International (adopted by Australia) and the USDA/FAO particle-size classification systems is the limit between silt and sand fractions (20 μm for the International and 50 µm for the USDA/FAO). In order to work with pedotransfer functions generated under the USDA/FAO system with Australian soil survey data, a conversion should be attempted. The aim of this work is to improve prior models using larger datasets and a genetic programming technique, in the form of a symbolic regression. The 2–50 µm fraction was predicted using a USDA dataset which included both particle-size classification systems. The presented model reduced the root mean square error (%) by 14.96 and 23.62% (IGBP-DIS dataset and Australian dataset, respectively), compared with the previous model.

The Australian soil texture boomerang: a comparison of the Australian and USDA/FAO soil particle-size classification systems

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Budiman Minasny ◽  
Alex. B. McBratney
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
International System ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions ◽  
Particle Size Fractions ◽  
Particle Size Data ◽  
Size Limits ◽  
Australian Soil ◽  
Size Data

The different classification of particle-size fractions used in Australia compared with other countries presents a problem for the immediate adoption of the exotic pedotransfer functions. Australia adopted the international system which defined silt as particles with diameters in the range 2–20 m, while the USDA/FAO define it as 2–50 m. We present empirical equations to convert between the two systems. The USDA/FAO textural classes were also plotted in the International system’s coordinate. The USDA/FAO classes in the International system had a ‘boomerang’ shape and only occupy 60% of the triangle. Particle-size data showed that the data are evenly distributed in the USDA/FAO triangle, while most data are concentrated in the boomerang in the International system. We therefore suggest that it would seem wise for most countries to consider adopting the particle-size limits and texture classes of the USDA/FAO system.

Relationships between field texture and particle-size distribution in Australia and their implications

Soil Research ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Budiman Minasny ◽  
Alex B. McBratney ◽  
Damien J. Field ◽  
Grant Tranter ◽  
Neil J. McKenzie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Texture Contrast ◽  
Australian Soil

This paper aims to establish the means and ranges of clay, silt, and sand contents from field texture classes, and to investigate the differences in the field texture classes and texture determined from particle-size analysis. The results of this paper have 2 practical applications: (1) to estimate the particle size distribution and its uncertainty from field texture as input to pedotransfer functions, and (2) to examine the criteria of texture contrast soils in the Australian Soil Classification system. Estimates of clay, silt, and sand content for each field texture class are given and this allows the field texture classes to be plotted in the texture triangle. There are considerable differences between field texture classes and particle-size classes. Based on the uncertainties in determining the clay content from field texture, we establish the probability of the occurrence of a texture contrast soil according to the Australian Soil Classification system, given the texture of the B2 horizon and its overlying A horizon. I enjoy doing the soil-texture feel test with my fingers or kneading a clay soil, which is a short step from ceramics or sculpture. Hans Jenny (1984)

scholarly journals Outline of an Automated System for the Quasi-Continuous Measurement of Particle-size Distribution

2002 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Nemes ◽  
I. Czinkota ◽  
Gy. Czinkota ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Input Parameter ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions ◽  
Good Correspondence

Soil texture is an important input parameter for many soil hydraulic pedotransfer functions (PTFs) of the day. Common soil particle-size classes are required to be able to uniformly determine the texture of soils. However, it is not always possible - due to different national classification systems - and much valuable information is disregarded while either deriving or applying PTFs. One way to get common particle-size class information is to interpolate the particle-size distribution (PSD) curve. Advanced interpolation solutions are becoming available, but there is always uncertainty associated with these techniques. Another possibility is to measure all PSD curves in such a way that it is compatible to the commonly used classification systems. A new automated measurement technique is introduced that can easily provide PSD data compatible to any (and all) of the existing national and international classification systems at the same time, without the burden of extra labour. A computerized measurement system has been developed to record density changes in a settling-tube system in any discretional (small) time steps, which in turn allows the derivation of a quasi-continuous PSD curve. The measurement is based on areometry (Stokes-law), thus the system is compatible to the most commonly applied settling-tube measurements. The new evaluation method of measured values takes into consideration the density changes along the areometer-body so it avoids the problem of reference point determination. The theory and setup of the system are explained and measurement examples are given. The presented comparative measurements show good correspondence with conventional settling-tube results, and the reproducibility of the measurement shows to be very high. This technique does not require more sample preparation than past methods. The automated reading requires less manpower to perform the measurement - which also reduces human error sources. However, it provides very detailed PSD data that has advantages, like revealing multi-modality in the particle-size distribution or providing data that complies with any of the classification systems.

Evaluation and development of hydraulic conductivity pedotransfer functions for Australian soil

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Budiman Minasny ◽  
Alex. B. McBratney
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
Fractal Model ◽  
Effective Porosity ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions ◽  
Soil Science Society ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Australian Soil

Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for predicting saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were evaluated using published Australian soil data sets. Eight published PTFs were evaluated. Generally, published PTFs provide a satisfactory estimation of Ks depending on the spatial scale and accuracy of prediction. Several PTFs were developed in this study, including the power function of effective porosity, multiple linear regression, fractal model, and artificial neural networks. Different methods for estimating the fractal dimension of particle-size distributions showed no significant differences in predicting Ks . The simplest model for estimating fractal dimension from the log–log plot of particle-size distribution is therefore recommended. The data set was also stratified into 3 broad classes of texture: sandy, loamy, and clayey. Stratification of PTFs based on textural class showed small improvements in estimation. The published PTF of Dane and Puckett (1994) Proc. Int. Workshop (Univ. of California: Riverside, CA) gives the best prediction for sandy soil; the PTF of Cosby et al. (1984) Water Resources Research 20, 682–90 gives the best production for loamy soil; and the PTF of Schaap et al. (1998) Soil Science Society of America Journal 62, 847–55 gives the best prediction for clayey soil. The data set used comprised different field and laboratory measurements over large areas, and limited predictive variables were available. The PTFs developed here may predict adequately in large areas (residuals = 10–20 mm/h), but for site-specific applications, local calibration is needed.

Comparison of pedotransfer functions to estimate the van Genuchten parameters from soil survey information

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitta Tóth ◽  
András Makó ◽  
Gergely Tóth ◽  
Csilla Farkas ◽  
Kálmán Rajkai
Keyword(s):  
Soil Survey ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions

Kutatásunk célja a víztartóképesség-függvény (VKF) paramétereit az átnézetes térképeink adattartalmával becslő módszerek megbízhatóságának összehasonlítása és továbbfejlesztésük vizsgálata a Magyarországi Részletes Talajfizikai és Hidrológiai Adatbázison (MARTHA).Az irodalomban fellehető módszerek közül VKF-becslő módszert hazai átnézetes talajtérképi információkra eddig egyedül a Kreybig térképekre alkalmazták (Bakacsi et al., 2012). Ők a talaj higroszkópossága (hy) alapján becsülték adott talaj FAO (1995) fizikai féleség kategóriába tartozását. Wösten és munkatársai (1999) és Nemes (2003) pedotranszfer-függvényei alapján rendelték továbbá a talajhoz a fizikai féleség kategóriára meghatározott víztartóképesség-függvény (VKF) van Genuchten paramétereit (HYPRES_hy és HUNSODA_hy módszerek).Bakacsi és munkatársai (2012) eljárását követve, a MARTHA adatbázison vizsgáltuk a hy és az ötkategóriás FAO fizikai féleség kapcsolatát. A fizikai féleség becslését az Arany-féle kötöttség (KA) alapján is kidolgoztuk.Wösten és munkatársai (1999) módszerével meghatároztuk a MARTHA adatbázis talajainak a FAO fizikai féleség kategóriákra jellemző víztartóképességfüggvényeinek van Genuchten paramétereit. A meghatározást a pF6,2 értéken felül a legalább három, majd a legalább öt mért víztartóképesség-értékű talajmintákon végeztük.Megállapítottuk, hogy a KA alapján hatékonyabb a talajminták FAO fizikai féleség kategóriába sorolása, mint a hy alapján.Abban az esetben, amikor nem áll rendelkezésre mechanikai összetétel és a fizikai féleség kategóriába történő besorolást a talaj higroszkópossága alapján végezzük, akkor a VKF-becslés megbízhatósága szignifikánsan rosszabb. Hazai talajmintákon vizsgálva a MARTHA adatbázison pontosított VKF-becslő módszerek szignifikánsan megbízhatóbbak a HYPRES és HUNSODA VKF-becslő módszereinél. A hy-ból kiinduló MARTHA VKF-becslések annak ellenére szignifikánsan megbízhatóbbak a WÖSTEN és munkatársai (1999) módszerénél (HYPRES), hogy utóbbit nem rontja a fizikai féleségbe sorolás hibája.A dolgozat az EU FP7/2007-2013 (Nr. 263188) MyWater és a TÁMOP-4.2.2.A-11/1/KONV-2012-0064 projekt keretében készült. A TÁMOP projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg.

Effect of particle size and delignification on the rate of digestion of hemicellulose and cellulose by cellulase in mature pangola grass stems

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
CW Ford
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Particle Size Reduction ◽  
Digitaria Decumbens ◽  
Hemicellulose Degradation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference

Stem cell walls of pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) were ground to two particle sizes (c. 1 and 0.1 mm diameter), and incubated with cellulase (ex. Trichoderma viride) for varying times before and after delignification. Total cell walls finely ground (0.1 mm) with a Spex Shatterbox mill were initially degraded more rapidly (to 24 h) than delignified 1 mm particles. Thereafter the delignified material was solubilized to a greater extent. Subsequent specific determinations of cell wall polysaccharides indicated that delignification increased the rate of hemicellulose degradation to a greater extent than did particle size reduction, whereas the opposite was found for cellulose. The difference between delignified and Spex-ground residues, in terms of the amount of polysaccharide digested, was much greater for cellulose than hemicellulose. It is concluded that structural features play a more important role in limiting cellulase degradation of cellulose than does association with lignin, the reverse being so for hemicellulose.

An application of the genetic programming technique to strategy development

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 5157-5161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koun-Tem Sun ◽  
Yi-Chun Lin ◽  
Cheng-Yen Wu ◽  
Yueh-Min Huang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Programming ◽  
Strategy Development ◽  
Programming Technique

Production of quicklime from Ashaka limestone through calcination process

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 041-048
Author(s):  
Benson Chinweuba Udeh
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Calcination Process ◽  
Process Effects ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

This study is on the production of quicklime from Ashaka limestone through calcination process. Effects of temperature, particle size and time on quicklime yield were determined. The experiment was carried out at temperatures of 800, 900, 1000, 1100 and 1200 0C, particle sizes of 80mm, 90mm, 100mm, 300mm and 425mm and times of 0.5hr, 1hr, 2hrs, 3hrs and 4hrs. Analyses of the results showed that quicklime was successfully produced from Ashaka limestone through the calcination process. Quadratic model adequately described the relationship between quicklime yield and calcination factors of temperature, particle size and time. Recorded model F-value of 134.35 implies that the model is significant. The predicted R² of 0.9597 is in reasonable agreement with the adjusted R² of 0.9844; the difference is less than the critical value of 0.2. Optimum yield of 73.48% was obtained at optima operating conditions; temperature of 1000 0C, particle size of 90 µm and time of 3 hrs.

Producing Steam by Spraying Water on a Heated Bed of Steel Spheres

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
D. Jordan Bouchard ◽  
HengSheng Yang ◽  
Sanjeev Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Thermal Mass ◽  
Steam Generation ◽  
Bed Porosity ◽  
The Media ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rate Of Evaporation ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Counter Current

Abstract Steam generators used in industrial baking ovens operate by pouring or spraying water on a preheated thermal mass. This paper presents a methodology to quantify the amount of steam generated from a thermal mass along with experiments to determine the effect of particle size and porosity on steam generation. Three sizes of steel spheres, 0.6 mm, 8 mm, and 16 mm in diameter, were used to construct porous media beds that were preheated in an oven after which water was sprayed onto them from a full-cone nozzle for a fixed duration. The weight of the heated bed and the impinging water were recorded during spraying. The difference in weight change when spraying on heated and unheated beds gave the rate of evaporation. Thermocouples were used to record the internal temperature of the bed. Steam generation rate increased with particle size while bed porosity had only a minor influence. The counter-current flow of steam within the media bed disrupts the downward flow of water enough to leave pockets of hot material, reducing steam production. To maximize steam generation the media size, material, and spray time should be matched to ensure the surfaces of particles remain above the boiling point of water during spraying.

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