A Rare New Caladenia species from central Victoria, and its relationship with other recently described taxa in south-eastern Australia

1992 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
D Beardsell ◽  
C Beardsell
Keyword(s):  
Early Flowering ◽  
The Other ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Yellow Colour ◽  
Pale Yellow ◽  
Central Victoria ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Greenish Yellow ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Entire Margin

Caladenia xanthochila D. et C. Beardsell is a pale yellow orchid related to Caladenia reticulata FitzG. and Caladenia flavovirens G. Carr, but differs in its smaller flowers, early flowering period, small sections of contiguous purple osmophore glands on sepals, short (0–1.3mm) teeth on the labellum margin, short labellum calli, uniformly pale greenish yellow colour, and extremely hairy ovary, stem and leaf. Its closest relative is C. stellata D. Jones from which it differs in having a wholly pale yellow labellum, swollen tips to the column glands, contiguous osmophore glands, mid-lobe of labellum with entire margin or with extremely short blunt calli, labellum more recurved, and longer trichomes on stem and ovary. Caladenia xanthochila is known from only two localities, one near Inglewood, the other at Murtoa, both in Victoria, and is thus on the verge of extinction.

scholarly journals Morphological variation in Leptorhynchos squamatus (Gnaphalieae: Asteraceae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Flann ◽  
Pauline Y. Ladiges ◽  
Neville G. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Alpine Plants ◽  
The Other ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Low Altitude

A study of morphological variation in Leptorhynchos squamatus (Labill.) Less. across its range in south-eastern Australia was undertaken to test the hypothesis that L. squamatus includes two taxa. Phenetic pattern analyses of both field-collected and herbarium specimens on the basis of morphology confirmed two major groups. Bract, cypsela, pappus bristle and leaf characters were particularly important in separating the two groups. The taxa are separated by altitude differences with one being a low-altitude plant found in many habitats and the other being a high-altitude taxon that is a major component of alpine meadows. Lowland plants have dark bract tips, fewer and wider pappus bristles than alpine plants, papillae on the cypselas and more linear leaves. A somewhat intermediate population from the Major Mitchell Plateau in the Grampians shows some alpine and some lowland characters but is included in the lowland taxon. Seeds from five populations (two alpine, two lowland and Major Mitchell) were germinated and plants grown for 18 weeks under four controlled sets of environmental conditions. The experiment showed that leaf size and some other characters are affected by environmental conditions, but that there are underlying genetic differences between the lowland and alpine forms. Leptorhynchos squamatus subsp. alpinus Flann is described here to accommodate the highland taxon.

Acoustic analysis of an intergrade zone between two call races of the Limnodynastes tasmaniensis complex (Anura : Leptodactylidae) in south-eastern Australia

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Littlejohn ◽  
JD Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Secondary Contact ◽  
Ecological Gradient ◽  
North Central ◽  
Call Structure ◽  
Central Victoria ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Mating Calls ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Mating calls of the northern and southern call races of the L. tasmaniensis complex are described. Analysis of call structure along a transect across the main contact between these allopatric forms in north central Victoria indicates that there is a zone of intergradation between 90 and 135 km wide, about 215 km long and with a north-westerly orientation. The interaction is interpreted as a secondary contact in which there is hybrid or recombinant superiority along a subtle ecological gradient.

Use of Nest Trees by the Mountain Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus Caninus) (Phalangeridae: Marsupialia). I. Number of Occupied Trees and Frequency of Tree Use.

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
DB Lindenmayer ◽  
A Welsh ◽  
CF Donelley ◽  
RA Meggs
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Brushtail Possum ◽  
Radio Tracking ◽  
Central Victoria ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
South Eastern Australia

A study was made of the use of trees with hollows by 10 adult male and 6 adult female mountain brushtail possums (Trichosurus caninus) at a 35-ha site in central Victoria, south-eastern Australia. Radio-tracking was used to identify which trees were being used as den sites by animals during an 18-month period between September 1990 and March 1992. Analyses of the data showed that, although 113 different trees were used by the 16 animals, most were occupied infrequently. The total number of trees used by a given animal ranged from 5 to 23. However, the majority of individuals spent most of their time denning in 1-3 trees. Of the 113 den trees, 70 were found to have been used by only 1 animal, 54 trees were used exclusively by males, and 28 trees by females only. Twelve trees were used extensively (on >40 occasions) but only 1 was used extensively by both sexes. Most of the T. caninus radio-tracked typically used 2 or more nest trees per week, indicating that animals moved frequently between den sites. Some animals used up to 6 different trees per week. Some possible reasons for this behaviour in T. caninus are discussed.

Attempts to measure the influence of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on the field mortality of the bush fly Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae) in south-eastern Australia

1983 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. H. Wallace ◽  
M Tyndale-Biscoe
Keyword(s):  
Total Mortality ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Predatory Mites ◽  
Dung Beetles ◽  
The Other ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
South Eastern Australia

AbstractThe immature stages of Musca vetustissima Wlk. in dung pads in south-eastern Australia suffered a high mortality through the actions of a complex array of dung organisms, including dung beetles (scarabaeids), predatory beetles (hydrophilids and histerids) and predatory mites (Macrocheles glaber (Müll.)). At times of high dung beetle numbers, it was possible to demonstrate a relationship between fly mortality and dung beetle numbers. Single-species dung beetle populations appeared to be as effective as multiple-species populations in reducing fly numbers, except that some benefit was derived from a combination of day- and night-flying species. When dung beetle numbers were low, their influence could not be measured because of the high mortalities already caused by the other dung fauna. It is suggested that in those circumstances any mortality caused by the dung beetles may simply have become substituted for an existing mortality caused by other fauna without adding to the total mortality.

Influence of earthworms, Aporrectodea spp. (Lumbricidae), on lime burial in pasture soils in south-eastern Australia

Soil Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 831 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Baker ◽  
P. J. Carter ◽  
V. J. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aporrectodea Caliginosa ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
South Eastern Australia

The relative abilities of 3 exotic lumbricid earthworms, the endogeic Aporrectodea caliginosa and A. trapezoides and the anecic A. longa, to bury surface-applied lime and help ameliorate soil acidity were measured in cages in 7 pasture soils in south-eastern Australia. All 3 species buried lime, mostly within the top 5 cm of the soil profile, but A. longa buried it deeper than A. caliginosa and A. trapezoides. A. longa significantly increased soil pH at 15–20 cm depth at some sites within 5 months (winter–spring, the earthworm ‘season’ in the Mediterranean climate of south-eastern Australia). Lime burial varied markedly between sites. These site differences were explained, at least in part, by variations in rainfall. Lime burial increased with earthworm density. A minimum density of 214 A. longa/m 2 was needed to significantly enhance lime burial within one season. Higher densities were required for the other two species. However, per unit of biomass, A. caliginosa and A. trapezoides were generally more able to bury lime in the upper soil layers (2 . 5–10 cm depth) than A. longa. Agricultural soils in south-eastern Australia are dominated by shallow burrowing species such as A. caliginosa and A. trapezoides. Deeper burrowers such as A. longa are rare. Introduction of A. longa to soils in high-rainfall regions of south-eastern Australia, where it does not presently occur, should enhance lime burial and help reduce soil acidity.

The phylogeny of the parastacidae (Crustacea : Astacoidea), and description of a new genus of Australian freshwater crayfishes

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 369 ◽  
Author(s):  
EF Riek
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Abdominal Segment ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Australian Freshwater

The development of the cephalothoracic grooves, orientation of the chelae in life (correlated with burrowing), and modifications of the sexual characters of the males are the main attributes utilized in deducing the probable phylogeny of the Parastacidae. Geocharax, in which the cephalothoracic grooves are separated and clearly defined, the chelae are orientated in oblique planes, and the male genitalia are simple, is considered to be the most plesiomorphic genus: the species, which are only moderate burrowers, occur in the Bass Strait Basin of south-eastern Australia. The Parastacidae are considered to have originated in this one area of Australia, and to have dispersed from there to the other present day extra Australian regions of the southern hemisphere, each of the four extra Australian genera being the apomorphic sister-group of a genus occurring in this Australian subregion. The new genus Gvamastacus, with two included new species, is characterized by the extraordinarily large genital papillae of the male, and the eniarged pleura of the second abdominal segment of the female. The cephalothoracic grooves and lines are clearly defined and almost as well developed as in Geocharax.

Gaseous nitrogen loss from temperate perennial grass and clover dairy pastures in south-eastern Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Eckard ◽  
D. Chen ◽  
R. E. White ◽  
D. F. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The Other ◽  
N Losses ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
South Eastern Australia

The use of nitrogen (N) fertiliser on dairy pastures in south-eastern Australia has increased exponentially over the past 15 years. Concerns have been raised about the economic and environmental impact of N loss through volatilisation and denitrification. Emissions of NH3, N2, and N2O were measured for 3 years in the 4 different seasons from a grazed grass/clover pasture, with or without 200 kg N fertiliser/ha, applied as ammonium nitrate and urea.Nitrogen-fertilised treatments lost significantly more N than the control treatments in all cases. More NH3 was lost from urea-fertilised treatments than from either the control or ammonium nitrate treatments, whereas ammonium nitrate treatments lost significantly more N through denitrification than the control or urea treatments in all seasons, except for summer. More NH3 was lost in summer than in the other seasons, whereas denitrification and N2O losses were highest in winter and lowest in summer. The total annual NH3 loss from the control, ammonium nitrate, and urea treatments averaged 17, 32, and 57 kg N/ha.year, respectively. Annual denitrification losses were estimated at around 6, 15, and 13 kg N/ha.year for the control, ammonium nitrate, and urea treatments, respectively. Total gaseous N losses were estimated to be 23, 47, and 70 kg N/ha.year from the control, ammonium nitrate, and urea treatments respectively.Although the use of ammonium nitrate fertiliser would significantly reduce NH3 volatilisation losses in summer, this fertiliser costs 45% more per unit N than urea, so there is no economic justification for recommending its use over urea for the other seasons. However, the use of urea during the cooler, wetter months may result in significantly less denitrification loss. The results are discussed in terms of potential management strategies to improve fertiliser efficiency and reduce adverse effects on the environment.

Three new species of Fergusonina Malloch gall-flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) from terminal leaf bud galls on Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) in south-eastern Australia

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 3112 (1) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEIGH A. NELSON ◽  
SONJA J. SCHEFFER ◽  
DAVID K. YEATES
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Dorsal Shield ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Three new species of Fergusonina (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) flies are described from terminal leaf bud galls on Eucalyptus L'Hér. from south eastern Australia. Fergusonina omlandi Nelson and Yeates sp. nov. is the first species of fly from the genus Fergusonina to be described from the Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. ex Spreng. (Snow Gum) species complex; although another two species occur in sympatry on this host at higher elevations. Fergusonina omlandi sp. nov. can be distinguished from the latter by differences in adult size and markings on the mesonotum and morphology of the dorsal shield of the larva. The other new species, Fergusonina williamensis Nelson and Yeates sp. nov. and Fergusonina thornhilli Nelson and Yeates sp. nov. are the first flies to be described from Eucalyptus baxteri (Benth.) Maiden & Blakely and Eucalyptus dalrympleana Maiden, respectively. These two species can be distinguished from all other described Fergusonina by host specificity, adult colour and setation and morphology of the dorsal shield.

The influence of adult size and protein diet on the human-oriented behaviour of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae)

1989 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Tyndale-Biscoe
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Large Protein ◽  
Small Protein ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Adult Diet ◽  
Generation Offspring

AbstractAdults of Musca vetustissima Walker that were caught when attracted to humans in the field responded positively in a later test when a hand was inserted in a cage, both in terms of proportion responding and time spent on the hand. Flies with a similar adult diet, whether of culture origin or the first-generation offspring of field-caught flies, responded similarly to the hand in the cage provided they were of similar size. A larger proportion of small flies than of large ones came to the hand, and stayed for longer periods. Large protein-deprived and dung-fed (suboptimal protein) flies had a nuisance value between 28 and 35 times as great as large blood-fed flies, while small blood-fed flies had a nuisance value 18 times as great. The nuisance value of small protein-deprived and dung-fed flies was between 61 and 67 times as great. Residence period on the hand increased with time in large protein-deprived flies but not in flies in the other categories tested. Few flies responded to the hand during the first 15 day-degrees C post eclosion, or when gravid or nearly gravid; the most responsive flies were in ovarian stages 0B, 1, 2 and 3. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the fly nuisance levels experienced in south-eastern Australia.

Effect of fallowing practices on runoff and soil erosion in south-eastern Australia

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 628 ◽  
Author(s):  
JW Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Rough Surface ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
North Central ◽  
Central Victoria ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Chemical Fallow ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss

The effect on runoff and soil loss of four methods of preparation of fallow was investigated at each of three sites in north-central Victoria. There was a chemical fallow treatment (uncultivated) and three scarified treatments (smooth, medium and rough cultivation). When the results from the three sites were combined, there was 10.7 mm runoff from the uncultivated treatment, 5.1 mm from the smooth, 0.8 mm from the medium and 0.3 mm from the rough scarified treatments. Soil loss from the uncultivated treatment was 103 g/m2 compared with 87 g/m2 from the smooth, 22 g/m2 from the medium and 13 g/m2 from the rough treatment. The concentration of sediment in the runoff was negatively correlated (R2 = -0.56 to -0.98) with runoff. It ranged from 1.21% (w/w) for the uncultivated to 5.06% (w/w) for the rough scarified treatment. The results show that a regimen of minimum scarification to produce a rough surface, and then use of herbicides to control weeds, reduces soil loss compared with either an uncultivated or a smoothly cultivated soil surface.

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