Before the floras—Monographs

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Grimes
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Basic Data ◽  
Rigorous Analysis ◽  
Species Definition ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
Applied Biology ◽  
Major Consideration

The proposal is made that writing of national or regional floras is premature, and that systematic resources should be directed toward the preparation of monographs with cladistic analyses. This proposal results from one major consideration: that the preparation of floras does not require rigorous analysis of species definition and delimitation, and therefore the basic data (i.e. the species circumscriptions) are more unreliable than that in monographs. Furthermore, contrary to some published arguments, the data in floras are not presented and summarised in a format compatible with other areas of comparative and applied biology, whereas it is otherwise in a monograph with cladistic analysis. This proposition is based on the author’s experience in preparing both monographs and floristic treatments.

Tall Requirements and “Small” Reality

Slavic Review ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris N. Mironov
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Basic Data ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Rigorous Analysis ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Human Height ◽  
Height Data

In my view, the skeptical comments of Steven L. Hoch, whether intentionally or not, undeservedly discredit human height data as an indicator of the physiological status and well-being of populations, and possibly represent the historiographical appearance of a postmodern intellectual ideology, whose representatives look with distrust on historical sources. Hoch repeats some traditional objections connected with data on height: 1) terminal height—that is, the height a person attains by the age of 20 to 25–is not a true indicator of the physiological status and well-being of a population; 2) the precision of height data falls below the standard scientific requirements for reliable indicators; 3) periodization of the dynamics of physiological status of the population and of basic data on height is impossible in principle; 4) the reasons for changes in physiological status cannot be subjected to rigorous analysis.

The phylogenetic position of the tuatara, Sphenodon (Sphenodontida, Amniota), as indicated by cladistic analysis of the ultrastructure of spermatozoa

1992 ◽  
Vol 335 (1274) ◽  
pp. 207-219 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Sister Taxon ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Usual Concept ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
Relationship Of

Sphenodon has traditionally been regarded as a little changed survivor of the Permo-Triassic thecodont or eosuchian ‘stem reptiles’ but has alternatively been placed in the Lepidosauria as the plesiomorphic or even apomorphic sister-taxon of the squamates. A cladistic analysis of 16 characters from spermatozoal ultrastructure of Sphenodon and other amniotes unequivocally confirms its exceedingly primitive status. The analysis suggests that monotremes are the sister-group of birds; squamates form the sister-group of a bird + monotreme clade while the three sister-groups successively below the bird + monotreme + squa- mate assemblage are the caiman, the tuatara and the outgroup (turtles). The monotreme + bird couplet, supports the concept of the Haemothermia, but can only be regarded heuristically. The usual concept of mammals as a synapsid-derived outgroup of all other extant amniotes is not substantiated spermatologically. All cladistic analyses made, and a separate consideration of apomorphies, indicate that Sphenodon is spermatologically the most primitive amniote, excepting the Chelonia. It is advanced (apomorphic) for the amniotes in only two of the 16 spermatozoal characters considered. A close, sister-group relationship of Sphenodon with squamates is not endorsed.

Systematic Wood Anatomy of Cornaceae and Allies

IAWA Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Noshiro ◽  
P. Baas
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
Diversity Pattern ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Remarkable Agreement

The wood anatomy of Comaceae, Alangiaceae, Garryaceae, and Nyssaceae constituting the Comales in the sense of Cronquist (1981, 1988) is described in great detail and subjected to a cladistic analysis. A microscopic identification key to the woods studied is given. The alliance includes seventeen genera, mostly of trees and shrubs, very rarely herbs. Although wood anatomically fairly homogeneous, variation exists in both qualitative and quantitative characters. Some of the latter show distinct latitudinal trends within individual genera, and character states have only been recognised taking their latitudinal dependencies into account. The character states ultimately recognised in these continuously varying quantitative characters coincide with intergeneric or intersectional gaps. The cladistic analysis based on a datamatrix with twentyone characters (Table 3) and using Cereidiphyllum, Daphniphyllum, and Hamamelis as outgroups yielded a strict consensus tree with a quadrichotomy with two monophyletic clades, Hydrangea panieulata (a representative of the closely allied Hydrangeaceae) and Daphniphyllum (Fig. 81). One weakly supported clade includes Alangium, Camptotheea, Cornus, Curtisia, Davidia, Diplopanax, Mastixia, and Nyssa without any robust lineages among them. The other genera, Aralidium, Aueuba, Corokia, Garrya, Griselinia, Helwingia, Melanophylla and Toricellia, constitute a second, well-supported clade. Two Hydrangea taxa included in the analysis nest in the second clade and a basal branching respectively. The wood anatomical diversity pattern thus supports a family concept of Comaceae including Cornus, Curtisia, Diplopanax, Mastixia, Alangiaceae, and Nyssaceae, and exclusion of the genera in the other clade. There is remarkable agreement between some of these wood anatomical r~sults and recent cladistic analyses of rbcL sequences by Xiang and co-workers. The infrageneric classification of Cornus, Alangium and Nyssa is also discussed.

The importance of phylogenetic analysis for the assessment of species turnover: a case history of Paleocene mammals in North America

Paleobiology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. David Archibald
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
Faunal Turnover ◽  
Early Tertiary ◽  
Early Paleocene ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cladistic Analyses

During the latest Cretaceous and the Paleocene in western North America, disappearance rates for mammalian genera track appearance rates, both reaching their peak in the early Paleocene (Puercan) following the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs. Some of the disappearances during this time were pseudoextinctions that resulted when ancestral species disappeared during speciation.Species-level cladistic analyses and a well-constrained biostratigraphic framework are required to study this form of pseudoextinction. Cladistic analyses show that monophyly cannot be established or rejected for some species because these species lack autapomorphies (uniquely derived character states) that unite their constituent members. Such taxa, termed metaspecies, are potential ancestors to species and higher clades with which they share a node in the cladogram.A hypothetical species-level cladistic analysis coupled with three different hypothetical biostratigraphies shows how different models of speciation (bifurcation, budding, or anagenesis) result in very different patterns of true versus pseudoextinction. Depending on the speciation model, true extinction can be overestimated by as much as a factor of four, raising the specter of mass extinction. Species-level studies for three early Tertiary mammalian taxa—taeniodont eutherians, taeniolabidid multituberculates, and periptychid ungulates—use the same procedures. They show that almost 25% of disappearances during the early Paleocene (Puercan) for species in the analysis were pseudoextinctions of metaspecies. Budding and anagenetic-like peripatric speciation, but not bifurcation, are seen in the three examples.Equating disappearance to true extinction can profoundly affect interpretations of faunal turnover, especially during mass extinctions or major faunal reorganizations. Some authors use pseudoextinction to describe the taxonomic rather than evolutionary disappearance of nonmonophyletic groups. Pseudoextinction, as used here refers only to the evolutionary disappearance of metaspecies via speciation. Both usages seem appropriate but should not be confounded.

Corticioid fungi: a cladistic study of a paraphyletic group

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 843-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erast Parmasto
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Majority Rule ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Fungal Taxonomy ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Corticioid Fungi ◽  
Consensus Trees ◽  
Representative Species ◽  
Paraphyletic Group ◽  
Cladistic Analyses

Cladistic analyses were used to assess monophyly for genera of corticioid fungi (Hymenomycetes, Basidiomycota). Based on parsimony analysis, many genera were found to be paraphyletic; to recognize only monophyletic taxa, 50 genera have been synonymized and 142 presumably monophyletic genera retained for further analysis. Over 12 000 equally parsimonious trees are possible for the 142 taxa. Although consensus trees leave much of the phylogeny unresolved, more than 10 monophyletic groups can be distinguished based on 95% majority-rule consensus, including the families Atheliaceae, Botryobasidiaceae, Hericiaceae (syn.: Gloeocystidiellaceae), Peniophoraceae (syn.: Stereaceae), Schizophyllaceae (syn.: Meruliaceae) and Xenasmataceae. The use of representative species in cladistic analysis is not recommended. To avoid the use of paraphyletic genera (and unnecessary nomenclatural changes), robust taxonomic systems are needed which avoid unnecessary splitting. Key words: fungal taxonomy, Hymenomycetes, Corticiaceae, classification.

Larval Sphindidae (Coleoptera : Cucujoidea): phylogenetic implications and new descriptions

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Chiao ◽  
Joseph V. McHugh
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Length Difference ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
First Time

A new phylogenetic hypothesis of Sphindidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) ispresented, based on a cladistic analysis of 15 larval morphology characters inaddition to 39 adult morphology characters modified from a previous study by McHugh (1993). Results from the combined cladistic analyses show larval characters supporting several previously established relationships and resolving the placement of Notosphindus McHugh & Wheeler. The sister-group relationship betweenCarinisphindus McHugh and SphindusMegerle in Dejean is not supported by the combined analyses. Larval charactersdid not show a disproportionately strong impact on the more basal nodes.Incongruence length difference analysis found an insignificant level ofdiscordance (P = 0.197) between the adult andlarval based data sets. Larval Notosphindus slateriMcHugh & Wheeler, Genisphindus minor McHugh andCarinisphindus purpuricephalus McHugh & Lewis aredescribed for the first time, representing the first larval descriptions forthese genera. A literature review of immature stages of sphindid beetles and ageneric level key to larvae of the family are provided.

scholarly journals Transformation of Quotient Values for their use as Continuous Cladistic Characters

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Uros Vidovic
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
Trigonometric Solution ◽  
Continuous Character ◽  
Logarithmic Solution

Recent advances in cladistic technology have produced novel methods for introducing morphological data into cladistic analyses, such as the landmark and continuous character functions in the software TNT and RevBayes. While these new methods begin to address the problem of representing morphology, there has been little consideration of how to transform and code the operational taxonomic units’ (OTUs) dimensions into the datamatrix. Indeed, angles, serial counts, percentages and quotient values can be used as continuous characters, but little has been said about how coding these data affect the trees discovered. Logically, counts of elements and angles measured off specimens may be coded directly into continuous character matrices but percentages and quotient values are more problematic, being transformed data. Quotient values and percentages are the simplest way of representing proportional differences between two dimensions and reducing the effect of inter-taxonomic magnitude differences. However, both are demonstrated to be problematic transformations that produce continuous characters with weighted states that are non-representative of morphological variation. Thus, two OTUs may be represented as less/more similar morphologically than other OTUs that display the same degree of morphological variation. Furthermore, the researcher’s choice of which dimension is the divisor and dividend will have a similar affect. To address this problem, a trigonometric solution and a logarithmic solution have been proposed. Another solution called linear transposition scaling (LTS) was recently presented, with the intention of best representing and coding observable morphological variation. All three methods are reviewed to establish the best way to represent and code morphology in a cladistic analysis using continuous characters.

UTILITY OF WOOD ANATOMICAL CHARACTERS IN CLADISTIC ANALYSES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick S. Herendeen ◽  
Regis B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
Anatomical Characters ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Informative Character

Wood anatomy is an important source of systematically informative character information that can and should be used in cladistic phylogenetic analyses of relationships in flowering plants. However, the results of a cladistic analysis are only as good as the characters and observations, which together comprise the data set that is analyzed. The goal of this paper is to address the former of these issues, specifically the definition and use of wood anatomical characters in cladistic analyses. We first provide a brief introduction to the principles of cladistics. We then discuss the standard IAWA List of wood anatomical characters, which are defined primarily for identification, and recast them in a format that is more appropriate for cladistic analysis. As a means of illustrating some common problems and their possible solutions, we conclude with a brief discussion of recent cladistic analyses that have included wood anatomical characters.

Cladistic analysis and revision of Billardiera (Pittosporaceae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. W. Cayzer ◽  
M. D. Crisp ◽  
I. R. H. Telford
Keyword(s):  
New Taxa ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time

Cladistic analyses of morphological data were used to clarify the definition of Billardiera in the context of other genera of the family Pittosporaceae. These analyses indicate that Billardiera s.str. is monophyletic including the small genera Sollya and Pronaya, but excluding Marianthus and Rhytidosporum, which have been previously included in a broader concept of Billardiera. The re-circumscribed Billardiera is revised, incorporating these changes. Five taxa are reinstated at species level (B. fusiformis, B. mutabilis, B. macrantha, B. speciosa and B.�venusta). Three are new combinations (B. fraseri, B. heterophylla, B. drummondii replacing Sollya drummondii) and three new taxa are described for the first time: B. nesophila, B. rubens and B. viridiflora.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic analyses of Lapita decoration do not support branching evolution or regional population structure during colonization of Remote Oceania

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1559) ◽  
pp. 3889-3902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan E. Cochrane ◽  
Carl P. Lipo
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
High Degree

Intricately decorated Lapita pottery (3100–2700 BP) was made and deposited by the prehistoric colonizers of Pacific islands, east of the main Solomon's chain. For decades, analyses of this pottery have focused on the ancestor–descendant relationships of populations and the relative degree of interaction across the region to explain similarities in Lapita decoration. Cladistic analyses, increasingly used to examine the evolutionary relationships of material culture assemblages, have not been conducted on Lapita artefacts. Here, we present the first cladistic analysis of Lapita pottery and note the difficulties in using cladistics to investigate datasets where a high degree of horizontal transmission and non-branching evolution may explain observed variation. We additionally present NeighborNet and phenetic distance network analyses to generate hypotheses that may account for Lapita decorative similarity.

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