Evaluation of tephra for removing phosphorus from dairy farm drainage waters

Soil Research ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 542 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Hanly ◽  
M. J. Hedley ◽  
D. J. Horne
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
P Adsorption ◽  
Drainage Waters ◽  
P Removal

Research was conducted in the Manawatu region, New Zealand, to investigate the ability of Papakai tephra to remove phosphorus (P) from dairy farm mole and pipe drainage waters. The capacity of this tephra to adsorb P was quantified in the laboratory using a series of column experiments and was further evaluated in a field study. In a column experiment, the P adsorption capabilities of 2 particle size factions (0.25–1, 1–2 mm) of Papakai tephra were compared with that of an Allophanic Soil (Patua soil) known to have high P adsorption properties. The experiment used a synthetic P influent solution (12 mg P/L) and a solution residence time in the columns of c. 35 min. By the end of the experiment, the 0.25–1 mm tephra removed an estimated 2.6 mg P/g tephra at an average P removal efficiency of 86%. The 1–2 mm tephra removed 1.6 mg P/g tephra at an average removal efficiency of 58%. In comparison, the Patua soil removed 3.1 mg P/g soil at a P removal efficiency of 86%. Although, the Patua soil was sieved to 1–2 mm, this size range consisted of aggregates of finer particles, which is likely to have contributed to this material having a higher P adsorbing capacity. A field study was established on a Pallic Soil, under grazed dairy pastures, to compare drainage water P concentrations from standard mole and pipe drainage systems (control) and drainage systems incorporating Papakai tephra. The 2 tephra treatments involved filling mole channels with 1–4 mm tephra (Mole-fill treatment) or filling the trench above intercepting drainage pipes with ‘as received’ tephra (Back-fill treatment). Over an entire winter drainage season, the quantity of total P (TP) lost from the control treatment drainage system was 0.30 kg P/ha. The average TP losses for the Mole-fill and the Back-fill treatments were 45% and 47% lower than the control treatment, respectively.

Upgrading constructed wetlands phosphorus reduction from a dairy effluent using electric arc furnace steel slag filters

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Weber ◽  
A. Drizo ◽  
E. Twohig ◽  
S. Bird ◽  
D. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Electric Arc Furnace ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
P Removal

In 2003, a subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SSF-CW) system was built at the University of Vermont (UVM) Paul Miller Dairy Farm as an alternative nutrient management approach for treating barnyard runoff and milk parlour waste. Given the increasing problem of phosphorus (P) pollution in the Lake Champlain region, a slag based P-removal filter technology (PFT) was established (2004) at the CW with two objectives: (i) to test the filters' efficiency as an upgrade unit for improving P removal performance via SSF-CW (ii) to investigate the capacity of filters technology to remove P as a “stand alone” unit. Six individual filters (F1–F6) were filled with electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag, each containing 112.5 kg of material with a pore volume of 21 L. F1–F4, fed with CW treated water, received approximately 2.17 g DRP kg−1 EAF steel slag (0.25 kg DRP total) during the 259 day feeding period. F1–F4 retained 1.7 g DRP kg−1 EAF steel slag, resulting in an average P removal efficiency of 75%. The addition of filters improved CW DRP removal efficiency by 74%. F5 and F6, fed non-treated water, received 1.9 g DRP kg−1 EAF steel slag (0.22 kg DRP in total) and retained 1.5 g DRP kg−1 resulting in a P removal efficiency of 72%. The establishment of the EAF slag based PFT is the first in-field evaluation of this technology to reduce P from dairy farm effluent in Vermont.

Rust precipitates in drainage systems of peaty acid sulphate soils in Finland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markku Yli-Halla ◽  
Jarkko Kekkonen ◽  
Timo Lötjönen ◽  
Hannu Marttila
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Iron Hydroxide ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Acid Sulphate ◽  
Dissolved Iron ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Drainage Waters

<p>Clogging of subsurface pipe drainage systems by rust precipitates is a problem in many cultivated areas and especially on the coast of Ostrobothnia, northwestern Finland. The subsurface drainage pipes need to be flushed every few years to remove the rust, which causes additional maintenance costs. These problems are particularly common in acid sulphate (AS) soils that have peat horizons on top of sulfidic materials. These soils are often wet, and the drainage water contains high dissolved iron concentration, commonly above 20 mg l<sup>-1</sup>. Reducing conditions prevail in certain horizons and oxidation of sulfidic minerals and low pH are typical of the horizons above, all resulting in mobilization of several elements. Upon entering the aerobic drainage pipe dissolved iron is oxidized and readily precipitates as rust. In dry summers, the precipitate is typically hardened and the whole pipe drainage system can be blocked. Minerals containing sulphur (S) may also be precipitated in the pipes. The fresh precipitates can adsorb heavy metals that occur in substantial concentrations in AS drainage waters. In this study, 10 rust samples were collected from ditches and wells. All sites, except one, had a 20-70 cm peaty topsoil. A comprehensive chemical analysis was carried out and the precipitates were investigated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Colours of the samples were strong brown or reddish yellow (Munsell notation 7.5YR 5/6-6/8). Silicon content was only 0.3-0.9%, indicating the absence of actual soil material in the precipitates. The material contained 27-49% organic matter (1.9 x C), co-precipitated from the humic substances of drainage water. Iron was by far the most abundant element. If all Fe is contained in ferrihydrite (66% Fe), this mineral constituted 35-63% (mean 46%) of the precipitate while aluminium hydroxide (34% Al) constituted 0.7-9% (mean 5%). Even though most drainage waters were rich in S (commonly above 40 mg l<sup>-1</sup>, the maximum S concentration of the precipitates was only 1.9% and the mean at 0.7%. Sulphur-containing minerals jarosite and schwertmannite were not detected in the SEM images, either, suggesting that these minerals are not precipitated from AS drainage waters. Dissolved heavy metals are leached from AS soils but they were not markedly co-precipitated in our samples. The mean concentration of Cd was only 1 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> and Ni 12 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>, Cr 33 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>, Cu and Zn 32 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> while Mn was more abundant, 355 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>. In our peaty AS soils there is thus substantial mobilization of Fe and a flux out of the soil and a new solid phase is formed in the drainage pipes and ditches constituting mostly of iron hydroxide and humic substances. If dredged, application of this material onto the fields seems not to pose major environmental hazards.</p>

scholarly journals Multi-Year N and P Removal of a 10-Year-Old Surface Flow Constructed Wetland Treating Agricultural Drainage Waters

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Tolomio ◽  
Nicola Dal Ferro ◽  
Maurizio Borin
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Venice Lagoon ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Agricultural Drainage ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Drainage Waters ◽  
P Removal

Surface flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs) can be effectively used to treat agricultural drainage waters, reducing N and P surface water pollution. In the Venice Lagoon drainage basin (northeastern Italy), an SFCW was monitored during 2007–2013 to assess its performance in reducing water, N, and P loads more than 10 years after its creation. Nitrogen concentrations showed peaks during winter due to intense leaching from surrounding fields. Phosphorus concentrations were higher after prolonged periods with no discharge, likely due to mobilization of P of the decomposing litter inside the basin. Over the entire period, N removal efficiency was 83% for NO3–N and 79% for total N; P removal efficiency was 48% for PO4–P and 67% for total P. Values were higher than in several other studies, likely due to the fluctuating hydroperiod that produced discontinuous and reduced outflows. Nitrogen outlet concentrations were reduced by the SFCW, and N removal ratios decreased with increasing hydraulic loading, while no strong correlations were found in the case of P. The SFCW was shown to be an effective long-term strategy to increase water storage and reduce N and P loads in the Venice Lagoon drainage basin.

Phosphorus adsorption characteristics of a constructed wetland soil receiving dairy farm wastewater

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Jamieson ◽  
G. W. Stratton ◽  
R. Gordon ◽  
A. Madani
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Wetland Soil ◽  
Deep Zone ◽  
Phosphorus Adsorption ◽  
P Adsorption ◽  
Adsorption Characteristics ◽  
Shallow Zone ◽  
Background Soil ◽  
P Removal

Adsorption to soil has been identified as a key wastewater P removal mechanism in treatment wetlands. Batch incubation experiments were performed to measure the capacity of a constructed dairy farm wetland in Pictou County, Nova Scotia, to remove P from solution. The constructed wetland had been receiving wastewater since 1996. Non-linear regression analysis was performed using the Langmuir adsorption model to describe the P adsorption characteristics for the wetland soil under study. The Langmuir model was adequate in describing the P adsorption characteristics of the system studied. The P adsorption maxima found were approximately 925, 924, and 1600 mg P kg-1 soil, for the deep zone soil, shallow zone soil, and a background soil (not receiving wastewater), respectively. The P adsorption maxima for the deep zone and shallow zone soils were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from one another, but were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the background soil. These data, together with information on wastewater inflow and P loading, were used to predict a lifespan of 8 yr for this wetland, relative to P removal. Key Words: Phosphorus, wetlands, constructed, adsorption, Langmuir, saturation

scholarly journals Possibilities of safe yield increase in the Wydrzany well field (Uznam Island, Poland) by surface water from a drainage system

Geologos ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-270
Author(s):  
Ryszard Hoc ◽  
Andrzej Sadurski ◽  
Zenon Wiśniowski
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Safe Yield ◽  
Szczecin Lagoon ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Pumping Station ◽  
Secondary Use ◽  
Artificial Water

Abstract In parallel with intensified development of the Polish part of Uznam Island, there is an increase in the demand for drinking water in this area. This island ranks among areas with low water resources, which at the present time are allocated. In order to create the prospect of increased groundwater resources, a concept has been developed that allows for the recovery of part of the freshwater from drainage systems which discharge into the waters of Szczecin Lagoon or the River Świna. The present article discusses the secondary use of water from drainage systems for supply of the Wydrzany resource area. The notion of using water from the White Bridge pumping station was considered the most promising. The catchment area of the polder is 880 ha, 280 ha of which are located on Polish territory. The White Bridge pumping station transfers water from the polder, which it leads to the Peat Channel which, in turn, drains water gravitationally into Szczecin Lagoon. Here, results of simulations aimed at the use of drainage water to improve upon groundwater resources in the “Wydrzany” intake are discussed. On the basis of these simulations of artificial water supply to the intake, an increase of available resources by up to 50 per cent may be expected.

scholarly journals Hydraulic calculation of horizontal open drainages

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 05039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aybek Arifjanov ◽  
Maqsud Otaxonov ◽  
Luqmon Samiev ◽  
Shamshodbek Akmalov
Keyword(s):  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Hydraulic Calculation ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Deep Drainage ◽  
Open Drainage ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Motion Mode

In article analysed the factors influencing the hydraulic processes which arise in the open horizontal drainage systems. Open drainages plays important role in order to improve the ameliorative condition of the agricultural area, salt washing on the soil. It is emphasized that the deep drainage in our region has a good effect on the soil condition and salt removing. At present, efforts are being made to improve the productivity of the collectors to clean and built. As example the collector drainage systems in Syrdarya region are listed. It is observed that the motion mode of open drainage flows is physically identical. Due to the complexity of equations in the unstable motion mode, the drainage water flow scheme in the collectors reflects the hydraulic calculation of the movement. Researches were provided in open agricultural drainage system of Syrdarya region and analysis have been done in natural field conditions. It has been noted when slope of the drainage bed is equal to i<0,0005 intensity of deformation were very high, when slope was between 0,0005<i<0,0011 intensity of deformation of collector bed was equal to the minimum level. In this article provided hydraulic calculation for Syrdarya region drainage system for choosing dynamical stable shape of bed. Those hydraulic calculations and projections ensure collectors with long time period of exploitation condition. Calculation and analyses were done with taking account trapezoidal capacity of the stream in drainage system, and the results of studies on increasing the flow efficiency are reflected. Analysed that when slope will increase until 20% discharge capacity will increase because of high average flow velocity increased by 7-8 times and discussed difference of them. As a result of the hydraulic calculation, the slope of the drainage increased from i-0,00048 to i-0,0006, the fact that the flow capacity increased by 25% due to the increase because of flow velocity.

scholarly journals Inclusion of Hydraulic Controls in Rehabilitation Models of Drainage Networks to Control Floods

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 514
Author(s):  
Leonardo Bayas-Jiménez ◽  
F. Javier Martínez-Solano ◽  
Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey ◽  
Daniel Mora-Melia ◽  
Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Hydraulic Control ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Storm Water Management Model ◽  
Drainage Networks ◽  
Extreme Rain ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
The Cost

A problem for drainage systems managers is the increase in extreme rain events that are increasing in various parts of the world. Their occurrence produces hydraulic overload in the drainage system and consequently floods. Adapting the existing infrastructure to be able to receive extreme rains without generating consequences for cities’ inhabitants has become a necessity. This research shows a new way to improve drainage systems with minimal investment costs, using for this purpose a novel methodology that considers the inclusion of hydraulic control elements in the network, the installation of storm tanks and the replacement of pipes. The presented methodology uses the Storm Water Management Model for the hydraulic analysis of the network and a modified Genetic Algorithm to optimize the network. In this algorithm, called the Pseudo-Genetic Algorithm, the coding of the chromosomes is integral and has been used in previous studies of hydraulic optimization. This work evaluates the cost of the required infrastructure and the damage caused by floods to find the optimal solution. The main conclusion of this study is that the inclusion of hydraulic controls can reduce the cost of network rehabilitation and decrease flood levels.

scholarly journals Treatment of Combined Dairy and Domestic Wastewater with Constructed Wetland System in Sicily (Italy). Pollutant Removal Efficiency and Effect of Vegetation

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1086
Author(s):  
Mario Licata ◽  
Roberto Ruggeri ◽  
Nicolò Iacuzzi ◽  
Giuseppe Virga ◽  
Davide Farruggia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Organic Pollutant ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Dairy Wastewater ◽  
Giant Reed

Dairy wastewater (DWW) contains large amounts of mineral and organic compounds, which can accumulate in soil and water causing serious environmental pollution. A constructed wetland (CW) is a sustainable technology for the treatment of DWW in small-medium sized farms. This paper reports a two-year study on the performance of a pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow system for DWW treatment in Sicily (Italy). The CW system covered a total surface area of 100 m2 and treated approximately 6 m3 per day of wastewater produced by a small dairy farm, subsequent to biological treatment. Removal efficiency (RE) of the system was calculated. The biomass production of two emergent macrophytes was determined and the effect of plant growth on organic pollutant RE was recorded. All DWW parameters showed significant differences between inlet and outlet. For BOD5 and COD, RE values were 76.00% and 62.00%, respectively. RE for total nitrogen (50.70%) was lower than that of organic compounds. RE levels of microbiological parameters were found to be higher than 80.00%. Giant reed produced greater biomass than umbrella sedge. A seasonal variation in RE of organic pollutants was recorded due to plant growth rate Our findings highlight the efficient use of a CW system for DWW treatment in dairy-cattle farms.

scholarly journals The Relevance of Grated Inlets within Surface Drainage Systems in the Field of Urban Flood Resilience. A Review of Several Experimental and Numerical Simulation Approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7189
Author(s):  
Beniamino Russo ◽  
Manuel Gómez Valentín ◽  
Jackson Tellez-Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Hydraulic Efficiency ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Urban Flood ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Surface Drainage ◽  
Intense Storm

Urban drainage networks should be designed and operated preferably under open channel flow conditions without flux return, backwater, or overflows. In the case of extreme storm events, urban pluvial flooding is generated by the excess of surface runoff that could not be conveyed by pressurized sewer pipes, due to its limited capacity or, many times, due to the poor efficiency of surface drainage systems to collect uncontrolled overland flow. Generally, the hydraulic design of sewer systems is addressed more for underground networks, neglecting the surface drainage system, although inadequate inlet spacings and locations can cause dangerous flooding with relevant socio-economic impacts and the interruption of critical services and urban activities. Several experimental and numerical studies carried out at the Technical University of Catalonia (UPC) and other research institutions demonstrated that the hydraulic efficiency of inlets can be very low under critical conditions (e.g., high circulating overland flow on steep areas). In these cases, the hydraulic efficiency of conventional grated inlets and continuous transverse elements can be around 10–20%. Their hydraulic capacity, expressed in terms of discharge coefficients, shows the same criticism with values quite far from those that are usually used in several project practice phases. The grate clogging phenomenon and more intense storm events produced by climate change could further reduce the inlets’ performance. In this context, in order to improve the flood urban resilience of our cities, the relevance of the hydraulic behavior of surface drainage systems is clear.

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