Effects of rundown in soil hydraulic condition on crop productivity in south-eastern Queensland - a simulation study

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Connolly ◽  
D. M. Freebairn ◽  
M. J. Bell ◽  
G. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hydraulic Condition ◽  
Soil Hydraulic

Declining soil organic matter levels because of cropping have been shown to reduce crop growth and yield, but the effects of changing infiltration and soil hydraulic properties on crop productivity have not been widely evaluated. Cropping systems in south-eastern Queensland have, in the past, involved intense tillage, trafficking with heavy machinery, and changed organic matter cycling, affecting soil aggregation, permeability, water-holding characteristics, and organic matter. The aim of this paper is to determine how important infiltration and soil hydraulic condition has been to the water balance, crop growth, and yield in the past, and may be in the future if management is not changed. Change in physical and chemical condition of the 5 most commonly cropped soils in south-east Queensland (Sodosols, Vertosols with ≤55% clay, Vertosols with >55% clay, Red Ferrosols and Red Chromosols/Kandosols) was measured over 0–70 years of cropping and estimated up to 200 years. The APSIM model was used to predict effects of changing soil condition in a rain-fed, fertilised, wheat-summer fallow cropping system with intense tillage. Decline in infiltration, restricted internal redistribution of water, and increased evaporation reduced water supply to the crop, causing simulated yield to decline by 29, 38, 25, 17, and 13% for the 5 soils, respectively, after 50 years of cropping. Gross margin declined at a faster rate, falling by 36, 50, 40, 20, and 21%, respectively after 50 years because of increasing fertiliser requirement to compensate for declining soil fertility. Crop productivity on most soils continued to steadily decline as period of cropping increased to 200 years. To arrest or reverse this downward trend, it is likely that substantial changes to current cropping systems will be needed, including reducing tillage and trafficking, and improving organic matter levels.

Evaluation of different cropping systems for marginal uplands in Barangay Caticugan, Sta. Rita, Samar

2017 ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
Ulysses Cagasan ◽  
Ed Allan Alcober ◽  
Mark Gil Gerona ◽  
Gretchen Mae Prado
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Land Equivalent Ratio ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Increase Crop Yield

To help improve the lives of upland farmers in Barangay Caticugan, Sta. Rita, Samar, there is a need to find ways to increase crop yield and income. This study aimed to determine cropping systems that improve crop productivity, increase income and promote cropping systems technology to upland farmers in Barangay Caticugan, Sta Rita, Samar. The experimental units were arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The cropping systems tested were monocropping on corn, peanut and mungbean and intercropping corn + peanut and corn + mungbean. This paper considered only the data for one cropping planted during dryseason. The growth and yield characteristics of all crops under study were not significantly (p<0.05) affected bythe cropping systems. Fresh herbage yield (t ha-1) and total yield (t ha-1) in all crops (corn, peanut & mungbean) and harvest index of peanut were significantly affected by the treatments. The significant variations on the said treatments were due to the difference in the plant population of monocultures and the intercrops. On the other hand, corn + mungbean gave a land equivalent ratio (LER) of 1.16, which means that such practice is more productive than growing corn or mungbean as monocrop. Likewise, corn + peanut have an LER value of 1.20 which means corn + peanut intercropping system is more advantageous over monocropping. Economic analysis revealed that monoculture of peanut and mungbean is the most profitable cropping system as it provides a relatively higher yield and net income.

Simulating infiltration and the water balance in cropping systems with APSIM-SWIM

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Connolly ◽  
M. Bell ◽  
N. Huth ◽  
D. M. Freebairn ◽  
G. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Soil Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Crop Models ◽  
Soil Hydraulic ◽  
Parameter Values

We test APSIM-SWIM's ability to simulate infiltration and interactions between the soil water balance and grain crop growth using soil hydraulic properties derived from independent, point measurements. APSIMSWIM is a continuous soil-crop model that simulates infiltration, surface crusting, and soil condition in more detail than most other soil-crop models. Runoff, soil water, and crop growth information measured at sites in southern Queensland was used to test the model. Parameter values were derived directly from soil hydraulic properties measured using rainfall simulators, disc permeameters and ponded rings, and pressure plate apparatus. In general, APSIM-SWIM simulated infiltration, runoff, soil water and the water balance, and yield as accurately and reliably as other soil crop models, indicating the model is suitable for evaluating effects of infiltration and soil-water relations on crop growth. Increased model detail did not hinder application, instead improving parameter transferability and utility, but improved methods of characterising crusting, soil hydraulic conductivity, and macroporosity under field conditions would improve ease of application, prediction accuracy, and reliability of the model. Model utility and accuracy would benefit from improved representation of temporal variation in soil condition, including effects of tillage and consolidation on soil condition and bypass flow in cracks. infiltration, crop models, APSIM, water balance, soil structure.

The management of soil physical properties limiting crop production in Australian sodic soils - a review

Soil Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
NS Jayawardane ◽  
KY Chan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Soil Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Flood Irrigation ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Soil Hydraulic ◽  
Raindrop Impact

Sodic soils occur extensively on the agricultural lands of Australia. The poor crop productivity of sodic soils is often associated with their low infiltration rates and restricted drainage. This is caused by low macroporosity and macropore instability, due to the presence of sodium on the clay surfaces. To achieve long-term improvements, tillage techniques to increase macroporosity have to be combined with chemical and biological techniques to improve macropore stability. Macropore stability is improved by addition of chemical ameliorants and organic matter. Maintenance of macroporosity also requires protection of the tilled soil from recompaction during flood irrigation, raindrop impact and trafficking. Adverse effects of sodicity of surface soil layers can be corrected by incorporating gypsum and by using conservation farming practices to add organic matter and to protect the surface from mechanical disturbance and raindrop impact. Subsoil sodicity can be corrected by combining deep ripping with chemical ameliorant additions, but the beneficial effects are often quickly lost under flood irrigation and trafficking. Longer term increases in crop production can be achieved by providing surface and subsurface drainage, bed farming and gypsum-slotting. Advantages and disadvantages of these techniques, their application in dryland and irrigated cropping and the areas for future research are discussed. In soils such as Vertisols with high shrink-swell potential, strong-rooted crops such as safflower could be used for biological soil loosening, through deep soil profile drying. The effectiveness of soil ameliorative techniques can be evaluated by assessing the soil factors limiting crop growth during a growing season in a non-ameliorated soil, and the subsequent changes in these soil factors due to the ameliorative practices. A technique which can be used in field studies to monitor these changes through the cropping season, based on the concept of the 'non-limiting soil water range' for crop growth, is described. Irrigation management of sodic soils and re-use of saline drainage waters require an understanding of the changes in soil hydraulic properties with changes in water quality parameters. The 'equivalent salt solution' concept can be used to predict such changes in soil hydraulic properties. These predicted values could then be used in existing water flow models for assessing water and salt flow through irrigated sodic clay soils.

scholarly journals Monsoonal forcing controlled cold water coral growth off south-eastern Brazil during the past 160 kyrs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Bahr ◽  
Monika Doubrawa ◽  
Jürgen Titschack ◽  
Gregor Austermann ◽  
Dirk Nürnberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Continental Slope ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Nepheloid Layer ◽  
High Northern Latitude ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The Past ◽  
Eastern Brazil ◽  
Water Ecosystems

Abstract. Cold-water corals (CWC) constitute important deep-water ecosystems that are increasingly under environmental pressure due to ocean acidification and global warming. The sensitivity of these deep-water ecosystems to environmental change is demonstrated by abundant paleo-records drilled through CWC mounds that reveal a characteristic alteration between rapid formation and dormant or erosive phases. Previous studies have identified several parameters such as food supply, oxygenation, and carbon saturation state of bottom water as central for driving or inhibiting CWC growth, yet there is still a large uncertainty about the relative importance of the different environmental parameters. To advance this debate we have performed a multi-proxy study on a sediment core retrieved from the 25 m high Bowie Mound, located in 866 m water depth on the continental slope off south-eastern Brazil, a structure built up mainly by the CWC Solenosmilia variabilis. Our results indicate a multi-factorial control on CWC growth and mound formation at Bowie Mound during the past ~160 kyrs, which reveals distinct formation pulses during glacial high northern latitude cold events (Heinrich Stadials, HS) largely associated with anomalous continental wet periods. The ensuing enhanced run-off elevated the terrigenous nutrient and organic matter supply to the continental margin, and might have boosted marine productivity. The dispersal of food particles towards the CWC colonies during HS was facilitated by the highly dynamic hydraulic conditions along the continental slope that prevailed throughout glacial periods. These conditions caused the emplacement of a pronounced nepheloid layer above Bowie Mound aiding the concentration and along-slope dispersal of organic matter. Our study thus demonstrates a yet unrecognized impact of continental climate variability on a highly vulnerable deep-marine ecosystem.

Modelling crop growth and yield under the environmental changes induced by windbreaks. 2. Simulation of potential benefits at selected sites in Australia

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 887 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Carberry ◽  
H. Meinke ◽  
P. L. Poulton ◽  
J. N. G. Hargreaves ◽  
A. J. Snell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Climate Record ◽  
Systems Model ◽  
Potential Benefits

Recent reports in Australia and elsewhere have attributed enhanced crop yields to the presence of tree windbreaks on farms. One hypothesis for this observation is that, by reducing wind speed, windbreaks influence crop water and energy balances resulting in lower evaporative demand and increased yield. This paper is the second in a series aimed at developing and using crop and micrometeorological modelling capabilities to explore this hypothesis. Specifically, the objectives of this paper are to assist the interpretation of recent field experimentation on windbreak impacts and to quantify the potential benefits and the likelihood of windbreak effects on crop production through an economic analysis of crop yields predicted for the historical climate record at selected sites in Australia. The APSIM systems model was specified to simulate crop growth under the environmental changes induced by windbreaks and subsequently used to simulate the potential benefits on crop production at 2 actual windbreak sites and 17 hypothetical sites around Australia. With the actual windbreak sites, APSIM closely simulated measured crop growth and yield in open-field conditions. However, neither site demonstrated measurable windbreak impacts and APSIM simulations confirmed that such effects would have been either non-existent or masked by experimental variability in the years under study. For each year of the long-term climate record at 17 sites, APSIM simulated yields of relevant crops for transects behind hypothetical windbreaks that provided protection against all wind. When wind protection from all directions is assumed, average simulated yield increases at 5 H (height of windbreak) ranged from 0.2% for maize at Atherton to 24.6% for wheat grown at Dalby, resulting in gross margin changes of �$14.79/ha.crop and $24.13/ha.crop, respectively, for a 10 m high windbreak and 100 ha paddock and assuming a 20% yield loss due to tree competition in the 1.0�3.5 H section. Averaged across all sites and crops, the simulations predicted a yield advantage of 8.6% at 5 H for protection from wind in any direction, resulting in an average gross margin loss of �$0.60/ha.crop. At the 8 sites with available data for wind direction, and assuming protection only from wind originating within a 90� arc perpendicular to a hypothetical windbreak which was optimally orientated at each site, average simulated yield increases at 5 H ranged from 1.0% for wheat at Orange to 8.6% for wheat grown at Geraldton. For a 10 m high windbreak, 100 ha paddock and an assumed 20% yield loss in the 1.0�3.5 H section, the average result across all sites and crops was a 4.7% yield advantage at 5 H and an average gross margin loss of �$2.49/ha.crop. In conclusion, APSIM simulation and economic analyses indicated that yield benefits from microclimate changes can at least partly offset the opportunity costs of positioning tree windbreaks on farms.

scholarly journals PENAMPILAN SEPULUH VARIETAS KEDELAI YANG DITUMPANGSARIKAN DENGAN TEBU

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
Iskandar Umarie ◽  
M. Hazmi ◽  
Oktarina Oktarina
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Pod Number ◽  
Plot Design

[PERFORMANCES OF TEN SOYBEAN VARIETIES AS INTERCROPPED WITH SUGARCANE]. An intercropping system between soybean and sugarcane may be an alternative to increase soybean production in Indonesia, but not all soybean varieties are suitable for intercropping system as different soybean varieties may perform differently under intercropping system and monoculture system. Therefore, suitable soybean varieties for intercropping should be identified to warrant the higher crop productivity. This study was conducted to to compare the growth and yield performances of ten soybean varieties in monoculture and soybean-sugarcane intercropping systems. The experiment was laid in a Split Plot Design with three replications. The cropping systems (monoculture and intercrop) were allotted in the main plots, while the soybean varieties (Gepak Kuning, Kaba, Wilis, Tanggamus, Burarang, Sinabung, Anjasmoro, Agromulyo, Ring-1, and Gema) were assigned as the sub plots and allotted randomly in each main plot. On overall, the intercropping system had significantly reduced the soybean pod number, seed number, wight of 100 seed, and, seed yield/plant, but increased plant height as compared to the monoculture system. The exceptions were observed for seed number and weight of 100 seed. The reduction of seed number was not significant on Agromulyo and Dering-1.On the other hand, Anjasmoro and Dering-1were the only varieties showed significant reduction in weight of 100 seed. Kaba, Willis, Tanggamus, Burarang, Sinabung, and Dering-1 showed their consistant performormances across the cropping systems. However, the higher seed yield/plant in both systems was observed on Gepak Kuning, Willis, Burarang, Agromulyo, Dering-1, and Gema.

scholarly journals Potato Growth and Yield Characteristics under Different Cropping System Management Strategies in Northeastern U.S.

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Robert P. Larkin ◽  
C. Wayne Honeycutt ◽  
Timothy S. Griffin ◽  
O. Modesto Olanya ◽  
Zhongqi He
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Green Manures

Cropping systems and management practices that improve soil health may greatly enhance crop productivity. Four different potato cropping systems designed to address specific management goals of soil conservation (SC), soil improvement (SI), disease suppression (DS), and a status quo (SQ) standard rotation, along with a non-rotation (PP) control, were evaluated for their effects on potato crop growth, nutrient, and yield characteristics under both irrigated and non-irrigated (rainfed) conditions in field trials in Maine, USA, from 2004 to 2010. Both cropping system and irrigation significantly (p < 0.05) affected most potato crop parameters associated with growth and yield. All rotations increased tuber yield relative to the non-rotation PP control, and the SI system, which included yearly compost amendments, resulted in overall higher yields and a higher percentage of large-size tubers than all other systems with no irrigation (increases of 14 to 90%). DS, which contained disease-suppressive green manures and cover crops, produced the highest yields overall under irrigation (increases of 11 to 35%). Irrigation increased tuber yields in all cropping systems except SI (average increase of 27–37%). SI also resulted in significant increases in leaf area duration and chlorophyll content (as indicators of photosynthetic potential) and root and shoot biomass relative to other cropping systems, particularly under non-irrigated conditions. SI also resulted in higher shoot and tuber tissue concentrations of N, P, and K, but not most micronutrients. Overall, cropping systems that incorporate management practices such as increased rotation length and the use of cover crops, green manures, reduced tillage, and particularly, organic amendments, can substantially improve potato crop growth and yield. Irrigation also substantially increased growth and yield under normal field conditions in Maine, but SI, with its large organic amendments, was essentially a substitute for irrigation, producing comparable results without irrigation.

scholarly journals Development of Fertilizer Recommendation for Blackgram in Charland of Pabna, Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
M Maniruzzaman ◽  
MR Alam ◽  
MS Islam ◽  
MZ Islam ◽  
MSH Molla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Economic Return ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendation ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

The experiment was conducted at charland of Charsadipur in Pabna district under AEZ-11 during Khrif season of 2014 and 2015 to determine appropriate fertilizer dose for enhancing yield of blackgram as well as to increase farmers’ income. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four dispersed replications. Eight fertilizer packages, viz.T1: N20P15K6S9Zn2 kg ha-1(STB), T2: N25P15K6S9Zn2kg ha-1, T3: N25P19K6S9Zn2 kg ha-1, T4: N25P15K8S9Zn2 kg ha-1, T5: N20P19K8S9Zn2 kg ha-1, T6: N25P19K15S9Zn2 kg ha-1, T7: N15P11K5S7Zn1.5kg ha-1and T8: Native nutrients (control) were tested on blackgram. Fertilizer package of N25P19K15S9Zn2 kg ha-1 (T6) enhanced crop growth and yield of blackgram in both the years. Maximum seed yield of blackgram (1.43t ha-1 in 2014 and 0.97 t ha-1 in 2015) was obtained with N25P19K15S9Zn2 kg ha-1 (T6), which was 80 and 147% more than the control in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The highest gross return (Tk. 82815 ha-1 in 2014 and Tk. 65200 ha-1 in 2015) and gross margin (Tk. 51125 ha-1 in 2014 and Tk. 32020 ha-1 in 2015) were also recorded from the same treatment in both the years. The results revealed that fertilizer package of N25P19K15S9Zn2kg ha-1 might be recommended for getting higher seed yield of blackgram and economic return as well under charland condition of Pabna district Bangladesh Agron. J. 2018, 21(1): 89-94

scholarly journals Review on Termite Mound Soil Characteristics and Agricultural Importance

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
S. Subi ◽  
A. Merline Sheela
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Termite Mound ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Water Holding

Addition of soil with various amendments to boost up the nutrient content and moisture holding capacity is necessary for improving the crop productivity. Among the various amendments, compost prepared from the crop residues attracted much attention in recent years. The crop residues used as feedstock are added with different bulking materials such as rice husk and sewage sludge.  In addition to these, termite mound soil which is available in plenty in tropical countries is found to be a suitable bulking material and is added with crop residues to obtain nutrient rich compost. In this paper we reviewed researches carried out on the characteristics, microbial diversity and organic matter degrading enzymes in termite mound soil. Further, the research carried out on the characteristics of compost amended with termite mound soil and its effect on crop productivity is also reviewed with the available literature. Majority of the investigations concluded that termite mound soil possessed more microbial population with a huge array of organic matter degrading enzymes. Few studies monitored the nutrient content of the soil and water holding capacity of the soil and crop yield when termite mound soil was used as a soil amendment. Limited studies were conducted using termite mound soil as a bulking material to compost crop residues. Based on the outcome of various studies, it is understood that the termite mound soil might be used as a soil amendment to increase growth and yield of crops.

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