Land use effects on sorption of pesticides and their metabolites in sandy soils. II. Atrazine and two metabolites, deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine, and prometryne

Soil Research ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 861 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Oliver ◽  
R. S. Kookana ◽  
R. B. Salama ◽  
R. Correll
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Sorption Isotherms ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Sorption Behaviour ◽  
Kd Values ◽  
The Relationship

There is very limited information about the effect of land use on sorption behaviour of organic chemicals. The effects of land use on the sorption behaviour of prometryne, atrazine, and its 2 main metabolites, deethylatrazine (DEA) and deisopropylatrazine (DIA), in sandy soils were studied. This study would provide fate data for these chemicals specifically for Australian soils. Sorption coefficients (Kd) were determined using batch studies and a single solution concentration (2 mg/L for atrazine, DEA, and DIA, and 3 mg/L for prometryne) after initially determining sorption isotherms for a subset of 6 soils for atrazine and prometryne using a range of concentrations. Generally, the Kd values for prometryne were significantly (P < 0.001) greater than for the other 3 compounds. There was no consistent trend in the Kd values for atrazine and the 2 metabolites. This study demonstrated that prometryne was least likely to pose a risk to groundwater contamination but in some cases both atrazine metabolites (DEA and DIA) were less sorbed in the soils than the parent compound. Consequently the metabolites could pose a greater risk to groundwater quality than the parent compound. In the surface soils, significantly (P < 0.05) greater Kd values were determined under native vegetation for DIA, atrazine and prometryne. In the subsurface soils significantly (P < 0.001) greater Kd values were observed under native vegetation for all 4 chemicals. This may be related to differences in the nature and type of OC content of soils under the 2 land uses. There were significant (P < 0.001) positive relationships for the market garden soils between Kd and OC for atrazine, DIA, and DEA (r2 = 0.85, 0.86, and 0.51, respectively). The relationship for prometryne and OC was not significant for all soils. The relationship between Koc and pH was significant (P < 0.001) for prometryne (r2 = 0.70 all soils, r2 = 0.64 native vegetation only). Prometryne Koc values were also fitted to a model to predict changes in sorption of ionic pesticides with changes in pH. The data fitted the predictive model reasonably well at pHw >5, but at more acidic pH values the data deviated from the model predictions suggesting an increase in the cationic form of the pesticide that readily bind to negatively charged clay particles rather than OC. This study demonstrated that land use significantly (P < 0.05) affected the sorption behaviour of DIA, atrazine, and prometryne. It also highlighted the potential risk that pesticide metabolites may pose in areas where groundwater is used as a drinking water supply. Clearly there is a need for the metabolites to be considered when establishing guidelines for drinking water.

Land use effects on sorption of pesticides and their metabolites in sandy soils. I. Fenamiphos and two metabolites, fenamiphos sulfoxide and fenamiphos sulfone, and fenarimol and azinphos methyl

Soil Research ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 847 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Oliver ◽  
R. S. Kookana ◽  
R. B. Salama
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Sorption Isotherms ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Sorption Behaviour ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Azinphos Methyl ◽  
Kd Values ◽  
Land Use Effects

There is very limited information about the effect of land use on sorption behaviour of organic chemicals. It has been documented that clearing natural vegetation and cropping soil typically decreases the original organic carbon (OC) content of soil. Because OC is one of the major parameters controlling pesticide sorption, the effects of land use on the sorption behaviour of fenamiphos and its 2 main metabolites, fenamiphos sulfone (f. sulfone) and fenamiphos sulfoxide (f. sulfoxide), together with fenarimol and azinphos methyl were investigated. Based on sorption isotherms for a subset of soils, using a range of concentrations (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 mg/L), the use of a single concentration (2 mg/L) was considered adequate to determine sorption coefficients. Generally the Kd values for fenamiphos were significantly (P�<�0.005) higher than those of its 2 metabolites. The sorption coefficients decreased in the order: fenamiphos >> f. sulfone ≥� f. sulfoxide. As both metabolites can apparently move more easily through soil than fenamiphos, they would pose a greater risk to groundwater contamination. For all compounds, only weak relationships were determined between Kd and pH or %silt + clay. Similarly, the relationship between Kd and %OC was poor, when data from all soils were combined for analysis. However, a strong relationship was obtained between sorption coefficients and %OC for fenamiphos in market garden soils (r2 = 0.76***). This was also the case for azinphos methyl and fenarimol, particularly in soils under native vegetation (r2�=�0.71 and 0.73***, respectively). At a given OC content, the soils under Banksia bush generally showed greater sorption than those under market gardens. This effect became more pronounced with increasing OC content, suggesting that the nature and composition of the OC in soils under native vegetation are likely to be different from that in cultivated soils. Clearly the OC content is not an adequate parameter describing the complex interactions between pesticides and organic matter.

Monitoring land use change in the Lake Taupo catchment between 1975, 1990 and 2002 using satellite remote sensing data

2007 ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
H. Lilienthal ◽  
A. Brauer ◽  
K. Betteridge ◽  
E. Schnug
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Satellite Remote Sensing ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Lake Water Quality ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Slow Decline

Conversion of native vegetation into farmed grassland in the Lake Taupo catchment commenced in the late 1950s. The lake's iconic value is being threatened by the slow decline in lake water quality that has become apparent since the 1970s. Keywords: satellite remote sensing, nitrate leaching, land use change, livestock farming, land management

The Relationship between Concentration and Sensory Properties of 2-Methylisoborneol and Geosmin in Drinking Water

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Ito ◽  
T. Okumura ◽  
M. Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Consumer Panel ◽  
Triangle Method ◽  
Musty Odor ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mixed Samples

The study of the relations between the senses of smell and taste and odorant concentration is important for the solution of odor problems. The threshold concentrations of odor and taste (TOC, TTC) of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin were measured by the non-forced choice triangle method using 12-20 panelists. Both TOC and TTC were found to be functions of water temperature and the concentration of residual chlorine. The TOC and TTC of mixed samples were rather lower than the concentrations calculated from the mixing ratio. The sensitivities of the consumer panel and the number of musty odor complaints from consumers are related to MIB or geosmin concentration. The ratio of the number of complaints to MIB (or geosmin) concentration decreased after maximum complaint, but the sensitivity of the consumer panel remained the same.

Sorption of pesticides used in banana production on soils of Ecuador

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya Cáceres ◽  
Guang-Guo Ying ◽  
Rai Kookana
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Ecosystem Health ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Banana Production ◽  
Kd Values ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Impact Of Pesticides

There is concern about the migration and adverse impact of pesticides used in banana production systems in Ecuador on aquaculture and ecosystem health. Therefore, we studied the sorption of chlorothalonil, fenamiphos, and its 2 metabolites (fenamiphos sulfone and fenamiphos sulfoxide), by batch method on 6 surface soils from the Guayas River Basin (1–3�S, 79–81�W), a major banana production area of Ecuador. The sorption of chlorothalonil on the 6 soils was high and varied considerably as shown by the Kd values ranging from 68.50 to 152.60 L/kg. The sorption coefficients normalised with the organic carbon content of soil (Koc) for chlorothalonil ranged from 2330 to 7336 kg/L, with a mean value of 4012 kg/L. These Koc values are higher than those previously reported in the literature. The sorption of fenamiphos and its metabolites to the 6 soils varied among soils in a similar pattern. The Kd values ranged from 5.66 to 14.31�L/kg for fenamiphos, from 2.81 to 8.79 L/kg for fenamiphos sulfone, and from 0.77 to 4.00 L/kg for fenamiphos sulfoxide, respectively. In all of the soils the sorption coefficients of both metabolites of fenamiphos were lower than that for the parent compound. The Koc values ranged from 220 to 515 kg/L (mean value 371 kg/L) for fenamiphos, from 29 to 141 kg/L (mean value of 76 kg/L) for fenamiphos sulfoxide, and from 79 to 334 kg/L (mean value of 191 kg/L) for fenamiphos sulfone. Chlorothalonil had much stronger sorption than fenamiphos and its metabolites on the Ecuadorian soil. Due to lower sorption and therefore greater mobility and longer persistence of the fenamiphos metabolites, these compounds need adequate consideration during residue monitoring and assessment of potential off-site impacts on ecosystem health and aquaculture in the Guayas River Basin.

scholarly journals Insights Into the Correspondence Between Land Use Pattern and Spatial Distribution of Rail Transit Services

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongqi Wang ◽  
Qi Han ◽  
Bauke de Vries ◽  
Li Dai
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Operations Management ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Rail Transit ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Transit Services ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe identification of the relationship between land use and transport lays the foundation for integrated land use and transport planning and management. This work aims to investigate how rail transit is linked to land use. The research on the relationship between land use and rail-based transport is dominated by the impacts of rail projects on land use, without an in-depth understanding of the reverse. However, it is important to note that issues of operation management rather than new constructions deserve greater attention for regions with established rail networks. Given that there is a correspondence between land use patterns and spatial distribution of heavy railway transit (HRT) services at such regions, the study area (i.e., the Netherlands) is partitioned by the Voronoi diagram of HRT stations and the causal relationship between land use and HRT services is examined by structural equation modeling (SEM). The case study of Helmond (a Dutch city) shows the potential of the SEM model for discussing the rail station selection problem in a multiple transit station region (MTSR). Furthermore, in this study, the node place model is adapted with the derivatives of the SEM model (i.e., the latent variable scores for rail service levels and land use characteristics), which are assigned as node and place indexes respectively, to analyze and differentiate the integration of land use and HRT services at the regional level. The answer to whether and how land use affects rail transit services from this study strengthens the scientific basis for rail transit operations management. The SEM model and the modified node place model are complementary to be used as analytical and decision-making tools for rail transit-oriented regional development.

scholarly journals Urban access across the globe: an international comparison of different transport modes

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Wu ◽  
Paolo Avner ◽  
Genevieve Boisjoly ◽  
Carlos K. V. Braga ◽  
Ahmed El-Geneidy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Urban Economics ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Compact Development ◽  
Unit Of Measurement ◽  
In Transit ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
American Cities

AbstractAccess (the ease of reaching valued destinations) is underpinned by land use and transport infrastructure. The importance of access in transport, sustainability, and urban economics is increasingly recognized. In particular, access provides a universal unit of measurement to examine cities for the efficiency of transport and land-use systems. This paper examines the relationship between population-weighted access and metropolitan population in global metropolitan areas (cities) using 30-min cumulative access to jobs for 4 different modes of transport; 117 cities from 16 countries and 6 continents are included. Sprawling development with the intensive road network in American cities produces modest automobile access relative to their sizes, but American cities lag behind globally in transit and walking access; Australian and Canadian cities have lower automobile access, but better transit access than American cities; combining compact development with an intensive network produces the highest access in Chinese and European cities for their sizes. Hence density and mobility co-produce better access. This paper finds access to jobs increases with populations sublinearly, so doubling the metropolitan population results in less than double access to jobs. The relationship between population and access characterizes regions, countries, and cities, and significant similarities exist between cities from the same country.

scholarly journals Characteristics and Controlling Factors of the Drought Runoff Coefficient

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1259
Author(s):  
Rei Itsukushima
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Resource Management ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Controlling Factors ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Topographical Factors ◽  
The Relationship

Increasing water demand due to population growth, economic development, and changes in rainfall patterns due to climate change are likely to alter the duration and magnitude of droughts. Understanding the relationship between low-flow conditions and controlling factors relative to the magnitude of a drought is important for establishing sustainable water resource management based on changes in future drought risk. This study demonstrates the relationship between low-flow and controlling factors under different severities of drought. I calculated the drought runoff coefficient for six types of occurrence probability, using past observation data of annual total discharge and precipitation in the Japanese archipelago, where multiple climate zones exist. Furthermore, I investigated the pattern of change in the drought runoff coefficient in accordance with the probability of occurrence of drought, and relationships among the coefficient and geological, land use, and topographical factors. The drought runoff coefficient for multiple drought magnitudes exhibited three behaviors, corresponding to the pattern of precipitation. Results from a generalized linear model (GLM) revealed that the controlling factors differed depending on the magnitude of the drought. During high-frequency droughts, the drought runoff coefficient was influenced by geological and vegetation factors, whereas land use and topographical factors influenced the drought runoff coefficient during low-frequency droughts. These differences were caused by differences in runoff, which dominated stream discharge, depending on the magnitude of the drought. Therefore, for effective water resource management, estimation of the volume of drought runoff needs to consider the pattern of precipitation, geology, land use, and topography.

scholarly journals Omnipresent distribution of herbicides and their transformation products in all water body types of an agricultural landscape in the North German Lowland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uta Ulrich ◽  
Matthias Pfannerstill ◽  
Guido Ostendorp ◽  
Nicola Fohrer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Transformation Products ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rainfall Events

AbstractThe research of the environmental fate of pesticides has demonstrated that applied compounds are altered in their molecular structure over time and are distributed within the environment. To assess the risk for contamination by transformation products (TP) of the herbicides flufenacet and metazachlor, the following four water body types were sampled in a small-scale catchment of 50 km2 in 2015/2016: tile drainage water, stream water, shallow groundwater, and drinking water of private wells. The TP were omnipresent in every type of water body, more frequently and in concentrations up to 10 times higher than their parent compounds. Especially metazachlor sulfonic acid, metazachlor oxalic acid, and flufenacet oxalic acid were detected in almost every drainage and stream sample. The transformation process leads to more mobile and more persistent molecules resulting in higher detection frequencies and concentrations, which can even occur a year or more after the application of the parent compound. The vulnerability of shallow groundwater and private drinking water wells to leaching compounds is proved by numerous positives of metazachlor-TP with maximum concentrations of 0.7 μg L−1 (drinking water) and 20 μg L−1 (shallow groundwater) of metazachlor sulfonic acid. Rainfall events during the application period cause high discharge of the parent compound and lower release of TP. Later rainfall events lead to high displacement of TP. For an integrated risk assessment of water bodies, the environmental behavior of pesticide-TP has to be included into regular state-of-the-art water quality monitoring.

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