An expanded molecular phylogeny of the southern bluebells (Wahlenbergia, Campanulaceae) from Australia and New Zealand

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Prebble ◽  
Heidi M. Meudt ◽  
Phil J. Garnock-Jones
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
Chloroplast Markers ◽  
Its Regions ◽  
Variable Species ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Chloroplast Dna Markers

We used nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers to examine relationships and test the current morphology-based taxonomy of several species and subspecies of Australian and New Zealand Wahlenbergia. We sampled nuclear ribosomal ITS regions and the chloroplast regions trnL–F and trnK–psbA from 105 individuals, representing 29 of the 46 species and subspecies currently recognised in New Zealand and Australia. Our phylogeny was incompletely resolved because of low levels of genetic variation in all three markers and some conflict between ITS and chloroplast markers. The New Zealand rhizomatous species appear to have radiated in New Zealand after a single long-distance dispersal event from Australia, but it is unclear to which species in Australia they are most closely related. The New Zealand radicate species do not form a clade; instead they are shown to be very closely related to many Australian radicate species. The four species in the New Zealand lowland radicate W. gracilis complex may all belong to the same morphologically variable species. In contrast, the other New Zealand radicate species, W. vernicosa, is probably a separately evolving lineage, and is not conspecific with the W. gracilis complex, nor the Australian W. littoricola, as previously hypothesised. Two of the New Zealand rhizomatous species, W. albomarginata and W. pygmaea, may be conspecific. By contrast, the morphologically distinctive New Zealand rhizomatous W. cartilaginea, W. matthewsii and W. congesta subsp. haastii each formed monophyletic groups. Samples of two recently described Australian species (W. rupicola and W. telfordii) formed monophyletic groups consistent with their recognition.

Scirrhia pini. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Republic Of Georgia ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Airborne Conidia ◽  
Infected Material

Abstract A description is provided for Scirrhia pini[Mycosphaerella pini]. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On pines including Pinus radiata and its hybrids, P. halepensis, P. canariensis, P. carbaea, P. ponderosa, P. nigra and others, Pseudotsuga menziesii (46, 2860), Larix decidua (49, 273). DISEASE: Dothistroma blight; red band. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada, USA including Alaska), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay), Australasia and Oceania (New Zealand), Asia (Brunei, India, Japan), Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rhodesia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda), Europe (Austria, France, Rumania, UK, USSR (Republic of Georgia), Yugoslavia) (CMI Map 419, ed. 2, 1970; record in CMI Herbarium). TRANSMISSION: By airborne conidia released and dispersed by a splash take-off mechanism for short distances. Long distance dispersal may be by transport of infected material, such as nursery stock and, under special conditions, clouds may carry sporal inoculum (43, 2100). Survival time of inoculum in the form of cast, infected foliage on the forest floor is limited to 2-6 months under moist conditions (50, 2003).

The genus Menegazzia (Lecanorales: Parmeliaceae) in Tasmania revisited

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gintaras KANTVILAS
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South American ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Species Relationships ◽  
Major Area ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Macquarie Island ◽  
New Synonyms ◽  
First Time

AbstractWith 30 species, Tasmania is a major area of species diversity in the genus Menegazzia. Seven of these are new to science: M. abscondita Kantvilas, known from Tasmania and New Zealand, and M. athrotaxidis Kantvilas, M. hypogymnioides Kantvilas, M. petraea Kantvilas, M. ramulicola Kantvilas, M. subtestacea Kantvilas and M. tarkinea Kantvilas, all endemic to Tasmania. An identification key, descriptions based exclusively on Tasmanian collections, and detailed discussion of distribution, ecology, chemical composition and inter-species relationships are provided. All literature records of Menegazzia species pertaining to Tasmania are accounted for. New synonyms include: Menegazzia prototypica P. James and Parmelia pertusa var. coskinodes F. Wilson [synonyms of M. myriotrema (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.], M. fertilis P. James [a synonym of M. platytrema (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.] and Parmelia pertusa var. montana F. Wilson (a synonym of M. subtestacea). Incorrectly recorded species that should be deleted from the Tasmanian census include M. castanea P. James & D. J. Galloway (present on Macquarie Island) and M. testacea P. James & D. J. Galloway (endemic to New Zealand). The South American species, M. sanguinascens (Räs.) R. Sant., is recorded in Australasia (Tasmania) for the first time, whereas the widespread south-eastern Australian M. norstictica P. James is recorded for Western Australia. Salient features of the genus are discussed, including morphology, anatomy and chemistry. The biogeography of the genus is explored briefly. Twelve species (40%) are endemic to Tasmania, a level of endemism unmatched by any other species-rich genus on the island. Twelve species are shared with mainland Australia, eleven are shared with New Zealand, and only four species are shared with southern South America, all of which are sorediate, suggesting they are products of long-distance dispersal.

The angiosperm flora of the Archipelago Juan Fernandez (Chile): origin and dispersal

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
pp. 1266-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Bernardello ◽  
Gregory J. Anderson ◽  
Tod F. Stuessy ◽  
Daniel J. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Dioecious Species ◽  
Dispersal Capability ◽  
Dispersal Unit ◽  
Unisexual Flowers ◽  
Dispersal Agents ◽  
Seeds And Fruits

We review the hypothesized origin and the methods of arrival of the angiosperm colonists to the Juan Fernandez Islands. We also summarize the dispersal capabilities of the current flora, including data on fruit type, fruit length, and dispersal unit length, correlating these features with dispersal and establishment. Most species originated from South America, followed by Pantropical, Australian, New Zealand, and Pacific colonizers. Sea and land birds were the most important initial long-distance dispersal agents. Most colonizing species are hermaphroditic flowered, and thus all dispersal methods are represented among them. Monoecious, andromonoecious and gynomonoecious, dioecious, and polygamous species were mainly carried by birds. Most wind- and bird-pollinated colonizing genera arrived with birds as did most annual herbs and species with bright-colored flowers. In the current flora, the majority of the species have dry fruits. In monoecious, andromonoecious and gynomonoecious, and dioecious species, achenes predominate. Fleshy fruits are limited to perennials. Most species have medium to small dispersal units, and generally, the larger the flower, the larger the fruit. Large- and medium-sized dispersal units are common in shrubs and trees. Abiotic dispersal is common in the current flora, which may reflect the ancestral dispersal capability of the colonizers, or adaptation to the absence of a fauna to disperse seeds and fruits. Anemochorous and autochorous species are mainly perennial and have medium to large, unisexual flowers. Anemochorous species have small dispersal units and dull-colored flowers, whereas large dispersal units and brightly colored flowers are frequent in autochorous species. Medium-sized dispersal units are represented in autochorous or ornithochorous species. The establishment and evolution of this flora was previously discussed to have occurred with very few pollination and (or) reproductive options. This study suggests that elements associated with dispersal are also analogously limited.

New species of Crotonia (Acari: Oribatida: Crotoniidae) from Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands: further evidence of long-distance dispersal events in the biogeography of a genus of Gondwanan relict oribatid mites

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2650 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
MATTHEW J. COLLOFF
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Oribatid Mite ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Oceanic Islands ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Lord Howe Island ◽  
Norfolk Island

Three new species of oribatid mite belonging to the genus Crotonia are described: one from Lord Howe Island (C. gorgonia sp. nov.) and two (C. norfolkensis sp. nov. and C. utricularia sp. nov.) from Norfolk Island, South-west Pacific. Crotonia gorgonia sp. nov. belongs to the Capistrata species group which reaches its highest diversity in Australia but is absent from New Zealand. Crotonia norfolkensis sp. nov. is a member of the Cophinaria group, recorded from Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia, but with closest morphological similarity to C. brachyrostrum (Hammer, 1966) from New Zealand. Crotonia utricularia sp. nov. belongs to the Unguifera group, which reaches its highest diversity in New Zealand, is absent from Australia, and is present on Vanuatu and the Marquesas. The distribution of members of the species-groups of Crotonia in the south-western Pacific indicates that the species from Lord Howe Island has affinities with species from Australia, while the species from Norfolk Island are both most similar to species from New Zealand, and represents further evidence of the capacity of Crotonia spp. for long-distance dispersal to oceanic islands.

Morphological, evolutionary and taxonomic aspects of Australian and New Zealand Microseris (Asteraceae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kitty Vijverberg ◽  
Louis Lie ◽  
Konrad Bachmann
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Present Species ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Unique Event ◽  
Plant Group ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Recent Occurrence

The Australian and New Zealand Microseris is supposed to have evolved from one or a few diaspores after a unique event of long-distance dispersal from western North America. At present, the plant group includes two species, M. lanceolata (Walp.) Sch.-Bip. and M. scapigera (Forst.) Sch.-Bip., each with two morphologically and ecologically divergent ecotypes. In spite of this classification, the morphological variation within and among ecotypes is not entirely consistent, and molecular investigations show evidence for the, possibly recent, occurrence of hybridisations between plants of different ecotypes. The present study investigates the overall morphological similarities among 1–4 plants of each of 54 Australian and New Zealand Microseris populations. The aim of the study was to gain further insights into the delimitation of species and ecotypes, the placement of populations that could thus far not be assigned to an ecotype and the adaptive radiation of the plant group. The results confirm the previously defined ecotypes and assign all but two of the questionable populations to ecotypes. They show that a broad range of character states rather than a few 'diagnostic' ones are specific for the ecotypes. The data confirm our earlier conclusion from molecular results, indicating that ecotype characteristics are maintained or reestablished by selection or adaptation, after dispersal or hybridisation between ecotypes. Despite (incidental) genetic exchange among populations of different ecotypes, the process of adaptive radiation is progressing. The combined morphological and molecular results are not incongruent with the present species delimitation. However, they also may support the split up of M. scapigera into two species and other phylogenetic solutions.

scholarly journals Molecular Studies of New Zealand Fucales: Phylogeography, Phylogeny and Taxonomy in Carpophyllum and Cystophora (Phaeophyceae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Joe Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Secondary Contact ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Limited Dispersal ◽  
Species Descriptions ◽  
Spacer Variation

<p>Genetic variation in Carpophyllum Greville and Cystophora J. Agardh (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) was investigated at a variety of scales. An extensive survey of mitochondrial spacer variation in Carpophyllum maschalocarpum from 32 populations around New Zealand shows strong population differentiation at relatively small scales (50–100 kilometres), but also pathways of long distance dispersal that connect populations over much greater distances. In addition, historical climate change appears to have restricted C. maschalocarpum to the northern North Island during the last glacial maximum, with subsequent southward range expansion revealed by low genetic diversity in southern populations. These results are consistent with limited dispersal at the gamete and zygote stage, expected in fucalean algae, but with occasional long distance dispersal by detached floating thalli. The genetic signature suggests these two modes of dispersal are decoupled. Internal Transcribed Spacers sequences show little differentiation between C. maschalocarpum and C. angustifolium, and hybridisation was found in several populations where these species are broadly sympatric. In the Bay of Plenty the two species had different ITS ribotypes, but most C. angustifolium specimens had a mitochondrial spacer haplotype that clustered with C. maschalocarpum haplotypes. This indicates mitochondrial introgression from C. maschalocarpum into C. angustifolium. In Northland species were difficult to separate by morphology or molecular markers, and some populations appear to be comprised entirely of hybrids. Genetic distances between different species of Cystophora are very variable, and in some cases intra-species distances are similar to interspecies distances. This is problematic for DNA barcoding methods that rely on thresholds between inter-species and intra-species genetic distances. In some (but not all) cases, the absence of molecular differentiation can be attributed to oversplitting of Cystophora species by morphological methods, and I synonymise C. congesta with C. retroflexa, and C. distenta with C. scalaris. These studies exemplify the difficulties of delimiting species in brown algae: Morphology is often misleading or uninformative; genetic differentiation of species is very variable and often low; and species’ histories show complex patterns of isolation and secondary contact. I argue for an explicitly historical concept of species, with species’ history included in species descriptions.</p>

Phylogeny and Biogeography of Acaena (Rosaceae) and its Relatives: Evidence of Multiple Long-Distance Dispersal Events Across the Globe

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 998-1010
Author(s):  
Javier Jauregui-Lazo ◽  
Daniel Potter
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Disjunct Distribution ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Dispersal Events

Abstract— Acaena (Rosaceae) is the most complex and ecologically variable genus in Sanguisorbinae. Although it has been the subject of several taxonomic treatments, the largest phylogenetic analysis to date only sampled a small fraction of the total global diversity (five to seven out of 45 to 50 species). This study included most of the species to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of Acaena and biogeographic patterns in Sanguisorbinae. Phylogenetic analyses of non-coding nuclear (ITS region) and chloroplast (trnL-F) DNA sequence markers using maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses suggested that Acaena is a paraphyletic group with species of Margyricarpus and Tetraglochin nested within it. We identified strong support for eight subclades that are geographically or taxonomically structured. Nevertheless, the species-level relationships within subclades are still uncertain, which may be due to rapid diversification and lack of informative characters in the markers used. Sanguisorbinae, a primarily Southern Hemisphere clade, exhibits a classic Gondwana disjunct distribution. This current distribution is explained primarily by eight long-distance dispersal events. Our results suggested that Sanguisorbinae split into Cliffortia and Acaena around 13.6 mya. While Cliffortia diversified in southern South Africa, Acaena experienced several migration events in the Southern Hemisphere. Our estimation of the ancestral range suggested that Acaena likely originated in South Africa, followed by migration and subsequent diversification into southern South America. From there, the genus migrated to New Zealand, throughout the Andes, and to tropical areas in Central America, reaching as far north as California. Chile and New Zealand are the main sources of propagules for dispersal as well as the greatest diversity for the genus. The evolutionary relationships of species in Acaena combine a history of rapid diversifications, long-distance dispersals, and genetic variation within some taxa. Further research should be undertaken to clarify the infraspecific classification of A. magellanica.

Can long-distance dispersal be inferred from the New Zealand plant fossil record?

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike S. Pole
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Recent Discussion ◽  
Simple Correlation ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Physical Isolation ◽  
Plant Fossil ◽  
The World

New Zealand is generally thought to have been physically isolated from the rest of the world for over 60 million years. But physical isolation may not mean biotic isolation, at least on the time scale of millions of years. Are New Zealand’s present complement of plants the direct descendants of what originally rafted from Gondwana? Or has there been total extinction of this initial flora with replacement through long-distance dispersal (a complete biotic turnover)? These are two possible extremes which have come under recent discussion. Can the fossil record be used to decide the relative importance of the two endpoints, or is it simply too incomplete and too dependent on factors of chance? This paper suggests two approaches to the problem—the use of statistics to apply levels of confidence to first appearances in the fossil record and the analysis of trends based on the entire palynorecord. Statistics can suggest that the first appearance of a taxon was after New Zealand broke away from Gondwana—as long as the first appearance in the record was not due to an increase in biomass from an initially rare state. Two observations can be drawn from the overall palynorecord that are independent of changes in biomass: (1) The first appearance of palynotaxa common to both Australia and New Zealand is decidedly non-random. Most taxa occur first in Australia. This suggests a bias in air or water transport from west to east. (2) The percentage of endemic palynospecies in New Zealand shows no simple correlation with the time New Zealand drifted into isolation. The conifer macrorecord also hints at complete turnover since the Cretaceous.

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