Increased P application to lateritic soil in 1976 increased Colwell soil test P for P applied in 2000

Soil Research ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
D. G. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Lateritic Soil ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
P Values ◽  
Phosphate Retention ◽  
Subsequent Application ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
P Application

In a field experiment, 6 amounts of superphosphate [0–800 kg phosphorus (P)/ha] were applied in July 2000 to an acidic lateritic ironstone gravel sandy soil treated 24 years previously (May 1976) with 6 amounts of superphosphate (0–599 kg P/ha). In October 2001, samples of the top 10 cm of soil were collected to measure the capacity of the soil to sorb P by the phosphate retention index (PRI) and P buffer capacity (PBC) methods, and to measure soil test P by the Colwell (sodium bicarbonate) procedure. The capacity of the soil to sorb P, as measured by both PRI and PBC, decreased with increased P application in 1976. For all amounts of P applied in 2000, Colwell soil test P increased with increased P application in 1976. We conclude that increasing amounts of P applied in 1976 decreased the capacity of the soil to sorb the subsequent application of P, thereby increasing soil test P values of soil treated with the subsequent P.

Effect of P-buffer capacity and P-retention index of soils on soil test-P, soil test P-calibrations and yield response curvature

Soil Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland ◽  
IR Wilson ◽  
DG Allen
Keyword(s):  
Retention Index ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Sorption Method ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
P Retention

Twenty-three virgin Western Australian soils of different buffer capacities (BC) for phosphorus (P) were collected. The effects of BC on the relationships between Colwell soil test P and the level of P applied, yield and soil test P, and yield and the level of P applied were studied. Wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Reeves), grown for 27 days in a glasshouse, was used. Two methods of measuring P sorption of soils, P buffer capacity (PBC) and P retention index (PRI), were used. The PBC is determined from a multi-point sorption curve. The PRI is a new, diagnostic, one-point, sorption method now widely used for commercial soil P testing in Western Australia. Both PBC and PRI produced similar results. The relationship between soil test P and the level of P applied was adequately described by a linear equation. When the slope coefficient of the linear equations was related to PBC or PRI, there was no relationship. The other two relationships were adequately described by a Mitscherlich equation. When the curvature coefficient of the Mitscherlich equation was related to PBC or PRI, the trend was for the value of the coefficient to decrease with increasing PBC or PRI. Consequently, as the capacity of the soil to sorb P increased the trend was for larger soil test P or higher levels of P application to produce the same yield.

Soil phosphorus tests II: A comparison of soil test–crop response relationships for different soil tests and wheat

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon D. Speirs ◽  
Brendan J. Scott ◽  
Philip W. Moody ◽  
Sean D. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
P Values ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil P Test ◽  
R Value

The performance of a wide range of soil phosphorus (P) testing methods that included established (Colwell-P, Olsen-P, BSES-P, and CaCl2-P) and more recently introduced methods (DGT-P and Mehlich 3-P) was evaluated on 164 archived soil samples corresponding to P fertiliser response experiments with wheat (Triticum aestivum) conducted in south-eastern Australia between 1968 and 2008. Soil test calibration relationships were developed for relative grain yield v. soil test using (i) all soils, (ii) Calcarosols, and (iii) all ‘soils other than Calcarosols’. Colwell-P and DGT-P calibration relationships were also derived for Calcarosols and Vertosols containing measureable CaCO3. The effect of soil P buffer capacity (measured as the single-point P buffer index corrected for Colwell-P, PBICol) on critical Colwell-P values was assessed by segregating field sites based on their PBICol class: very very low (15–35), very low (36–70), low (71–140), and moderate (141–280). All soil P tests, except Mehlich 3-P, showed moderate correlations with relative grain yield (R-value ≥0.43, P < 0.001) and DGT-P exhibited the largest R-value (0.55). Where soil test calibrations were derived for Calcarosols, Colwell-P had the smallest R-value (0.36), whereas DGT-P had an R-value of 0.66. For ‘soils other than Calcarosols’, R-values >0.45 decreased in the order: DGT-P (r = 0.55), Colwell-P (r = 0.49), CaCl2-P (r = 0.48), and BSES-P (r = 0.46). These results support the potential of DGT-P as a predictive soil P test, but indicate that Mehlich 3-P has little predictive use in these soils. Colwell-P had tighter critical confidence intervals than any other soil test for all calibrations except for soils classified as Calcarosols. Critical Colwell-P values, and confidence intervals, for the very very low, very low, and low P buffer capacity categories were within the range of other published data that indicate critical Colwell-P value increases as PBICol increases. Colwell-P is the current benchmark soil P test used in Australia and for the field trials in this study. With the exception of Calcarosols, no alternative soil P testing method was shown to provide a statistically superior prediction of response by wheat. Although having slightly lower R-values (i.e. <0.1 difference) for some calibration relationships, Colwell-P yielded tighter confidence intervals than did any of the other soil tests. The apparent advantage of DGT-P over Colwell-P on soils classified as Calcarosols was not due to the effects of calcium carbonate content of the analysed surface soils.

scholarly journals Phosphorus status of diverse soils in Finland as influenced by long-term P fertilisation 2.Changes of soil test values in relation to P balance with references to incorporation depth of residual and freshly applied P

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 276 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. SAARELA ◽  
A. JÄRVI ◽  
H. HAKKOLA
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Broadcast Application ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
P Balance ◽  
P Application ◽  
Essential Growth ◽  
Essential Growth Factor

Fertilising with phosphorus (P) ensures continuous supply of an essential growth factor as necessary for productive and sustainable agriculture. The amounts of P required to attain and maintain an adequate P status in the soil were investigated in field experiments at 22 sites in Finland on soils containing large amounts of residual fertiliser P. The effects of five rates (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha-1) of annual P application were measured in the soil by chemical methods after 9 to 15 experimental years, and the changes in soil test P values (STP) were compared with P balances. Stratification of P in ley soil by broadcast application of fertilisers was assessed at four sites. The mean changes of STP in the whole topsoil caused by P fertilisation expressed as per cent of the balance difference were 3.5% (0.0159 mg dm-3)/(kg ha-1) in the acid ammonium acetate test (PAc), 4.7% (0.0214 mg dm-3)/(kg ha-1) in water extraction (Pw) and 9.7% (0.058 mg kg-1)/(kg ha-1) in sodium bicarbonate extraction (modified Olsen P). Initially high PAc values tended to slowly decrease at zero P balance, while low values did not change without some particular reason, such as soil acidification or mixing of the topsoil with some of the less fertile subsurface soil. A thin layer of the uppermost soil was quickly enriched by broadcast application of P fertiliser.;

Effects of phosphate buffering on the extraction of labile phosphate by plants and by soil tests

Soil Research ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 511 ◽  
Author(s):  
ICR Holford ◽  
GEG Mattingly
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment

In a glasshouse experiment on 24 calcareous soils, the uptake of isotopically exchangeable phosphorus by ryegrass was negatively related to the phosphate buffer capacity. The corresponding effect of buffering on the extraction of exchangeable phosphorus by sodium bicarbonate was almost identical. In four different soil tests, the greater the effect of buffering on extraction, the higher was the correlation between the soil test and phosphorus uptake by the ryegrass.

Effectiveness of different methods of applying superphosphate for lupins grown on sandplain soils

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 707 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland ◽  
RJ Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Fourth Experiment

In 3 experiments in 1991 on very sandy soils near Eradu, Western Australia, the effectiveness of superphosphate for producing lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) seed (grain), was measured for fertiliser applied at 0-73 kg P/ha to the soil surface just before sowing (topdressed), or banded with the seed, or 8 cm below the seed while sowing 5 cm deep. At all sites, banding phosphorus (P) below or with the seed was equally effective as applying P to the soil surface. In a fourth experiment, on a very sandy soil near Badgingarra, Western Australia, levels of P (0-547 kg P/ha) as superphosphate, had been applied once only from 3 to 7 years previously (1985-89). The P applied in previous years was found to have leached. In 1992, superphosphate (0, 9, 18 and 36 kg P/ha) was applied across all the original plots. Fertiliser was either applied to the soil surface just before sowing lupins, or banded with the seed at 5 cm depth or at 8 cm below the seed. Grain yields from banding P below the seed exceeded those where P was topdressed when <250 kg P/ha had been applied in previous years, or where the Colwell soil-test P for the 10-20 cm depth was <10-15 mg P/g soil. When >250 kg P/ha had been applied in previous years, sufficient P had leached well below the seed, so there was little response to P and no advantage in placing freshly applied P below the seed when sowing. A possible explanation for the different results at Eradu and Badgingarra is provided.

Soil testing for phosphorus: comparing the Mehlich 3 and Colwell procedures for soils of south-western Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
D. G. Allen ◽  
K. S. Walton
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
P Values ◽  
Plant Yield ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil Test P

Soil samples were collected from 14 long-term field experiments in south-western Australia to which several amounts of superphosphate or phosphate rock had been applied in a previous year. The samples were analysed for phosphorus (P) by the Colwell sodium bicarbonate procedure, presently used in Western Australia, and the Mehlich 3 procedure, being assessed as a new multi-element test for the region. For the Mehlich procedure, the concentration of total and inorganic P in the extract solution was measured. The soil test values were related to yields of crops and pasture measured later on in the year in which the soil samples were collected.The Mehlich 3 procedures (Mehlich 3 total and Mehlich 3 inorganic soil test P values) were similar, with the total values mostly being slightly larger. For soil treated with superphosphate, for each year of each experiment: (i) Mehlich 3 values were closely correlated with Colwell values; and (ii) the relationship between plant yield and soil test P (the soil P test calibration) was similar for the Colwell and Mehlich 3 procedures. However, for soil treated with phosphate rock, the Colwell procedure consistently produced lower soil test P values than the Mehlich 3 procedure, and the calibration relating plant yield to soil test P was different for the Colwell and Mehlich 3 procedures, indicating, for soils treated with phosphate rock, separate calibrations are required for the 2 procedures. We conclude that for soils of south-western Australia treated with superphosphate (most of the soils), the Mehlich 3 procedure can be used instead of the Colwell procedure to measure soil test P, providing support for the Mehlich 3 procedure to be developed as the multi-element soil test for the region.

scholarly journals Effects of repeated phosphorus fertilisation on field crops in Finland 1.Yield responses on clay and loam soils relation to soil test P values

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 106 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. SAARELA ◽  
Y. SALO ◽  
M. VUORINEN
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
P Values ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilisation

In order to update phosphorus (P) fertiliser recommendations for the Finnish clay and loam soils enriched with applied P, the effects of repeated P fertilisation on the yields of cereal and other crops were measured at eight sites over a period of 12-18 years. Yield results of some earlier field studies were also used in calibrating the soil test P values determined by the Finnish acid ammonium acetate method (PAc). Significant yield responses to P fertilisation were obtained on soils which had low PAc values or medium levels of PAc and too low or too high pH values (< 6.0 or 7.5 in water suspension). The mean relative control yield (RCY, yield without applied P divided by yield with sufficient P multiplied by 100) of the eight sites was 94.6% (n = 128, mean PAc 15.5 mg dm-3) varying from 87% at PAc 2.8 mg dm-3 to 100% at high PAc. A PAc level of 5-7 mg dm-3 was adequate for cereals, grasses and oilseed rape on the basis of the RCY value of 95% at optimal pH. At this PAc replacing the amounts of P in the crops (14 kg in 4 t grain) and the fixation of extractable P (about 6 kg ha-1 a-1) produced almost maximum yields in favourable seasons and were considered optimal.;

scholarly journals Long-term Response to Phosphorus Banding in Irrigated and Nonirrigated Pecan Production

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 1237-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Polozola ◽  
Daniel E. Wells ◽  
J. Raymond Kessler ◽  
Wheeler G. Foshee ◽  
Amy N. Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Application Rate ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
P Application ◽  
P Movement ◽  
Over Time

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of banded phosphorus (P) applications at differing rates in irrigated and nonirrigated pecan (Carya illinoinensis) plots on P movement within the soil, P uptake and movement within pecan trees, and the yield and quality of nuts. On 20 Mar. 2015, P applications of 0 kg·ha−1 (0×), 19.6 kg·ha−1 (1×), 39.2 kg·ha−1 (2×), and 78.5 kg·ha−1 (4×) were administered to bands of triple superphosphate to randomly selected trees in nonirrigated and irrigated plots of a ‘Desirable’ orchard bordered by ‘Elliot’ trees. When P was applied at the 2× and 4× rates, the total soil test P decreased linearly by 35% and 54%, respectively, in nonirrigated plots and by 41% and 59%, respectively, in irrigated plots over the course of the experiment. There was no change in soil test P over time at the 0× rate for either irrigation regimen; however, at the 1× rate, soil test P decreased 44% in the irrigated plot but did not change in the nonirrigated plot. The largest linear decrease of the soil test P from the start of the experiment to the end of the experiment occurred in the top 0 to 7.6 cm. In contrast, soil test P at a depth of 15.2 to 22.9 cm decreased linearly by 23% in the nonirrigated plot, but it did not decrease over time in the irrigated plot. Increasing the P application rate increased foliar P quadratically in the nonirrigated plot, but only the 4× application rate increased foliar P compared with the 0× control. In the irrigated plot, foliar P concentrations decreased linearly from 2015 to 2017, and foliar P concentrations were not influenced by the P application rate. No differences in pecan yield or quality were observed in either irrigated or nonirrigated plots. Overall, P banding may not be the most sustainable way to increase foliar concentrations of P quickly or to maintain concentrations of the nutrient in the long term.

scholarly journals Effects of phosphate buffer capacity on critical levels and relationships between soil tests and labile phosphate in wheat growing soils

Soil Research ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
ICR Holford
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Ammonium Fluoride ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Critical Levels ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Negative Effect

Thirty-nine soils from northern New South Wales were used to examine the effects of phosphate buffer capacity on (i) the extraction of labile phosphate by four soil tests, (ii) the relationships between the four soil tests, and (iii) the critical level of each soil test required for near-maximum yield of wheat under field conditions. The results confirmed the principle, recently proposed by the author, that the larger the negative effect of buffer capacity on extraction of labile phosphate by a soil test, the higher is the correlation between the soil test and plant yield response to phosphate. The acidic ammonium fluoride extractant of Bray and Kurtz was the most sensitive to buffering in this respect, while the alkaline sodium bicarbonate extractant of Olsen et al. was less sensitive and the modified sodium bicarbonate test of Colwell least sensitive to buffering. Whereas a previous glasshouse study suggested that the ammonium fluoride test was over-sensitive to buffering, and hence underestimated available phosphate in strongly buffered soils, this field study showed that the test is correctly sensitive to buffering. Consequently critical levels for near-maximum wheat yields do not vary for the ammonium fluoride tests, but increase with increasing buffer capacity for the sodium bicarbonate tests. The additional measurement of buffer capacity is therefore required to give precision in the use of the sodium bicarbonate soil test and particularly the Colwell test. The results also suggest that a high correlatiori between two soil tests can only be expected where each test is similarly sensitive to buffering, provided of course that both tests extract phosphate mainly from the labile pool.

Short-term stability of soil test phosphorus in agricultural fields

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Lamb ◽  
G W Rehm
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Stability ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil Fertility Management ◽  
P Values ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Plant P Uptake ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Soil Test Phosphorus ◽  
Bray 1

The spatial and temporal stability of soil test values is important to the use of soil testing for site-specific soil fertility management. A study was conducted to evaluate the spatial and temporal stability of soil test phosphorus (P). Five sites ranging in size from 3.7 to 4.4 ha were soil sampled in the same locations in a 18.3 × 18.3-m grid either three or four times over a 2-yr period. Bray 1-P values were similar or decreased over time, while Olsen-P values at two of five sites decreased. One site showed no pattern and two sites had cyclic patterns where the spring sample values were greater than the fall. The spatial pattern of soil test values during a 2 yr rotation for Bray 1-P and Olsen-P was very stable. The changes in distribution in soil test P categories over a 2-yr period resulted in a shift to lower soil test categories. The decreases in soil test P were probably caused by plant P uptake in combination with no application of P fertilizer during the study. Key words: Soil test phosphorus, spatial stability, pH, temporal stability

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