A multi-purpose rainfall simulator for field infiltration and erosion studies

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 599 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Loch ◽  
B. G. Robotham ◽  
L. Zeller ◽  
N. Masterman ◽  
D. N. Orange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effective Rainfall ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Great Flexibility ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Spatial Uniformity ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Steep Slopes

This paper describes a rainfall simulator developed for field and laboratory studies that gives great flexibility in plot size covered, that is highly portable and able to be used on steep slopes, and that is economical in its water use. The simulator uses Veejet 80100 nozzles mounted on a manifold, with the nozzles controlled to sweep to and from across a plot width of 1.5 m. Effective rainfall intensity is controlled by the frequency with which the nozzles sweep. Spatial uniformity of rainfall on the plots is high, with coefficients of variation (CV) on the body of the plot being 8–10%. Use of the simulator for erosion and infiltration measurements is discussed.

Development of a Mobile Rainfall Simulator

2013 ◽  
Vol 321-324 ◽  
pp. 118-122
Author(s):  
Zhen Jiang Si ◽  
Yan Meng ◽  
Yan Huang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Effective Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Control Operation ◽  
Outdoor Experiment ◽  
Integration Mode ◽  
Stable Performance ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

in order to solve the rainfall simulator single control operation currently used in the experiment of soil erosion. A mobile rainfall simulator was designed. The device adopts a rainfall simulator and Longmen mobile support integration mode, which is controllable and mobile and easy to move. The results show that the equipment is advanced in technology, stable performance, flexible movement, rainfall uniformity high, effective rainfall area is 1.5×4.5m with rainfall intensity ranging from 9.5 to 100mm/h. and to a greater extent meets the needs of rainfall simulation. This rainfall simulator can be used in indoor and outdoor experiment of soil erosion in different slope, which improves the efficiency of utilization of rainfall simulator.

Fabrication and study of laboratory scale rainfall simulator for soil erosion assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-142
Author(s):  
SRIVALLI CHERAKU ◽  
P SWATHI ◽  
Y SUSHMITHA ◽  
D PRANEETHA ◽  
CH RADHA SRIVALLI
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Spatial Uniformity ◽  
Ideal Tool ◽  
Raindrop Size

A rainfall simulator is an ideal tool for infiltration, soil erosion and other related research areas for replicating the process and characteristics of natural rainfall. The present paper describes the design of a comprehensive rainfall simulator. In this study a laboratory scale rainfall simulator is developed, which is particularly meant for the assessment of soil erosion at plot scale by considering various soil grain types, soil slope angles and surface exposures under different rainfall conditions. The Rainfall characteristics including the rainfall intensity and its spatial uniformity raindrop size and kinetic energy confirm that natural rainfall conditions are simulated with sufficient accuracy. The comparative measurement was carried out in a laboratory using rainfall simulator fabricated of 4 feet length and 2.5 feet width, where the applied slope angle is 3% with 39 mm/hr rainfall intensity. The runoff and soil loss for different samples were assessed by conducting number of trials. From the results it was found that the soil tilled and keeping it as a bare plot is more prone to runoff compared to soil without tilled and straw mulching has helped to reduce the runoff by 57% as compared to soil without mulching.  

scholarly journals Land Gradation Effect Analysis on Permeability and Ponding Time on Repeat Rain Frequency: Laboratory Study with Rainfall Simulator

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Ilham Sudirman ◽  
Alamsyah
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Soil Permeability ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Rainfall Frequency ◽  
Constant Head ◽  
Inundation Height

Analysis of Effect of Land Gradation on Permeability and Ponding Time in Frequency of Repeated Rain (Laboratory Studies with Rainfall Simulator) guided by Darwis Panguriseng and Mahmuddin. That soil permeability is the ability of soil to pass water or air. Soil permeability is usually measured in terms of the speed of water flowing in a certain time specified in units of cm/hour. Ponding time (tp) is the time difference between when it rains and the time when water begins to pool above ground level. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of soil grading on permeability and inundation time with repeated frequency of rainfall with the same intensity on mixed soil types. This research method is a type of laboratory experimental research, using a rainfall simulator. The soil used in this study is mixed soil types. Furthermore, artificial rain is given with an intensity of I15, each intensity is used five times the frequency of rain and the inundation time readings and inundation height are carried out in the Rainfall Simulator experiment tank and for the permeability test, observation is done with the constant head test. The results showed the value of the permeability coefficient is inversely proportional to the increase in rainfall intensity and frequency of rain. Inundation height and final inundation time are directly proportional to increasing rainfall intensity and rainfall frequency.

scholarly journals A Rainfall Simulator Used for Testing of Hydrological Performances of Micro-Detention Permeable Pavement

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.18) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norazlina Bateni ◽  
Sai Hin Lai ◽  
Frederik Josep Putuhena ◽  
Darrien Yau Seng Mah ◽  
Md Abdul Mannan
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Rainfall Characteristics ◽  
Permeable Pavement ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Spatial Uniformity ◽  
Free Drainage ◽  
Coefficient Of Uniformity ◽  
Raindrop Size

A rainfall simulator for laboratory experimentation is developed to test hydrological performances of micro-detention pond permeable pavement, MDPP. Rainfall characteristics consisting of rainfall intensity, spatial uniformity, raindrop size, and raindrop velocity show that natural rainfall is simulated with sufficient accuracy. The rainfall simulator used pressure nozzles to spray water for rainfall intensity from 40 to 220mm/hr. Uniformity distribution test gives coefficient of uniformity of 95% over an area of 1m2. The raindrops falling at velocity ranging from 0.5 to 15m/s with drop sizes diameter between 2 to 5mm. Free drainage system below the rainfall simulator is accompanied with outlet tanks attached with ultrasonic sensor devices to record the outflow data. During the experiments, the outflow received is 98% in average. Experiment results in typical runoff hydrograph and percolation rate of the MDPP system. This shows the ability of the rainfall simulator to obtain initial hydrology data to aid in the design of the MDPP prototype.  

Estimating storm erosion with a rainfall simulator

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Nolan ◽  
L. J. P. van Vliet ◽  
T. W. Goddard ◽  
T. K. Flesch
Keyword(s):  
Soil Loss ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Rainfall Erosivity ◽  
Slope Length ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Natural Rainfall

Interpreting soil loss from rainfall simulators is complicated by the uncertain relationship between simulated and natural rainstorms. Our objective was to develop and test a method for estimating soil loss from natural rainfall using a portable rainfall simulator (1 m2 plot size). Soil loss from 12 rainstorms was measured on 144-m2 plots with barley residue in conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and zero tillage (ZT) conditions. A corresponding "simulated" soil loss was calculated by matching the simulator erosivity to each storm's erosivity. High (140 mm h−1) and low (60 mm h−1) simulation intensities were examined. The best agreement between simulated and natural soil loss occurred using the low intensity, after making three adjustments. The first was to compensate for the 38% lower kinetic energy of the simulator compared with natural rain. The second was for the smaller slope length of the simulator plot. The third was to begin calculating simulator erosivity only after runoff began. After these adjustments, the simulated soil loss over all storms was 99% of the natural soil loss for CT, 112% for RT and 95% for ZT. Our results show that rainfall simulators can successfully estimate soil loss from natural rainfall events. Key words: Natural rainfall events, simulated rainfall, erosivity, tillage

Seasonal Changes in the Water Relations of Eucalyptus behriana F. Muell. And E. microcarpa (Maiden) Maiden in the Field

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Myers ◽  
TF Neales
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Canopy Conductance ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Type Response ◽  
Vapour Pressure Difference

Field observations of some parameters of the water relations of the two eucalypt species E. behriana and E. microcarpa in dry sclerophyll, mallee and woodland vegetation were made at three sites from 1980 to 1983. The mean ( n = 519) water potential measured at dawn (Ψdawn) was -3.07± 0.01 MPa and fluctuated seasonally with rainfall intensity over the range -2.0 ± 0, 1 to -4.4 ± 0.1 MPa ( n = 30). Both species behaved similarly and some osmotic adjustment took place. Mean leaf conductance (gs) varied between 0.151 ± 0.006 and 0.003 ± 0.001 mol m-2 s-1 . Maximum daily values of gs were linearly related to Ψdawn as it fluctuated seasonally. The slope of this linear regression was not significantly different from that relating these values of gs and Ψ, when both were measured concurrently. There were thus no indications of a distinction between the responses of gs to long- and short-term fluctuations of Ψ or of a threshold-type response of gs to Ψ. Field measurements indicated that gs was decreased at high values of vapour pressure difference (Δe). In laboratory studies with seedlings of the two species gs decreased from 0.5 to 0.1 mol m-2 s-I as Δe increased from 0.5 to 3.0 kPa. Leaf and canopy conductance were the predominant plant determinants of transpiration rate (Er) in this type of vegetation which has the capacity to restrict Et via the effect of water potential (Ψ) on gs and also by the response of gs to Δe. Some of the water relations parameters of E. behriana indicated that this species was better able to withstand drought than was E microcarpa.

THE INFLUENCE OF SORPTION-DETOXIFYING MEANS ON CUMULATION OF 90SR IN BONE TISSUE OF WHITE RATES WITH COMBINED INTAKE OF 137CS, CD AND PB

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-133
Author(s):  
L. L. Zakharova ◽  
◽  
G. A. Zhorov ◽  
V. N. Obryvin ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Active Substances

The article presents the results of laboratory studies of the effect of sorption-detoxifying means on the accumulation of 90Sr in the body of white rats. The efficiency of a number of selective and polyfunctional sorbents, detoxicants and other biologically active substances and the developed on their basis sorption-detoxifying complexes as means of efferent therapy and detoxification of the animal body at the combined intake of xenobiotics of radiation and chemical nature was evaluated. It was found that 90Sr cumulation in bones (at the level of 53,3–60,8%) was reduced to the greatest extent with the combined use of substances of different mechanisms of action and origin. The effectiveness of separate use of detoxifying drugs did not exceed 29,1%.

scholarly journals Effects of Basal Area Factor and Plot Size on Precision and Accuracy of Forest Inventory Estimates

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Becker ◽  
Tom Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sampling Errors ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Fixed Radius ◽  
Tree Number ◽  
Biased Estimates

Abstract We tested the effects of plot size (0.05-0.30 ac) and basal area factor (BAF) (5-30) on the accuracy and precision of per-acre estimates of tree number, basal area, biomass (all for trees ≥4.5 in. dbh), and sawtimber volume (for trees ≥11.6 in. dbh). Field sampling errors, such as missing in-trees, did not affect our tests. Virtual variable- and fixed-radius plots were randomly located within an artificial matrix of 130 real plots in well-stocked upland hardwood forests of sawtimber-sized trees in the Missouri Ozarks. Inventory parameters were essentially independent of plot size and BAF, whereas their coefficients of variation decreased with plot size and increased with BAF. Thus, our results for random plots agreed with sampling theory, unlike a previous study using concentric virtual plots in West Virginia forests. A very concentrated zone of high tree density around some plot centers apparently caused the biased estimates by concentric plots. Compared with the entire composite forest, inventory means were accurately estimated (to within 5%) and size class distributions were well represented for plots ≥0.1 ac or ≤15 BAF. Our procedures provide a basis for selecting an efficient and cost-effective sampling design suited to forest characteristics and the inventory's purpose.

scholarly journals Research on the Fine-Scale Spatial Uniformity of Natural Rainfall and Rainfall from a Rainfall Simulator with a Rotary Platform (RSRP)

Atmosphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Bo Liu ◽  
Xiaolei Wang ◽  
Lihua Shi ◽  
Xichuan Liu ◽  
Zhaojing Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Scale ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Spatial Uniformity ◽  
Rotary Platform

scholarly journals Pendekatan Eksperimen Pada Pola Gerusan Di Bahu Jalan Yang Tidak Diperkeras

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Sanidhya Nika Purnomo ◽  
Purwanto Bekti Santoso ◽  
Wahyu - Widiyanto ◽  
Lutfi - Aulian ◽  
Sri - Gunawan
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Interesting Phenomenon ◽  
The Road ◽  
Longitudinal Slope ◽  
Transverse Slope ◽  
Inorganic Clay

Scour at the unpaved shoulder of the road is an interesting phenomenon that needs to be furtherlyinvestigated. This paper presents the scour pattern on the unpaved shoulder of the road for 5 samples with 3 variations of soil type. Each sample was tested using models of the body and the shoulder of the road in accordance with conditions on the field, which is simulated using a variation of the transverse slope of the road, the longitudinal slope, and rainfall intensity. The experimental results showed that the sandy soil provides smaller damage than the inorganic clay and silt inorganic.Gerusan di bahu jalan yang tidak diperkeras merupakan fenomena menarik yang perlu diteliti lebih lanjut.Pada makalah ini, disajikan mengenai pola gerusan di bahu jalan yang tidak diperkeras untuk 5 sampel bahu jalan dengan 3 variasi jenis tanah.Masing-masing sampel diuji dengan membuat model badan dan bahu jalan sesuai dengan kondisi di lapangan, yang disimulasikan menggunakan variasi kemiringan melintang jalan, kemiringan memanjang jalan, dan intensitas hujan.Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa tanah pasir memberikan kerusakan yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan tanah lempung anorganik dan lanau anorganik.

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