Management practices for control of runoff losses from cotton furrows under storm rainfall. III. Cover and wheel traffic effects on nutrients (N and P) in runoff from a black Vertosol

Soil Research ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Silburn ◽  
H. M. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Enrichment Ratio ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Total N ◽  
Runoff Losses

Transport of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in runoff was measured using a rainfall simulator on a cotton hill–furrow system with a range of on-ground cover (0–60%), each with and without prior wheel traffic in the furrow. Total N and P losses in runoff (kg/ha) from the bare plots on a whole-field basis (wheel and non-wheel tracks) were equivalent to 1.5% and 1%, respectively, of fertiliser applied that season (218 kg N/ha, 27 kg P/ha). This was for a single runoff event of 17 mm, about 1/10 of the total runoff expected in a season. Retaining surface cover and avoiding wheel traffic were both effective in reducing runoff losses of total N and P, especially when used together. Retaining cover gave considerably lower concentrations of total P, and of N and P associated with sediment, with no significant differences (P > 0.05) between wheel and non-wheel tracks. The majority of nutrients were transported with sediment, for P for all treatments, and for N from low cover plots. Concentrations of dissolved N, dominantly as NO3-N, were unaffected by cover on non-wheel tracks but increased with cover on wheel track plots where runoff occurred as shallow interflow. On a whole-field basis, N was mainly in dissolved form at higher covers, because most runoff came from wheel tracks where interflow occurred. Reducing the ratio of wheel tracks to non-wheel tracks will reduce runoff of N and P. Interflow or exfiltration above an infiltration throttle layer is a worst-case scenario for runoff transport of soluble, poorly sorbed chemicals such as NO3-N, which would otherwise leach and not enter runoff. To improve water quality, for both sorbed and dissolved forms, the combination of retaining cover and avoiding wheel traffic and subsoil compaction is needed. Similarly, land uses involving high nutrient inputs should be avoided on soils with shallow subsurface restrictions to infiltration, which are thus prone to interflow. Primary (dispersed) clay and silt were slightly enriched in sediment in runoff, while primary fine and coarse sand were depleted. However, sediments were not enriched in total N and P compared with the soil surface, and organic carbon was only slightly enriched (enrichment ratio 1.06). This is typical of the behaviour of well-aggregated soils of high clay content.

Nitrogen balances in temperate perennial grass and clover dairy pastures in south-eastern Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Eckard ◽  
D. F. Chapman ◽  
R. E. White
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Nitrogen (N) fertiliser use on dairy pastures in south-eastern Australia has increased exponentially over the past 15 years. Concurrently, imports of supplementary feed onto dairy farms have increased, adding further nutrients to the system. These trends raise questions about the environmental effects of higher nutrient inputs to dairy farms. To gauge possible effects, annual N balances were calculated from an experiment where N inputs and losses were measured for 3 years from non-irrigated grass/clover pastures receiving either no N fertiliser (Control) or 200 kg N/ha applied annually as ammonium nitrate or urea. Estimated total N inputs, averaged over the 3 years, were 154, 314, and 321 kg N/ha.year for the control, ammonium nitrate, and urea treatments, respectively, while N outputs in meat and milk were 75, 99, and 103 kg N/ha.year, respectively. The corresponding calculated N surplus was 79, 215, and 218 kg N/ha.year for the 3 treatments, respectively, and the ratio of product N/total-N inputs for the 3 treatments ranged from 50% in the control to 32% for both N treatments. Total N losses averaged 56, 102, and 119 kg N/ha.year, leaving a positive N balance of 23, 112, and 99 kg N/ha.year for the control, ammonium nitrate, and urea treatments, respectively. The ratio of product N/total-N inputs or the N surplus may be useful in monitoring the efficiency of conversion of N into animal products and the potential environmental effect at a whole-farm scale. However, additional decision support or modelling tools are required to provide information on specific N losses for a given set of conditions and management inputs. Given the large range in N losses there is opportunity for improving N-use efficiency in dairy pastures through a range of management practices and more tactical use of grain and N fertiliser.

scholarly journals Detection and Control of Prion Diseases in Food Animals

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hedlin ◽  
Ryan Taschuk ◽  
Andrew Potter ◽  
Philip Griebel ◽  
Scott Napper
Keyword(s):  
Prion Disease ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Prion Diseases ◽  
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathies ◽  
Food Animals

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, represent a unique form of infectious disease based on misfolding of a self-protein (PrPC) into a pathological, infectious conformation (PrPSc). Prion diseases of food animals gained notoriety during the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) outbreak of the 1980s. In particular, disease transmission to humans, to the generation of a fatal, untreatable disease, elevated the perspective on livestock prion diseases from food production to food safety. While the immediate threat posed by BSE has been successfully addressed through surveillance and improved management practices, another prion disease is rapidly spreading. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, has been confirmed in wild and captive populations with devastating impact on the farmed cervid industries. Furthermore, the unabated spread of this disease through wild populations threatens a natural resource that is a source of considerable economic benefit and national pride. In a worst-case scenario, CWD may represent a zoonotic threat either through direct transmission via consumption of infected cervids or through a secondary food animal, such as cattle. This has energized efforts to understand prion diseases as well as to develop tools for disease detection, prevention, and management. Progress in each of these areas is discussed.

scholarly journals Insight into Risks in Aquatic Animal Health in Aquaponics

2019 ◽  
pp. 435-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hijran Yavuzcan Yildiz ◽  
Vladimir Radosavljevic ◽  
Giuliana Parisi ◽  
Aleksandar Cvetkovikj
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Aquatic Animal ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Antiparasitic Agents ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractIncreased public interest in aquaponics necessitates a greater need to monitor fish health to minimize risk of infectious and non-infectious disease outbreaks which result from problematic biosecurity. Fish losses due to health and disease, as well as reporting of poor management practices and quality in produce, which could in a worst-case scenario affect human health, can lead to serious economic and reputational vulnerability for the aquaponics industry. The complexity of aquaponic systems prevents using many antimicrobial/antiparasitic agents or disinfectants to eradicate diseases or parasites. In this chapter, we provide an overview of potential hazards in terms of risks related to aquatic animal health and describe preventive approaches specific to aquaponic systems.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Sugarcane-Based Land Utilization Types in Negros Occidental, Philippines

2017 ◽  
pp. 34-54
Author(s):  
Clea Anne Corsiga ◽  
Rodrigo Badayos ◽  
Pearl Sanchez ◽  
Erlinda Paterno ◽  
Pompe Sta. Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Land Utilization ◽  
Total N ◽  
Management Recommendations

Five major soil series (Guimbalaon, Isabela, Luisiana, San Manuel, and Silay) in Negros Occidental were studied to identify the different sugarcane-based land utilization types (LUTs) in the province; determine the physical and chemical characteristics of different land utilization types cultivated to sugarcane; evaluate the existing management practices of different sugarcane-based land utilization types; and draw soil management recommendations for sugarcane production based on soil constraints of major soil series. LUT 5 received the highest pH value and was also rated very high in exchangeable Ca and available P. Organic carbon content was rated very low in all LUTs and low in percent total N. Exchangeable Mg was rated medium in LUTs 1, 3, 5, and 6 while LUTs 5 and 6 were also rated medium in cation exchange capacity. Exchangeable K, on the other hand, was rated high in LUT 4 and low in LUTs 1, 2, 3, and 5 while exchangeable Na was rated low (LUT 1) to very low (LUTs 2–6). Soil management recommendations for constraints on topography in Guimbalaon and Luisiana series (LUTs 1, 2, and 4), were the implementation of a good soil conservation cropping and tillage practices such as contour terracing or farming while problems on wetness in Isabela, San Manuel, and Silay series (LUTs 1–6) could be managed by raising the height of the soil surface and elevate the site by adding 25-30cm of well-drained topsoil, compost or other organic matter to raise the planting zone and build drainage canals to direct water away from plants or other spots that collect water.

Reducing Probabilistic Weather Forecasts to the Worst Case Scenario: Anchoring Effects

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Savelli ◽  
Susan Joslyn ◽  
Limor Nadav-Greenberg ◽  
Queena Chen
Keyword(s):  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Worst Case Scenario ◽  
Anchoring Effects

EXPEDITION TO MALI, 2020

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-28
Author(s):  
D. V. Vaniukova ◽  
◽  
P. A. Kutsenkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Murder ◽  
The State ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Traditional Art ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
State Museum ◽  
Bobo Dioulasso ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
The Village

The research expedition of the Institute of Oriental studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences has been working in Mali since 2015. Since 2017, it has been attended by employees of the State Museum of the East. The task of the expedition is to study the transformation of traditional Dogon culture in the context of globalization, as well as to collect ethnographic information (life, customs, features of the traditional social and political structure); to collect oral historical legends; to study the history, existence, and transformation of artistic tradition in the villages of the Dogon Country in modern conditions; collecting items of Ethnography and art to add to the collection of the African collection of the. Peter the Great Museum (Kunstkamera, Saint Petersburg) and the State Museum of Oriental Arts (Moscow). The plan of the expedition in January 2020 included additional items, namely, the study of the functioning of the antique market in Mali (the “path” of things from villages to cities, which is important for attributing works of traditional art). The geography of our research was significantly expanded to the regions of Sikasso and Koulikoro in Mali, as well as to the city of Bobo-Dioulasso and its surroundings in Burkina Faso, which is related to the study of migrations to the Bandiagara Highlands. In addition, the plan of the expedition included organization of a photo exhibition in the Museum of the village of Endé and some educational projects. Unfortunately, after the mass murder in March 2019 in the village of Ogossogou-Pel, where more than one hundred and seventy people were killed, events in the Dogon Country began to develop in the worst-case scenario: The incessant provocations after that revived the old feud between the Pel (Fulbe) pastoralists and the Dogon farmers. So far, this hostility and mutual distrust has not yet developed into a full-scale ethnic conflict, but, unfortunately, such a development now seems quite likely.

Risk-Based Robust Bidding Strategies for EVs’ Aggregators in Day-ahead Markets with Uncertainty

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdelmoaty ◽  
Wessam Mesbah ◽  
Mohammad A. M. Abdel-Aal ◽  
Ali T. Alawami
Keyword(s):  
Robust Optimization ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Bidding Strategies ◽  
Wind Generators ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Optimal Bidding

In the recent electricity market framework, the profit of the generation companies depends on the decision of the operator on the schedule of its units, the energy price, and the optimal bidding strategies. Due to the expanded integration of uncertain renewable generators which is highly intermittent such as wind plants, the coordination with other facilities to mitigate the risks of imbalances is mandatory. Accordingly, coordination of wind generators with the evolutionary Electric Vehicles (EVs) is expected to boost the performance of the grid. In this paper, we propose a robust optimization approach for the coordination between the wind-thermal generators and the EVs in a virtual<br>power plant (VPP) environment. The objective of maximizing the profit of the VPP Operator (VPPO) is studied. The optimal bidding strategy of the VPPO in the day-ahead market under uncertainties of wind power, energy<br>prices, imbalance prices, and demand is obtained for the worst case scenario. A case study is conducted to assess the e?effectiveness of the proposed model in terms of the VPPO's profit. A comparison between the proposed model and the scenario-based optimization was introduced. Our results confirmed that, although the conservative behavior of the worst-case robust optimization model, it helps the decision maker from the fluctuations of the uncertain parameters involved in the production and bidding processes. In addition, robust optimization is a more tractable problem and does not suffer from<br>the high computation burden associated with scenario-based stochastic programming. This makes it more practical for real-life scenarios.<br>

Impact of Nitrogen Management Practices on Total Nitrogen in the Fruits of High Productive Hamlin Orange Trees

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 498e-498
Author(s):  
S. Paramasivam ◽  
A.K. Alva
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Orange Trees

For perennial crop production conditions, major portion of nutrient removal from the soil-tree system is that in harvested fruits. Nitrogen in the fruits was calculated for 22-year-old `Hamlin' orange (Citrus sinensis) trees on Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata) rootstock, grown in a Tavares fine sand (hyperthermic, uncoated, Typic Quartzipsamments) that received various N rates (112, 168, 224, and 280 kg N/ha per year) as either i) broadcast of dry granular form (DGF; four applications/year), or ii) fertigation (FRT; 15 applications/year). Total N in the fruits (mean across 4 years) varied from 82 to 110 and 89 to 111 kg N/ha per year for the DGF and FRT sources, respectively. Proportion of N in the fruits in relation to N applied decreased from 74% to 39% for the DGF and from 80% to 40% for the FRT treatments. High percentage of N removal in the fruits in relation to total N applied at low N rates indicate that trees may be depleting the tree reserve for maintaining fruit production. This was evident, to some extent, by the low leaf N concentration at the low N treatments. Furthermore, canopy density was also lower in the low N trees compared to those that received higher N rates.

scholarly journals A Thermally Conductive Pt/AAO Catalyst for Hydrogen Passive Autocatalytic Recombination

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 491
Author(s):  
Alina E. Kozhukhova ◽  
Stephanus P. du Preez ◽  
Aleksander A. Malakhov ◽  
Dmitri G. Bessarabov
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Combustion Temperature ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Al Alloy ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Thermal Distribution

In this study, a Pt/anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) catalyst was prepared by the anodization of an Al alloy (Al6082, 97.5% Al), followed by the incorporation of Pt via an incipient wet impregnation method. Then, the Pt/AAO catalyst was evaluated for autocatalytic hydrogen recombination. The Pt/AAO catalyst’s morphological characteristics were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The average Pt particle size was determined to be 3.0 ± 0.6 nm. This Pt/AAO catalyst was tested for the combustion of lean hydrogen (0.5–4 vol% H2 in the air) in a recombiner section testing station. The thermal distribution throughout the catalytic surface was investigated at 3 vol% hydrogen (H2) using an infrared camera. The Al/AAO system had a high thermal conductivity, which prevents the formation of hotspots (areas where localized surface temperature is higher than an average temperature across the entire catalyst surface). In turn, the Pt stability was enhanced during catalytic hydrogen combustion (CHC). A temperature gradient over 70 mm of the Pt/AAO catalyst was 23 °C and 42 °C for catalysts with uniform and nonuniform (worst-case scenario) Pt distributions. The commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code STAR-CCM+ was used to compare the experimentally observed and numerically simulated thermal distribution of the Pt/AAO catalyst. The effect of the initial H2 volume fraction on the combustion temperature and conversion of H2 was investigated. The activation energy for CHC on the Pt/AAO catalyst was 19.2 kJ/mol. Prolonged CHC was performed to assess the durability (reactive metal stability and catalytic activity) of the Pt/AAO catalyst. A stable combustion temperature of 162.8 ± 8.0 °C was maintained over 530 h of CHC. To confirm that Pt aggregation was avoided, the Pt particle size and distribution were determined by TEM before and after prolonged CHC.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Image-Based Phenotyping Methods for Measuring Water Yam (Dioscorea alata L.) Growth and Nitrogen Nutritional Status under Greenhouse and Field Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Frossard ◽  
Frank Liebisch ◽  
Valérie Kouamé Hgaza ◽  
Delwendé Innocent Kiba ◽  
Norbert Kirchgessner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Image Pixels ◽  
Leaf N Content ◽  
Yield Formation

New management practices must be developed to improve yam productivity. By allowing non-destructive analyses of important plant traits, image-based phenotyping techniques could help developing such practices. Our objective was to determine the potential of image-based phenotyping methods to assess traits relevant for tuber yield formation in yam grown in the glasshouse and in the field. We took plant and leaf pictures with consumer cameras. We used the numbers of image pixels to derive the shoot biomass and the total leaf surface and calculated the ‘triangular greenness index’ (TGI) which is an indicator of the leaf chlorophyll content. Under glasshouse conditions, the number of pixels obtained from nadir view (view from the top) was positively correlated to shoot biomass, and total leaf surface, while the TGI was negatively correlated to the SPAD values and nitrogen (N) content of diagnostic leaves. Pictures taken from nadir view in the field showed an increase in soil surface cover and a decrease in TGI with time. TGI was negatively correlated to SPAD values measured on diagnostic leaves but was not correlated to leaf N content. In conclusion, these phenotyping techniques deliver relevant results but need to be further developed and validated for application in yam.

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