Biogeography without area?

1991 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
IM Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Historical Biogeography ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Biogeographic Analysis

Recent methodological developments in historical biogeography generally treat biogeographic distribution as synonymous with occupancy of 'areas'. The aim of biogeographic analysis has been to determine the historical relationships of these areas using information from the distributions and phylogenetic relationships of animals and plants. While this may be of interest to geologists, it is of little interest to most biologists since it offers no direct insight into the historical processes that generate biogeographic patterns. Attempts to use relationships of areas (obtained from biogeographic patterns) to understand biogeographic processes can involve circularity. Focusing on relationships of areas relegates biology to a minor consideration in biogeography. This has resulted in the unfortunate dichotomy between 'ecological' and 'historical' biogeography. A biogeography of areas also limits the information potentially available from biogeographic distributions. Choice of areas for biogeographic analysis can be problematical and analysis is sensitive to this choice. Problems in identifying and analysing biogeographic areas are illustrated with trans-oceanic and local examples of austral biogeography.

Standing up to the Demos

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Erskine
Keyword(s):  
Athenian Democracy ◽  
Parallel Lives ◽  
Standing Up ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Gaining Insight ◽  
The Way

Plutarch wrote twenty-three Greek Lives in his series of Parallel Lives—of these, ten were devoted to Athenians. Since Plutarch shared the hostile view of democracy of Polybius and other Hellenistic Greeks, this Athenian preponderance could have been a problem for him. But Plutarch uses these men’s handling of the democracy and especially the demos as a way of gaining insight into the character and capability of his protagonists. This chapter reviews Plutarch’s attitude to Athenian democracy and examines the way a statesman’s character is illuminated by his interaction with the demos. It also considers what it was about Phocion that so appealed to Plutarch, first by looking at his relationship with the democracy and then at the way he evokes the memory of Socrates. For him this was not a minor figure, but a man whose life was representative of the problems of Athenian democracy.

scholarly journals Odour-active compounds in liquid malt extracts for the baking industry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine S. Rögner ◽  
Veronika Mall ◽  
Martin Steinhaus
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Value ◽  
Starting Material ◽  
Minor Amount ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Important Process ◽  
Gas Chromatography Olfactometry ◽  
Odour Threshold ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Baking Industry ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractAn odorant screening by gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O) and a crude aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) applied to the volatiles isolated from a light and a dark liquid malt extract (LME) by solvent extraction and solvent-assisted flavour evaporation (SAFE) identified 28 odorants. Fifteen major odorants were subsequently quantitated and odour activity values (OAVs) were calculated as ratio of the concentration to the respective odour threshold value (OTV). Important odorants in the light LME included 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanal (OAV 1500), (E)-β-damascenone (OAV 430), and 4-ethenyl-2-methoxyphenol (OAV 91). In the dark LME, sotolon (OAV 780), 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanal (OAV 550), (E)-β-damascenone (OAV 410), acetic acid (OAV 160), and maltol (OAV 120) were of particular importance. To get an insight into the changes during malt extract production, the quantitations were extended to the malt used as the starting material for both LMEs. Addition of a minor amount of water to malt before volatile extraction was shown to be effective to cover the free as well as the bound malt odorants. Results showed that some LME odorants originated from the starting material whereas others were formed during processing. Important process-induced LME odorants included (E)-β-damascenone and 4-ethenyl-2-methoxyphenol in the light LME as well as maltol, sotolon, (E)-β-damascenone, and 2-methoxyphenol in the dark LME. In summary, the odorant formation during LME production was shown to be more important than the transfer of odorants from the malt.

Most parsimonious areagrams versus fossils: the case of Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf Swenson ◽  
Robert S. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Software Component ◽  
Historical Biogeography ◽  
Geological Data ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Vicariance Biogeography ◽  
Dispersal Events ◽  
Geological Context

Vicariance biogeography uses most parsimonious areagrams in order to explain biogeographic patterns. One notion is that areagrams convey biogeographic information to the extent that alternative palaeogeographic hypotheses are suggested. However, extinctions may distort biogeographic information, leading to areagrams showing area relationships not supported by geological data, and plausible dispersal events might also be overlooked. By the use of the software COMPONENT 2.0, Nothofagus phylogeny was reconciled with the most parsimonious areagrams. Well-preserved fossils, identified to subgenera, were optimised to the reconciled tree. Not all past distributions were predicted by the analysis, and Nothofagus has clearly been present in areas where it cannot have been if strict vicariance is followed. It can therefore be demonstrated that the biogeographic signal in Nothofagus areagrams is incomplete, and that most parsimonious areagrams can be flawed. Areagrams can be a useful tool in historical biogeography, but must be scrutinised within a known geological context and not accepted uncritically as alternative palaeogeographical hypotheses.

scholarly journals Monoclonal antibodies reactive with hairy cell leukemia [see comments]

Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 320-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Visser ◽  
A Shaw ◽  
J Slupsky ◽  
H Vos ◽  
S Poppema
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Hairy Cell Leukemia ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Hairy Cell ◽  
Cell Leukemia ◽  
Hairy Cells ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Insight Into

Monoclonal antibodies reactive with hairy cell leukemia were developed to aid in the diagnosis of this subtype of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and to gain better insight into the origin of hairy cells. Three antibodies were found to be of value in the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. Antibody B-ly 2 can be considered a pan-B cell reagent and generally reacts similar to CD22 antibodies. Antibody B-ly 6 is reactive with the same antigen as CD11c (p150/95), an antigen that is present on hairy cell leukemia, macrophages, and a minor subpopulation of lymphocytes. Antibody B-ly 7 is a unique antibody reactive with 144 Kd antigen present only on hairy cell leukemia and a very small population of normal B lymphocytes. This subpopulation may be the counterpart of hairy cells.

Peptidomic analysis of skin secretions from Rana heckscheri and Rana okaloosae provides insight into phylogenetic relationships among frogs of the Aquarana species group

2007 ◽  
Vol 138 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Michael Conlon ◽  
Laurent Coquet ◽  
Jérôme Leprince ◽  
Thierry Jouenne ◽  
Hubert Vaudry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Peptidomic Analysis ◽  
Skin Secretions ◽  
Rana Okaloosae ◽  
Insight Into

Response to the New Nazi Government (1933–1934)

1999 ◽  
pp. 110-134
Author(s):  
Marc B. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Intellectual Community ◽  
East European ◽  
Jewish Intellectual ◽  
German Jewish ◽  
A Minor ◽  
German Jewry ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Minor Episode

This chapter takes a step back to consider the state of the German Jewry at length after the rise of Adolf Hitler to power in 1933. Rabbi Jehiel Jacob Weinberg, for his part, held a rather hopeful view of the situation that year, going so far as to repeatedly express that the Jews had nothing to fear from the Nazis, and the controversies his optimistic views caused within the German Jewish intellectual community. In the meantime, Hitler was beginning to implement more antisemitic reforms. His banning of the sheḥitah — the Jewish practice of ritually slaughtering meat — in particular shocked the Jewish community. At the same time that discussions about the sheḥitah issue were going on, Weinberg was confronted by plans to transfer the Berlin Rabbinical Seminary to Palestine. Though a minor episode in Weinberg's life, through it the chapter provides further insight into the relationship between east European talmudists and the modern rabbinical seminary.

scholarly journals A minor population of macrophage-tropic HIV-1 variants is identified in recrudescing viremia following analytic treatment interruption

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (18) ◽  
pp. 9981-9990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviane M. Andrade ◽  
Carla Mavian ◽  
Dunja Babic ◽  
Thaissa Cordeiro ◽  
Mark Sharkey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Interruption ◽  
Viral Reservoir ◽  
Analytic Treatment ◽  
Recombinant Viruses ◽  
Minor Population ◽  
Clock Analysis ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Molecular Clock Analysis ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Hiv 1

HIV-1 persists in cellular reservoirs that can reignite viremia if antiretroviral therapy (ART) is interrupted. Therefore, insight into the nature of those reservoirs may be revealed from the composition of recrudescing viremia following treatment cessation. A minor population of macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) viruses was identified in a library of recombinant viruses constructed with individual envelope genes that were obtained from plasma of six individuals undergoing analytic treatment interruption (ATI). M-tropic viruses could also be enriched from post-ATI plasma using macrophage-specific (CD14) but not CD4+ T cell-specific (CD3) antibodies, suggesting that M-tropic viruses had a macrophage origin. Molecular clock analysis indicated that the establishment of M-tropic HIV-1 variants predated ATI. Collectively, these data suggest that macrophages are a viral reservoir in HIV-1–infected individuals on effective ART and that M-tropic variants can appear in rebounding viremia when treatment is interrupted. These findings have implications for the design of curative strategies for HIV-1.

scholarly journals Multiple drainage reversal episodes and glacial refugia in a Patagonian fish revealed by sequenced microsatellites

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1928) ◽  
pp. 20200468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Ruzzante ◽  
Annie P. Simons ◽  
Gregory R. McCracken ◽  
Evelyn Habit ◽  
Sandra J. Walde
Keyword(s):  
Glacial Refugia ◽  
Phylogeographic Structure ◽  
Glacial Cycles ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
The Andes ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Microsatellite Dna Markers ◽  
Analytical Approaches

The rise of the southern Andes and the Quaternary glacial cycles influenced the landscape of Patagonia, affecting the phylogeographic and biogeographic patterns of its flora and fauna. Here, we examine the phylogeography of the freshwater fish, Percichthys trucha, using 53 sequenced microsatellite DNA markers . Fish ( n = 835) were collected from 16 river systems (46 locations) spanning the species range on both sides of the Andes. Eleven watersheds drain to the Pacific, five of which are trans-Andean (headwaters east of Andes). The remaining five drainages empty into the Atlantic. Three analytical approaches (neighbour-joining tree, hierarchical AMOVAs, S tructure ) revealed evidence of historic drainage reversals: fish from four of the five trans-Andean systems (Puelo, Futalaufquen/Yelcho, Baker, Pascua) exhibited greater genetic similarity with Atlantic draining systems than with Pacific systems with headwaters west of Andes. Present-day drainage (Pacific versus Atlantic) explained only 5% of total genetic variance, while ancestral drainage explained nearly 27% of total variance. Thus, the phylogeographic structure of P. trucha is consistent with episodes of drainage reversal in multiple systems and suggests a major role for deglaciation in the genetic and indeed the geographical distribution of P. trucha in Patagonia. The study emphasizes the significant role of historical processes in the current pattern of genetic diversity and differentiation in a fish from a southern temperate region.

scholarly journals Multiple historical processes obscure phylogenetic relationships in a taxonomically difficult group (Lobariaceae, Ascomycota)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd J. Widhelm ◽  
Felix Grewe ◽  
Jen-Pan Huang ◽  
Joel A. Mercado-Díaz ◽  
Bernard Goffinet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Historical Processes

scholarly journals Fluorescence and Molecular Simulation Studies on the Interaction between Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids and Calf Thymus DNA

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Khairulazhar Jumbri ◽  
Mohd Azlan Kassim ◽  
Normawati M. Yunus ◽  
Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman ◽  
Haslina Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Double Helix ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Docking Studies ◽  
Calf Thymus Dna ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Screening Model ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Insight Into

This work presents a molecular level investigation on the nature and mode of binding between imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) ([Cnbim]Br where n = 2, 4, 6) with calf thymus DNA. This investigation offers valuable insight into the mechanisms of interactions that can affect the structural features of DNA and possibly cause the alteration or inhibition of DNA function. To expedite analysis, the study resorted to using molecular docking and COnductor like Screening MOdel for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS) in conjunction with fluorescence spectroscopic data for confirmation and validation of computational results. Both the fluorescence and docking studies consistently revealed a weak interaction between the two molecules, which corresponded to the binding energy of a stable docking conformation in the range of −5.19 to −7.75 kcal mol−1. As predicted, the rod-like structure of imidazolium-based ILs prefers to bind to the double-helix DNA through a minor groove. Interestingly, the occurrence of T-shape π-π stacking was observed between the amine group in adenine that faces the aromatic ring of imidazole. In addition, data of COSMO-RS for the interaction of individual nucleic acid bases to imidazolium-based ILs affirmed that ILs showed a propensity to bind to different bases, the highest being guanine followed by cytosine, thymine, uracil, and adenine.

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