Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in urban Sydney women: prevalence and predictors

Sexual Health ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula McDonagh ◽  
Nathan Ryder ◽  
Anna M. McNulty ◽  
Eleanor Freedman
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Health ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Notification Rate ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Asymptomatic Women ◽  
Control Study

Background: The notification rate of female gonorrhoea in urban Sydney is very low. With the increasing use of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT), demonstrating a low prevalence of gonorrhoea in women would have important implications for the reliability of positive results. We determined the prevalence of female cervical gonorrhoea in our urban sexual health clinic and identified associated clinical, behavioural and demographic variables that may allow more targeted screening practices. Methods: The Sydney Sexual Health Centre database was used to identify women tested for cervical gonorrhoea between 1997 and 2007. Diagnostic, demographic and behavioural information were extracted to ascertain the prevalence of gonorrhoea and describe variables associated with infection. Additionally, a case control study was conducted of cervical gonorrhoea cases from January 2000 to December 2005, with two gonorrhoea negative women selected for each case as controls. A blinded researcher examined each medical record to determine genital symptoms, being a contact of gonorrhoea, sex work, sex outside of Australia, injecting drug use. Results: Between 1997 and 2007, 77 women were diagnosed with cervical gonorrhoea, a prevalence of 0.37%. Results of the case control study reveal that women with gonorrhoea were more likely to be symptomatic [odds ratio (OR) 3.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7–8.4], be a known contact of gonorrhoea (OR 264, 95% CI 149–470), or have had recent sex overseas, or with a partner from overseas (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.11–2.75). Conclusion: Cervical gonorrhoea infection is rare in our urban sexual health clinic, and even more unlikely in asymptomatic women without risk factors. This low prevalence of gonorrhoea, particularly in asymptomatic women, decreases the reliability of positive NAAT test results. This has important implications for the screening of asymptomatic women presenting to urban sexual health clinics in Australia.

Anti-annexin A5, Antiphosphatidylinositol Antibodies and Haematological Parameters in Preeclampsia Patients: A Case-Control Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Haslindawani Wan Mahmood ◽  
Md Asiful Islam ◽  
Mimi Azreen Abdullah ◽  
Noor Haslina Mohd Noor ◽  
Indhira Subbiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Annexin A5 ◽  
Glycoprotein I ◽  
Mild Preeclampsia ◽  
Routine Assay ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Control Study

Background: Prevalence and the risk of common antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) such as lupus anticoagulant (LA), anticardiolipin (aCL) and anti-β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) antibodies in preeclampsia is a matter of debate. Recently, interests have expanded in evaluating the risks of presenting non-classic aPLs in preeclampsia patients. Objective: The objective of this case-control study was to evaluate some haematological parameters besides assessing the presence of anti-annexin A5 and antiphosphatidylinositol (aPI) antibodies in preeclampsia patients compared to nonpreeclampsia subjects. Methods: From two hospitals in Malaysia, a total of 84 subjects were recruited in this case-control study including 42 preeclampsia and 42 age-matched non-preeclampsia subjects. Some haematological parameters [i.e., haemoglobin, total white blood cell, platelet, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)] were assessed besides screening for anti-annexin A5 and aPI antibodies. Results: Among the haematological parameters, APTT was significantly high in mild preeclampsia when compared to severe preeclampsia subjects (p=0.007). IgG anti-annexin A5 antibody was detected in a single preeclampsia subject only (2.4%) and none in non-preeclampsia subjects. Conclusion: Because of the low prevalence, non-classic aPLs should not be considered as a risk factor in developing preeclampsia and not justifiable to consider as a routine assay in pregnant women.

Do all women attending urban sexual health services need testing for gonorrhoea?

Sexual Health ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim R. H. Read ◽  
Marcus Y. Chen ◽  
Catriona S. Bradshaw ◽  
Sriyakantha Beneragama ◽  
Christopher K. Fairley
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Sexual Health ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Identifiable Risk Factor ◽  
Health Centres ◽  
Health Services Need ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Asymptomatic Women

Asymptomatic women are often screened for gonorrhoea at Australian sexual health centres. The medical records of all women diagnosed with gonorrhoea at the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC) between January 2002 and December 2003 were audited and the database was examined for risk factors in all women tested in 2003. Fifteen cases of gonorrhoea were identified among women at MSHC, all had symptoms or an identifiable risk factor. Asymptomatic women without risk factors may not require screening for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in low prevalence populations.

Sexual health services for South Asians in London, UK: a case–control study

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 563-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Tariq ◽  
S G Edwards ◽  
A Nalabanda ◽  
H Ward ◽  
E Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Health ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
South Asians ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Service Development ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Asian Ethnicity ◽  
Control Study

National guidance on sexual health in England recommends service development to meet the specific needs of ethnic minority populations. Our aim was to evaluate mode of referral, number of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) diagnosed, and the offering and uptake of HIV testing in patients of South Asian ethnicity. A retrospective case–control study was undertaken in two London genito-urinary (GU) medicine clinics. There were 250 case–control pairs with approximately equal numbers of men and women. South Asians were less likely to have an STI (Odds ratio [OR] 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45, 0.97) or to report risk factors for HIV (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.28, 0.71). Offering and uptake of HIV antibody testing were high in both South Asian and non-South Asian groups (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.27, 1.51). South Asians were significantly more likely than controls to have been referred by other medical services rather than self-referred (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.32, 3.01), which is in keeping with poorer access to GU medicine services in London.

scholarly journals Community use of antibiotics and development of bacterial resistance: a case-control study in Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Ferrante ◽  
M Massari ◽  
R Da Cas ◽  
A Pantosti ◽  
P Pezzotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Health Information Systems ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Prescription Database ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Antibiotic resistance is now a global emergency. An increasing number of infections are becoming difficult to treat and lead to longer hospitalizations, higher medical costs and increased mortality. The aim of this study is to assess, in a population at low prevalence of use of antibiotics, whether a previous use of these drugs is associated with the occurrence of clinically relevant resistance of E.coli to fluoroquinolones (FQs), one of the most widespread and critical bacteria resistance in Italy. Methods Through a data linkage of databases of the health information systems of the Province of Bolzano (Italy) a case-control study was carried out using 2016 data. All subjects for which the resistance of E. coli to FQs was tested by the regional microbiology reference laboratory were included in the study. Those with a positive FQs-resistant E.coli isolate were defined as cases (n = 409), while the others were considered controls (n = 933). For each subject the total number of prescriptions of any antibiotics and the total number of prescriptions of FQs in the previous year were detected through a record linkage with the drug prescription database. Information on potential confounding factors (age, gender, number of hospital admissions, days of hospitalization, number of surgeries, diagnosis of chronic diseases) were obtained from the database of hospital admissions. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to study the association between previous use of antibiotics (any and FQs only) and development of E.coli resistance to FQs. Results It was observed that for each unit increase in the number of prescriptions of any antibiotic, the probability for E.coli to develop FQs resistance significantly rises by 16%. This probability is much higher (45%) if the prescribed antibiotic is a FQ. Conclusions This study confirms the association between previous consumption of antibiotics and the onset of resistance even in an area with a low prevalence of use. Key messages The results of this study reiterate the need to prescribe and dispense antibiotics only when they are really needed. Health information systems allows to study the role of antibiotic use in the development of bacterial resistance, providing useful information for audit interventions among healthcare professionals.

scholarly journals Case-control study of risk factors for high within-flock small-ruminant brucellosis prevalence in a brucellosis low-prevalence area

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. LITHG-PEREIRA ◽  
F. A. ROJO-VÁZQUEZ ◽  
R. C. MAINAR-JAIME
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Older Farmers ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Official Sources ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Town ◽  
Control Study

A case-control study was conducted in a brucellosis low-prevalence area of NW Spain to determine factors associated with high within-flock small-ruminant brucellosis prevalence in 1998. Forty-one cases and 69 controls were selected and information from both official sources and personal interviews was retrieved for every flock. The relationship between variables obtained and flock status was assessed by unconditional multivariable logistic regression analysis. The introduction of replacement animals into the flock, the presence of older farmers, an inadequate brucellosis vaccination programme and higher flock seroprevalence in the town in 1997 were positively associated with case flocks. Thus, specific actions directed at farms presenting these characteristics should be included within official eradication programmes. In addition, for the 1999 campaign the time from sampling to culling the seropositive animals correlated positively (r=0·53; P<0·01) with the flock seroprevalence the following year, suggesting the need for a faster removal of the infected animals to increase the efficacy of the eradication campaigns.

scholarly journals FAKTORKEHAMILAN DINI, ANTENATAL CARE, ASI EKSKLUSIF DAN PENGETAHUAN GIZI TERHADAP STUNTING PADA BALITA RESIKO STUNTING PADA BALITA DI KABUPATEN BONE

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
St. Malka ◽  
Musni Musni ◽  
Sitti Fatimah
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Nutritional Knowledge ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Control Study

ABSTRACT EARLY PREGNANCY, ANTENATAL CARE, ESCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING AND NUTRITIONAL KNOWLEDGE TO STUNTING IN CHIDREN UNDER FIVE Background: stuntingis a major nutritional problem that will have an impact on social and economic life in society. Stunting is a problem because it is associated with an increased risk of illness and death, suboptimal brain development, resulting in delayed motor development and stunted mental growth. Bone is one of the district in south Sulawesi high prevalence of stunting compared with province and national.Purpose  To determine risk factors early pregnancy, antenatal care, esclusive breastfeeding and nutritional knowledge on stunting among children 12-59 months old.Mathods:The study used is quantitative witch a designed  case-control study. It was conducted in Kading health centre, Bajoe health centre, and Usa health centre.  with the research time May-Juli 2020. The subjects were children between 12-59 month. The sample in this study were 120 consisting of 40 stunted and 80 normal with gender matching. Subject were chosen by purposive sampling methode. The risk factor were early pregnancy, antenatal care, esclusive breastfeeding, and nutritional knowledge. Data were analyzed by univariate, bivariate with chis-quare test and odds ratio with 95% confidence interval   Results: The results showed that factors associated with stunting were early pregnancy (P = 0.003) and antenatal care with (P = 0.033), while exclusive breastfeeding (P = 0.892) and maternal nutritional knowledge (P = 0.404) were not associated with stunting in under-five. . Early pregnancy variable is the dominant variable in the occurrence of stunting in children under five. Early childhood pregnancy has a 5.00 times higher risk of stunting in children under five compared to mothers who are pregnant at adulthood, and mothers not antenatal care during pregnancy have 2.68 times the risk of stunting compared to mothers antenatal care visit during pregnancy.Conclusion: The risk factors for stunting  were early pregnancy and antenatal careSuggestion It is hoped that the government will be even more stringent on the implementation of early marriage, so that there will be no more early marriages and can prevent stunting in toddlers. Keywords: stunting, early pregnancy,  antenatal care ABSTRAK Latar belakang :Stunting adalah masalah gizi utama yang akan berdampak pada kehidupan sosial dan ekonomi dalam masyarakat.  Stunting menjadi permasalahan karena berhubungan dengan menungkatnya risiko terjadinya kesakitan dan kematian, perkembangan otak suboptimal sehingga perkembangan motoric terlambat  dan terhambatnya pertumbuhan Kabupaten Bone meruapakan salah satu kabupaten di Sulawesi Selatan dengan angka stunting yang cukup signifikan melebihi prevalensi stunting provinsi dan nasional.Tujuan: untuk menganalisis factor risiko kehamilan usia dini, antenatal care, ASI eksklusif dan pengetahuan gizi ibu terhadap stunting pada balita usia 12 – 59 bulanMetode : Penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan Case Control Study. Penelitian dilakukan di tiga puskesmas yaitu Puskesmas Kading, Puskesmas Bajoe dan Puskesmas Usa. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Mei-Juli 2020. dengan subjek adalah anak umur 12 – 59 bulan. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 120 balita yang terdiri dari 40 kasus (balita stunting) dan 80 kontrol (balita normal/tidak stunting) dengan Matching jenis kelamin. Metode penarikan sampel yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling. Factor risiko yang diukur adalah kehamilan usia dini, antenatal care (ANC), ASI eksklusif dan pengetahuan gizi ibu. Data dianalisis dengan chi square dan Odds Ratio (OR) 95% CI.Hasil :  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan faktor yang berhubungan dengan stunting adalah kehamilan usia dini (P=0,003) dan antenatal care dengan (P=0.033), sedangkan ASI eksklusif  (P=0,892) dan pengetahuan gizi ibu (P=0,404) tidak berhubungan dengan stunting pada balita. Variabel kehamilan usia dini merupakan variable dominan terjadinya stunting pada balita. Kehamilan usia dini memiliki risiko 5,00 kali lebih tiinggi untuk mengalami stunting pada balita dibandingkan ibu yang hamil pada usia dewasa, ibu yang tidak melakukan antenatal care memiliki risiko 2,68 kali mengalami stunting dibanding ibu yang melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal care. Kesimpulan: kehamilan usia dini dan antenatal care merupakan factor risiko terjadinya stunting pada balitaSaran Diharapkan pemeritah lebih ketat lagi terhadap pelaksanaan pernikahan usia dini, agar tidak ada lagi pernikahan usia dini dan bisa mencegah terjadinya stunting pada balita Kata kunci : stunting, kehamilan Dini, antenatal care  

scholarly journals Measles outbreak in Western Uganda: a case-control study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abel Wilson Walekhwa ◽  
Moses Ntaro ◽  
Peter Chris Kawungezi ◽  
Chiara Achangwa ◽  
Rabbison Muhindo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Health Systems Strengthening ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
Western Uganda ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Measles outbreaks are prevalent throughout sub-Saharan Africa despite the preventive measures like vaccination that target under five-year-old children and health systems strengthening efforts like prioritizing the supply chain for supplies. Measles immunization coverage for Kasese district and Bugoye HC III in 2018 was 72 and 69%, respectively. This coverage has been very low and always marked red in the Red categorization (below the national target/poor performing) on the national league table indicators. The aim of this study was to assess the scope of the 2018–2019 measles outbreak and the associated risk factors among children aged 0–60 months in Bugoye sub-county, Kasese district, western Uganda. Methods We conducted a retrospective unmatched case-control study among children aged 0–60 months with measles (cases) who had either a clinical presentation or a laboratory confirmation (IgM positivity) presenting at Bugoye Health Centre III (BHC) or in the surrounding communities between December 2018 and October 2019.. Caregivers of the controls (whose children did not have measles) were selected at the time of data collection in July 2020. A modified CDC case investigation form was used in data collection. Quantitative data was collected and analyzed using Microsoft excel and STATA version 13. The children’s immunization cards and health registers at BHC were reviewed to ascertain the immunization status of the children before the outbreak. Results An extended measles outbreak occurred in Bugoye, Uganda occured between December 2018 and October 2019. All 34 facility-based measles cases were documented to have had maculopapular rash, conjunctivitis, and cough. Also, the majority had fever (97%), coryza (94.1%), lymphadenopathy (76.5%), arthralgias (73.5%) and Koplik Spots (91.2%) as documented in the clinical registers. Similar symptoms were reported among 36 community-based cases. Getting infected even after immunized, low measles vaccination coverage were identified as the principal risk factors for this outbreak. Conclusion Measles is still a significant problem. This study showed that this outbreak was associated with under-vaccination. Implementing a second routine dose of measles-rubella vaccine would not only increase the number of children with at least one dose but also boost the immunity of those who had the first dose.

Risk factors for Japanese encephalitis: a case-control study

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (9) ◽  
pp. 1292-1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. LIU ◽  
R. V. GIBBONS ◽  
K. KARI ◽  
J. D. CLEMENS ◽  
A. NISALAK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Older Age ◽  
District Health ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Control Study

SUMMARYJapanese encephalitis (JE) has been found to be endemic in Bali, Indonesia. A case-control study was conducted to identify factors associated with JE infection. All 94 serologically confirmed JE cases (cases) and 163 cases of encephalitis or aseptic meningitis without JE (controls) identified in Bali during 2001–2004 were included in the study. Potential risk factors were surveyed at hospital admission. Univariate analyses revealed the following factors to be associated with JE: older age, referral from sub-district health centre or private hospital, playing outdoors after dinner, use of mosquito repellent or spraying, proximity of the residence to rice fields, and pig ownership by the family or next-door neighbours. Multivariate analysis identified proximity to rice fields (OR 2·93, 95% CI 1·57–5·45), pig ownership (OR 2·24, 95% CI 1·17–4·26), and older age (OR 1·21, 95% CI 1·09–1·33) as being independently associated with the risk of JE. Because rice cultivation and pig rearing are essential to the economy of Bali, JE immunization is the best intervention for prevention of JE in Bali.

Low-intensity physical activity may protect pregnant women against spontaneous preterm labor: A prospective case-control study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Steckle ◽  
Oksana Shynlova ◽  
Stephen Lye ◽  
Alan Bocking
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Preterm Labor ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Asymptomatic Women ◽  
Control Study

The innate immune system plays a significant role in onset of parturition. Maternal antenatal physical activity can influence immune function and timing of labor. We examined physical activity patterns and concentration of 19 cytokines at 16 and 27 weeks gestational age (GA), in peripheral plasma of 28 asymptomatic women who later had spontaneous preterm labor (SPTL, <37 weeks GA) and 52 women who later delivered at term (TL; ≥37 weeks GA). This nested case-control study used data from the Ontario Birth Study cohort. Exercise was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and cytokines were analyzed using Luminex assays. There was no significant difference in exercise patterns between SPTL and TL subjects. Plasma concentration of interleukin(IL)-10) was significantly higher in SPTL women at 16 and 27 weeks; while TNFα, IL-8, and MCP1 concentrations were increased at 27 weeks GA (p<0.05). Concentration of IL-10 was negatively correlated with the amount of reported walking (ρ=-0.264, p=0.03). Women should be encouraged to partake in low-intensity exercise throughout pregnancy, as it may confer a protective effect against SPTL through IL10-mediated pathways. Additionally, plasma cytokine analysis at 27 weeks GA may be useful for predicting SPTL in asymptomatic women. Novelty bullets: 1. In women that delivered preterm, plasma levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were significantly elevated at 16 and 27 weeks of gestation,; 2. Plasma levels of IL-10 was negatively correlated with the amount of reported walking; 3. Concentration of IL-8, MCP-1 and TNFa were increased in plasma of asymptomatic women that subsequently deliver preterm.

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