A quantitative assessment of phosphorus forms in some Australian soils

Soil Research ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Doolette ◽  
R. J. Smernik ◽  
W. J. Dougherty
Keyword(s):  
31P Nmr ◽  
Inositol Phosphate ◽  
Organic P ◽  
Nmr Spectrum ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Broad Signal ◽  
Common Technique ◽  
Extractable Soil

Solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the most common technique for the detailed characterisation of soil organic P, but is yet to be applied widely to Australian soils. We investigated the composition of soil P in 18 diverse Australian soils using this technique. Soils were treated with a mixture of sodium hydroxide–ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (NaOH-EDTA), which resulted in the extraction of up to 89% of total soil P. It was possible to identify up to 15 well-resolved resonances and one broad signal in each 31P NMR spectrum. The well-resolved resonances included those of orthophosphate, α- and β-glycerophosphate, phytate, adenosine-5′-monosphosphate, and scyllo-inositol phosphate, as well as five unassigned resonances in the monoester region and two unassigned resonances downfield (higher ppm values) of orthophosphate. The majority of 31P NMR signal in the NaOH-EDTA extracts was assigned to orthophosphate, representing 37–90% of extractable P. Orthophosphate monoesters comprised the next largest pool of extractable P (7–55%). The most prominent resonances were due to phytate, which comprised up to 9% of total NaOH-EDTA extractable P, and α- and β-glycerophosphate, which comprised 1–5% of total NaOH-EDTA extractable P. A substantially greater portion of organic P (2–39% of total NaOH-EDTA extractable P) appeared as a broad peak in the monoester P region; we propose that this is due to P found in large, ‘humic’ molecules. Orthophosphate diesters (1–5% of total NaOH-EDTA extractable P) and pyrophosphate (1–5% of total NaOH-EDTA extractable P) were minor components of P in all soil extracts. These results suggest that organic P in large humic molecules represents the second most abundant form of NaOH-EDTA extractable soil P (behind orthophosphate). Furthermore, small P-containing compounds, such as phytate, represent a much smaller proportion of soil P than is commonly assumed.

scholarly journals The composition of organic phosphorus in soils of the Snowy Mountains region of south-eastern Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashlea L. Doolette ◽  
Ronald J. Smernik ◽  
Timothy I. McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Inositol Phosphate ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Organic P ◽  
Alpine Soils ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil Extractions ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Eastern Australia

Few studies have considered the influence of climate on organic phosphorus (P) speciation in soils. We used sodium hydroxide–ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (NaOH–EDTA) soil extractions and solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate the soil P composition of five alpine and sub-alpine soils. The aim was to compare the P speciation of this set of soils with those of soils typically reported in the literature from other cold and wet locations, as well as those of other Australian soils from warmer and drier environments. For all alpine and sub-alpine soils, the majority of P detected was in an organic form (54–66% of total NaOH–EDTA extractable P). Phosphomonoesters comprised the largest pool of extractable organic P (83–100%) with prominent peaks assigned to myo- and scyllo-inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), although trace amounts of the neo- and d-chiro-IP6 stereoisomers were also present. Phosphonates were identified in the soils from the coldest and wettest locations; α- and β-glycerophosphate and mononucleotides were minor components of organic P in all soils. The composition of organic P in these soils contrasts with that reported previously for Australian soils from warm, dry environments where inositol phosphate (IP6) peaks were less dominant or absent and humic-P and α- and β-glycerophosphate were proportionally larger components of organic P. Instead, the soil organic P composition exhibited similarities to soils from other cold, wet environments. This provides preliminary evidence that climate is a key driver in the variation of organic P speciation in soils.

scholarly journals Identification of lower-order inositol phosphates (IP<sub>5</sub> and IP<sub>4</sub>) in soil extracts as determined by hypobromite oxidation and solution <sup>31</sup>P NMR spectroscopy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanda E. Reusser ◽  
René Verel ◽  
Daniel Zindel ◽  
Emmanuel Frossard ◽  
Timothy I. McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Lower Order ◽  
31P Nmr ◽  
Inositol Phosphates ◽  
31P Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Organic P ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Broad Signal ◽  
Solution 31P Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Inositol phosphates (IP) are a major pool of identifiable organic phosphorus (P) in soil. However, insight on their distribution and cycling in soil remains limited, particularly of lower-order IP (IP5 and IP4). This is because their quantification typically requires a series of chemical extractions, including hypobromite oxidation to isolate IP, followed by chromatographic separation. Here, for the first time, we identify the chemical nature of organic P in four soil extracts following hypobromite oxidation using solution 31P NMR spectroscopy and transverse relaxation (T2) experiments. Soil samples analysed include the A horizon of a Ferralsol from Colombia, of a Cambisol from Switzerland, of a Gleysol from Switzerland and of a Cambisol from Germany. Solution 31P NMR spectra of the phosphomonoester region on soil extracts following hypobromite oxidation revealed an increase in the number of sharp signals (up to 70), and an on average 2-fold decrease in the concentration of the broad signal compared to the untreated soil extracts. We identified the presence of four stereoisomers of IP6, four stereoisomers of IP5, and scyllo-IP4 (using solution 31P NMR spectroscopy). We also identified for the first time two isomers of myo-IP5 in soil extracts: myo-(1,2,4,5,6)-IP5 and myo-(1,3,4,5,6)-IP5. Concentrations of total IP ranged from 1.4 to 159.3 mg P/kgsoil across all soils, of which between 9 % and 50 % were comprised of lower-order IP. Furthermore, we found that the T2 times, which are considered to be inversely related to the tumbling of a molecule in solution and hence its molecular size, were significantly shorter for the underlying broad signal compared to the sharp signals (IP6) in soil extracts following hypobromite oxidation. In summary, we demonstrate the presence of a plethora of organic P compounds in soil extracts, largely attributed to IP of various order, and provide new insight on the chemical stability of complex forms of organic P associated with soil organic matter.

scholarly journals Spectroscopic quantification of soil phosphorus forms by 31p-nmr after nine years of organic or mineral fertilization

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 640-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Colpo Gatiboni ◽  
Gustavo Brunetto ◽  
Danilo dos Santos Rheinheimer ◽  
João Kaminski ◽  
Carla Maria Pandolfo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
31P Nmr ◽  
Inositol Phosphate ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Accumulation

Long-standing applications of mineral fertilizers or types of organic wastes such as manure can cause phosphorus (P) accumulation and changes in the accumulated P forms in the soil. The objective of this research was to evaluate the forms of P accumulated in soils treated with mineral fertilizer or different types of manure in a long-term experiment. Soil was sampled from the 0-5 cm layer of plots fertilized with five different nutrient sources for nine years: 1) control without fertilizer; 2) mineral fertilizer at recommended rates for local conditions; 3) 5 t ha-1 year-1 of moist poultry litter; 4) 60 m³ ha-1 year-1 of liquid cattle manure and 5) 40 m³ ha-1 year-1 of liquid swine manure. The 31P-NMR spectra of soil extracts detected the following P compounds: orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, inositol phosphate, glycerophosphate, and DNA. The use of organic or mineral fertilizer over nine years did not change the soil P forms but influenced their concentration. Fertilization with mineral or organic fertilizers stimulated P accumulation in inorganic forms. Highest inositol phosphate levels were observed after fertilization with any kind of manure and highest organic P concentration in glycerophosphate form in after mineral or no fertilization.

Soil phosphorus depletion capacity of arbuscular mycorrhizae formed by maize hybrids

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Liu ◽  
C. Hamel ◽  
S. H. Begna ◽  
B. L. Ma ◽  
D. L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Content ◽  
Total P ◽  
Extractable Soil

The ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to help their host plant absorb soil P is well known, but little attention has been paid to the effect of AM fungi on soil P depletion capacity. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess, under different P levels, the effects of mycorrhizae on extractable soil P and P uptake by maize hybrids with contrasting phenotypes. The experiment had three factors, including two mycorrhizal treatments (mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal), three P fertilizer rates (0, 40, and 80 mg kg-1) and three maize hybrids [leafy normal stature (LNS), leafy reduced stature (LRS) and a conventional hybrid, Pioneer 3979 (P3979)]. Extractable soil P was determined after 3, 6 and 9 wk of maize growth. Plant biomass, P concentration and total P content were also determined after 9 wk of growth. Fertilization increased soil extractable P, plant biomass, P concentration in plants and total P uptake. In contrast to P3979, the LNS and LRS hybrids had higher biomass and total P content when mycorrhizal. Mycorrhizae had less influence on soil extractable P than on total P uptake by plants. The absence of P fertilization increased the importance of AM fungi for P uptake, which markedly reduced soil extractable P under AM plants during growth. This effect was strongest for LNS, the most mycorrhizae-dependent hybrid, intermediate for LRS, and not significant for the commercial hybrid P3979, which did not respond to AM inoculation. Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, extraradical hyphae, maize hybrid,plant biomass, P uptake, soil extractable P

A comparison of some surface soil phosphorus tests that could be used to assess P export potential

Soil Research ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Nash ◽  
Murray Hannah ◽  
Kirsten Barlow ◽  
Fiona Robertson ◽  
Nicole Mathers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic P ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
P Loss ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Soil P Tests ◽  
Total P ◽  
Water Extractable

Phosphorus (P) exports from agricultural land are a problem world-wide and soil tests are often used to identify high risk areas. A recent study investigated changes in soil (0–20 mm), soil water and overland flow in 4 recently laser-graded (<1 year) and 4 established (laser-graded >10 years) irrigated pastures in south-eastern Australia before and after 3 years of irrigated dairy production. We use the results from that study to briefly examine the relationships between a series of ‘agronomic’ (Olsen P, Colwell P), environmental (water-extractable P, calcium chloride extractable P, P sorption saturation, and P sorption), and other (total P, organic P) soil P tests. Of the 2 ‘agronomic’ soil P tests, Colwell P explained 91% of the variation in Olsen P, and Colwell P was better correlated with the other soil tests. With the exception of P sorption, all soil P tests explained 57% or more of the total variation in Colwell P, while they explained 61% or less of Olsen P possibly due to the importance of organic P in this soil. Variations in total P were best explained by the organic P (85%), Calcium chloride extractable P (83%), water-extractable P (78%), and P sorption saturation (76%). None of the tests adequately predicted the variation in P sorption at 5 mg P/L equilibrating solution concentration. The results of this limited study highlight the variability between soil P tests that may be used to estimate P loss potential. Moreover, these results suggest that empirical relationships between specific soil P tests and P export potential will have limited resolution where different soil tests are used, as the errors in the relationship between soil test P and P loss potential are compounded by between test variation. We conclude that broader study is needed to determine the relationships between soil P tests for Australian soils, and based on that study a standard protocol for assessing the potential for P loss should be developed.

Decrease in phosphorus concentrations when P fertiliser application is reduced or omitted from grazed pasture soils

Soil Research ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Coad ◽  
Lucy Burkitt ◽  
Warwick Dougherty ◽  
Leigh Sparrow
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Proportional Decrease ◽  
Extractable Soil

Many intensively managed soils contain phosphorus (P) concentrations greater than required for optimum production. Soils with P concentrations in excess of the agronomic optimum can have unnecessary losses of P that can adversely affect water bodies. Reducing excessive soil-P concentrations is important for the economic and environmental sustainability of intensive agriculture, such as the Australian dairy industry. However, little is known of decreases in extractable soil-P concentrations when P fertiliser applications are reduced or omitted from soils with P concentrations and properties representative of intensive pasture grazing systems. Decreases in extractable P (calcium chloride (CaCl2), Olsen and Colwell) were monitored for up to 4.5 years for six Australian grazed pasture soils (Red Ferrosol, Brown Kurosol, Grey Dermosol, Brown Dermosol, Podosol and Hydrosol) with contrasting textures and P-buffering indices (PBI). Sixteen treatments consisting of four initial extractable-P concentrations (Pinit) paired with four ongoing P fertiliser rates (Pfert) were established for each of the six soils, except on an extremely low-PBI Podosol, where a range of Pinit concentrations could not be established. The resultant decreases in P were larger with higher Pinit concentration and lower rate of ongoing Pfert, except in the extremely low PBI Podosol where decreases in initially high CaCl2-P concentrations were large irrespective of ongoing Pfert. There was a greater proportional decrease in the environmentally extractable P compared with agronomically extractable P, with mean decreases in CaCl2-P of 57%, Olsen-P of 25%, and Colwell-P of 12%. The Pinit concentrations, which were well above agronomic optimum, remained above this target. This study advances scientific knowledge of extractable soil-P concentrations when P fertiliser inputs are withheld or reduced from grazed pasture soils, and aids land and catchment managers in estimating likely changes over time.

Mineralisation of soil orthophosphate monoesters under pine seedlings and ryegrass

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Chen ◽  
L. M. Condron ◽  
B. L. Turner ◽  
N. Mahieu ◽  
M. R. Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
31P Nmr ◽  
Inositol Phosphates ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
31P Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Organic P ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Total Soil ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Solution 31P Nmr Spectroscopy

The effects of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) seedlings and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) on the mineralisation of orthophosphate monoesters in 7 grassland soils were assessed in a 10-month pot trial using NaOH–EDTA extraction and solution 31P NMR spectroscopy. Extraction with NaOH–EDTA recovered 46–86% of the total soil P, and NaOH–EDTA-extractable organic P determined by molybdate colourimetry ranged between 194 and 715 mg/kg soil, representing 34–85% of the total soil organic P. Orthophosphate monoesters were the predominant species of the extracted organic P in all soils, with much smaller concentrations of orthophosphate diesters, and traces of phosphonates. Concentrations of orthophosphate monoesters were consistently lower in soils under pine (103–480 mg P/kg soil) compared with the initial soils (142–598 mg P/kg soil) and most soils under grass (122–679 mg/kg soil). Mineralisation of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate accounted for 18–100% of the total mineralisation of orthophosphate monoesters in most soils under radiata pine. This suggests that supposedly recalcitrant inositol phosphates are available for uptake by radiata pine, although the extent of this varies among soils.

scholarly journals Phosphorus Availabilities Differ between Cropland and Forestland in Shelterbelt Systems

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1001
Author(s):  
Scott X. Chang ◽  
Mihiri C.W. Manimel Wadu ◽  
Fengxiang Ma
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Chemical Fractionation ◽  
Land Use Type ◽  
Organic P ◽  
P Fractions ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
P Cycling ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Fraction

Shelterbelt systems play pivotal roles in providing goods and services to the rural community and the society at large, but phosphorus (P) cycling in shelterbelt systems is poorly studied, while P cycling and availability would be linked to the ecological function and services of shelterbelt systems. This study was conducted to understand how long-term (>30 years) land-use between cropland and forestland in shelterbelt systems affect soil P status. We investigated modified Kelowna (PKelowna) and Mehlich-3 (PMehlich) extractable P, P fractions (by sequential chemical fractionation), P sorption properties in the 0–10 and 10–30 cm soils and their relationship in six pairs of the cropland areas and adjacent forestland (each pair constitutes a shelterbelt system) in central Alberta. Both PKelowna and PMehlich in the 0–10 cm soil were greater in the cropland than in the forestland. The PKelowna ranged from 10 to 170 and 2 to 57 mg kg−1 within the cropland areas and forestland, respectively. The inorganic P fraction in the 0–30 cm depth was significantly related to PKelowna (R2 = 0.55) and PMehlich (R2 = 0.80) in cropland, but organic P fraction was not significantly related with neither PKelowna nor PMehlich. The iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) associated P (Fe/Al-P) explained ~50% and ~45% of the variation of PKelowna in the 0–30 cm soil in the cropland and forestland, respectively. The Fe/Al-P and organic P fractions in the 0–10 cm soil were greater in the cropland than in the forestland. The differences in availability and P forms depending on the land use type in shelterbelts suggest that P management needs to be land-use type-specific for shelterbelt systems.

scholarly journals Pronounced surface stratification of soil phosphorus, potassium and sulfur under pastures upstream of a eutrophic wetland and estuarine system

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan H. Ryan ◽  
Mark Tibbett ◽  
Hans Lambers ◽  
David Bicknell ◽  
Phillip Brookes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Estuarine System ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Extractable Soil

High concentrations of nutrients in surface soil present a risk of nutrient movement into waterways through surface water pathways and leaching. Phosphorus (P) is of particular concern because of its role in aquatic system eutrophication. We measured nutrients under annual pastures on a beef farm and a dairy farm in the Peel–Harvey catchment, Western Australia. Soils were sampled in 10-mm increments to 100mm depth in March, June and September. Plant litter contained approximately 300–550mg kg–1 Colwell-extractable P. Extractable soil P was strongly stratified, being approximately 100–225mg kg–1 (dairy) and 50–110mg kg–1 (beef) in the top 10mm and <40mg kg–1 at 40–50mm depth. Total P and extractable potassium were also highly stratified, whereas sulfur was less strongly stratified. Shoot nutrient concentrations indicated that nitrogen was often limiting and sulfur was sometimes limiting for pasture growth: concentrations of P were often much greater than required for adequate growth (>4mg g–1). We conclude that high P concentrations at the soil surface and in litter and shoots are a source of risk for movement of P from farms into waterways in the Peel–Harvey catchment.

Comparison of the phosphorus status of soils managed organically and conventionally

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. Lengnick ◽  
Larry D. King
Keyword(s):  
P Uptake ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Conventional Management ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Significant Regression ◽  
Management Effect ◽  
Extractable Soil

AbstractSoils from adjoining farms, one managed organically and the other managed conventionally, were used in a greenhouse study to compare soil P status and the efficiency of concentrated superphosphate (CSP) and North Carolina rock phosphate (RP). Soil and plant parameters were measured as indicators of levels of soil P forms and availability of soil P to soybeans (Glycine max L.). Management did not affect dry matter yield of soybean plants. Conventional management resulted in higher P concentration in the plant and higher P uptake when CSP was the P source. However, when RP was the source, management effect was not significant. RP was only 15% as effective as CSP in increasing yield. When no P was applied, organic management resulted in greater total soil P, organic P, and Ca phosphate (CaP); conventional management resulted in greater Al and Fe phosphate (AlFeP) and occluded AlFeP (OcP). Addition of CSP increased AlFeP and OcP. Addition of RP increased CaP. CSP was more effective than RP in increasing extractable soil P. Multiple regression analysis showed that extractable P was related to AlFeP when CSP was the P source and to CaP when RP was the source. Yield was related to extractable P when CSP was the P source but when RP was the source, no significant regression models were found for yield.

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