Transport of phosphorus through soil in an effluent-irrigated tree plantation

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Falkiner ◽  
P. J. Polglase
Keyword(s):  
Sorption Isotherms ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Equilibration Time ◽  
Plantation Establishment ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Tree Plantation ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
P Retention

A young plantation of Pinus radiata in south-eastern Australia was irrigated with secondary-treated sewerage effluent for 48 months, when evapotranspiration exceeded rainfall. Concentrations of phosphorus (P) in saturation pastes of soil were measured after 30, 37, 42, and 48 months to monitor vertical transport of P, and results were compared with depth of transport predicted from P sorption isotherms. Standard laboratory isotherms greatly underestimated the capacity of soil to retain P. Thirty months after plantation establishment, 165 kg/ha of P had been applied in effluent, and P in soil solution was predicted from sorption isotherms to be at a concentration of 5 · 7 mg/L to a depth of 0 · 29 m. In comparison, the concentration of P in saturation paste at this time decreased exponentially from 3 · 5 mg/L at 0 · 025 m to 0 · 43 mg/L at 0 · 30 m. Similarly, 48 months after plantation establishment, 318 kg/ha of P had been applied, and P was predicted to be in equilibrium to a depth of 0 · 51 m. At this time, concentration of P in saturation paste was 4 · 7 mg/L at 0 · 25 m but decreased to a concentration of 0 · 11 mg/L at 0 · 45 m. The concentration of P in saturation paste in the bore-water control was low (<0 · 36 mg/L) thoughout the profile. The discrepancy between predicted and observed results was found from subsequent experiments to be due largely to the short (17 h) equilibration time and to the wide solution : soil ratio (10 : 1) used during construction of standard sorption isotherms. In the 0-0 · 1 m layer of soil, P-retention capacity determined in saturation paste and after 21 days incubation was about 9-fold greater than when the standard method was used. Leaching of dissolved P is unlikely to threaten the sustainable life-time of the effluent-irrigated plantation studied.

Fate of applied phosphorus in an effluent-irrigated Pinus radiata plantation

Soil Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Falkiner ◽  
P. J. Polglase
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Sorption Isotherms ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Organic P ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Soil Irrigation ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Total P

We examined the fate of applied phosphorus (P) in a young Pinus radiata plantation in south-eastern Australia, spray-irrigated with secondary-treated municipal effluent. Measurements included changes (before irrigation, and after 5 years) in total P, total organic P, total inorganic P, labile P, and sorption and desorption characteristics. During the first 5 years a total of 363 kg/ha of P was applied at an average concentration of 5.4 mg/L. Irrigation changed the forms and distribution of P throughout the profile (0–1 m). Increases in labile inorganic P (membrane-exchangeable, bicarbonate-extractable, and in soil solution) were confined mostly to the 0–0.5 m horizon, and wholly within the 0–0.7 m horizon. In addition, large amounts of organic P (204 kg/ha) were mineralised within the surface 0.7 m, due to stimulation of decomposer activity by increased soil water. Mineralisation, therefore, provided a significant and additional input of inorganic P to soil. Irrigation and P additions changed both the placement and curvature of soil sorption isotherms. Retention capacity (0–0.5 m), calculated from P sorption isotherms, decreased by 180 kg/ha. Desorbable P, determined by sequential extraction with dilute acid, increased by 184 kg/ha. Thus, these 2 independent methods of measuring the changes in exchangeable P gave the same result. Of the total inorganic P added to the soil (in effluent and mineralised), 25% remained in the exchangeable form; the rest was retained unavailable for short-term exchange and migration through soil. After 5 years, fluxes (kg/ha) of P in the 0–0.7 m horizon were: input in effluent less storage in vegetation (323), change in total organic P (–204), change in total inorganic P (517), net change in total P (313). Thus, 97% of the net amount of P added in effluent was recovered in the surface 0.7 m. Results have implications for the way in which P retention capacity is calculated under effluent irrigation.

Phosphate sorption-desorption behavior in volcanic topsoils along a chronosequence (1.5 ka – 1070 ka) in the humid zone, Galápagos Islands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria V. Rechberger ◽  
Martin H. Gerzabek ◽  
Franz Zehetner
Keyword(s):  
Sorption Capacity ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Sorption Isotherms ◽  
Sorption Behavior ◽  
Equilibration Time ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Soil Weathering ◽  
Labile P

&lt;p&gt;Soil phosphorus (P) is one of the main factors affecting ecosystem productivity. With progressing soil weathering, P can be increasingly immobilized and become the limiting nutrient in ecosystems. Volcanic soils are known for their exceptionally high phosphate (PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) retention capacity. However, the changes in PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; sorption behavior as their mineralogy evolves during pedogenic development, are still not fully understood. Short-term and longer-term PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; sorption-desorption behavior was studied in six volcanic topsoils (0 &amp;#8211; 10 cm) from four Gal&amp;#225;pagos Islands along an age gradient (chronosequence, 1.5 &amp;#8211; 1070 ka) under humid climate. Labile P (Mehlich-3 P, resin P), PO&lt;sub&gt;4 &lt;/sub&gt;sorption kinetics (4 h &amp;#8211; 62 days), PO&lt;sub&gt;4 &lt;/sub&gt;sorption capacity (sorption isotherms, equilibration time = 72 h) and longer-term desorption (resin P after 1 and 6 month incubation, respectively) were analyzed. Soils developed very high PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; sorption capacity within 4.3 ka of soil weathering (Langmuir Q&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt; = 18.2 g P kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) due to the development of amorphous soil constituents. As the colloidal fraction changed to 2:1-type crystalline clays after 26 ka of soil weathering, PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; sorption capacity declined rapidly while the labile P fraction reached a maximum. In older soils (&amp;#8805; 165 ka), acidification and prevalence of Al und Fe (hydr)oxides led to increased P sorption again. Overall, soil PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; retention capacity was closely related to amorphous Si, Al and Fe phases; however, it did not predict P availability.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Phosphorus retention in drainage soils of commercial greenhouses.

1969 ◽  
Vol 95 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
José A. Dumas ◽  
Joaquín A. Chong ◽  
Magaly Cintrón ◽  
Luis Reinaldo Santiago
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Retention ◽  
Organic Residues ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Al Content ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Retention Parameters ◽  
P Retention

Five commercial greenhouses in the central mountainous zone of Puerto Rico were studied in order to identify changes in soil factors that affect P retention. Soils were collected both within and outside drainages at a 0- to 15-cm depth. Soil physicochemical properties varied in samples taken both within and outside drainages. The high Fe and Al content in the soils of this study suggested a high phosphorus retention capacity. Laboratory estimates of P retention parameters indicated differences in P sorption capacity among soils. Phosphorus retention parameters were highly correlated with citrate dithionite extractable Fe. The equilibrium P concentration was also correlated with citrate dithionate Al in soils outside drainages. This finding was due to the higher soil organic matter counterbalancing the soil P retention capability of Al, all of which indicates the importance of clearing all drainages of organic residues in order to avoid excessive movement of P outside the greenhouse premises.

THE USE OF GLYCEROL FOR THE CRYOPRESERVATION OF INCONNU’S SPERM

2017 ◽  
pp. 117-121
Author(s):  
Amina Kumarovna Karamuldaeva ◽  
Andrey Mikhailovich Tikhomirov
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Equilibration Time ◽  
Glycerol Concentration ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
Base Solution ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The article studies the possibility to use glycerol as cryoprotectant, instead of dimethylsulfoxide for cryopreservation of sperm of inconnu ( Stenodus leucichthys Gueldenstaedtii, 1772). Investigations were carried out from 2015 to 2016 in the laboratory of the Southern Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, on the basis of the Astrakhan State Technical University. The material collected on the Alexander sturgeon hatcheries (the Astrakhan region) in the spawning period. Native sperm of 6 male inconnu species was used as a control means. The semen quality was determined in terms of moving activity (life time) of sperm after its activation by water. As the cryoprotectant there were used: base solution - 80%, sucrose - 1.71 g/l, mannite - 0.98 g/l, yolk - 10%, dimethylsulfoxide - 10% and base solution - 87%, sucrose - 1.71% g/l, mannite - 0.98 g/l, yolk - 10%, glycerol - 3 variants: 3; 5 and 10%. In order to provide the most complete penetration of cryoprotectants into the cells there were used electrostimulation of cell membranes. Equilibration time was 5 and 15 minutes. Thawing semen was performed in a water bath at a temperature of 38-40°C. For removing protectors from cells there was chosen a saline solution (0.7% NaCl) as isotonic solution. In tests using dimethylsulfoxide life activity of sex cells was 2 times lower than in tests with glycerol: 78 and 186.2 s at the end of equilibration and 52.3 and 128.9 s after thawing. Sperm showed maximum activity under 5% glycerol concentration during equilibration - 15 min. Concentration of 3% was insufficient, concentration of 10% was excessive, as it suppressed activity of sperm. Egg yolk which coagulated together with glycerol, making difficulty for observing, had to be excluded from the composition of cryoprotectant.

Effect of Nanoparticle Phosphate Rock and Phosphate Solubilizing Fungi on Soil P-Potential, P-Retention, Organic Carbon and Base Saturation on Cilembu’s Inceptisols

2021 ◽  
Vol 1044 ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
Muhammad Amir Solihin ◽  
Pujawati Suryatmana ◽  
Fajri Syahid Nurhakim ◽  
Rina Devnita ◽  
Mahfud Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Base Saturation ◽  
Organic P ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing ◽  
P Retention

Intensive agricultural cultivation on Cilembu’s Inceptisols has become several soil properties problem for crop production. Nanoparticle phosphate rock and phosphate solubilizing fungi have ability to increase some soil properties content. The research aimed to observe the effect of nanoparticle phosphate rock and phosphate solubilizing fungi on soil P-potential, P-retention, C-organic and base saturation on Cilembu’s Inceptisols. The experiment arranged in Completely Randomized Design. The nanoparticle phosphate rock consisted of 4 levels. The phosphate solubilizing fungi consisted of 2 levels, and 2 replication. Soil P-Potential, P-Retention, C-organic, and Base Saturation were observed. The factors was observed after one month incubation on soil. Results showed that there were an interaction between nanoparticle phosphate rock and phosphate solubilizing fungi on the C-organic after one month incubation. Nanoparticle phosphate rock had affected on C-organic, P-potential and base saturation significantly, but had not affected on P-retention. Utilization of phosphate solubilizing fungi as soil ameliorant had affected significantly on P-potential and C-organic, but had not affected on P-retention and base saturation. Nanoparticle phosphate rock with a dose of 6% had the best effect on increase P-potential and base saturation

Effect of P-buffer capacity and P-retention index of soils on soil test-P, soil test P-calibrations and yield response curvature

Soil Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland ◽  
IR Wilson ◽  
DG Allen
Keyword(s):  
Retention Index ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Sorption Method ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
P Retention

Twenty-three virgin Western Australian soils of different buffer capacities (BC) for phosphorus (P) were collected. The effects of BC on the relationships between Colwell soil test P and the level of P applied, yield and soil test P, and yield and the level of P applied were studied. Wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Reeves), grown for 27 days in a glasshouse, was used. Two methods of measuring P sorption of soils, P buffer capacity (PBC) and P retention index (PRI), were used. The PBC is determined from a multi-point sorption curve. The PRI is a new, diagnostic, one-point, sorption method now widely used for commercial soil P testing in Western Australia. Both PBC and PRI produced similar results. The relationship between soil test P and the level of P applied was adequately described by a linear equation. When the slope coefficient of the linear equations was related to PBC or PRI, there was no relationship. The other two relationships were adequately described by a Mitscherlich equation. When the curvature coefficient of the Mitscherlich equation was related to PBC or PRI, the trend was for the value of the coefficient to decrease with increasing PBC or PRI. Consequently, as the capacity of the soil to sorb P increased the trend was for larger soil test P or higher levels of P application to produce the same yield.

Survival and biomass of exotic earthworms, Aporrectodea spp. (Lumbricidae), when introduced to pastures in south-eastern Australia

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Baker ◽  
P. J. Carter ◽  
V. J. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Soil P ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Inoculation Density ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Exotic Earthworms ◽  
Soil Clay Content ◽  
South Eastern Australia

The earthworm fauna of pastures in south-eastern Australia is dominated by exotic lumbricid earthworms, in particular the endogeic species, Aporrectodea caliginosa and A. trapezoides. Anecic species such as A. longa are very rare. All 3 species were introduced within cages in 10 pastures on a range of soil types within the region. Five months later, A. longa had generally survived the best and A. trapezoides the worst. The survivals and weights of individual worms varied between sites for all 3 species. The survivals of A. caliginosa and A. longa, and to a lesser extent A. trapezoides, were positively correlated with soil clay content. The weights of A. caliginosa and A. longa, but not A. trapezoides, were positively correlated with soil P content. The survivals and weights of A. longa and A. trapezoides and the weights only of A. caliginosa decreased with increasing inoculation density, suggesting increased intraspecific competition for resources, particularly in the first two species. A. longa reduced the abundance and biomass of the exotic acanthodrilid earthworm, Microscolex dubius, at one site, and the total biomass of 3 native megascolecid species at another, when these latter species occurred as contaminants in A. longa cages. The addition of lime had no effect on the survivals and weights of A. caliginosa, A. longa, and A. trapezoides, although the soils were acid at the sites tested. The addition of sheep dung increased the survival and weights of some species at some sites. Mechanical disturbance of the soil within cages reduced the survivals of A. longa and A. trapezoides. A. longa was released without being caged at 25 sites within one pasture in South Australia. Four years later, it was recovered at all release points. A. longa has the potential to colonise pastures widely throughout the higher rainfall regions of south-eastern Australia.

Response of field-grown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to phosphorus fertilisation on alkaline soils in eastern Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 913 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Dorahy ◽  
I. J. Rochester ◽  
G. J. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Critical Limit ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
P Application ◽  
Fertiliser Application

Abstract. Seventeen field experiments were conducted on alkaline soils in eastern Australia between 1997 and 2000 to evaluate irrigated cotton response to phosphorus (P) fertilisation. Only 3 experiments demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) increases in crop P uptake or lint yield with P application. Comparison of several soil P tests revealed that Colwell (bicarbonate) P provided the best correlation with P uptake at early flowering and lint yield. Soil P may limit cotton growth where Colwell-P concentrations are <6 mg/kg. Soil P concentrations at most of the sites were well above this critical limit, so P fertiliser application was not required. Average P uptake at physiological cut-out and P removal in seed cotton was 21 and 15 kg P/ha, respectively. Apparent P fertiliser recovery was variable (0–67%) and may have contributed to the lack of response that was observed in 14 out of the 17 experiments. It is recommended that at least 40 kg P/ha be applied to soils with Colwell-P concentrations <6 mg/kg to increase soil P reserves. Application rates of at least 20 kg P/ha are recommended where Colwell-P falls between 6 and 12 mg/kg to maintain soil P fertility.

Combining DLS, XRD, SEM-EDAX and EXAFS in the study of Zn(II) retention on a palygorskitic clay

Clay Minerals ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212
Author(s):  
C. Aisa ◽  
R. A. Alvarez-Puebla ◽  
J. Blasco ◽  
J. C. Echeverría ◽  
J. J. Garrido
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Sorption Isotherms ◽  
Precipitation Process ◽  
Clay Material ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Surface Precipitation ◽  
Clay System ◽  
Complementary Techniques

AbstractClay materials play a key role in determining the retention capacity of a soil, and are widely used in waste treatments. One of the most commonly used clays is palygorskite. The aim of this research is to determine the chemical species formed by Zn when retained in a palygorskitic clay material. Adsorption isotherm analysis is useful in studying the retention process, because it provides a macroscopic view of the retention phenomena. Complementary techniques are needed in order to study the different retention processes. Sorption isotherms of Zn on palygorskitic clay were carried out; the supernatant was analysed by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and the residues by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive angle X-ray (SEM-EDAX)analysis and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). Isotherm analysis shows that the global retention process could be due to the sum of two separate processes, adsorption and surface precipitation via solid-solution. This is supported by DLS, which shows that ζ potential increases as the Zn(II) is retained onto clay surfaces but remains constant during the precipitation process. The XRD pattern corresponding to the Zn-clay system showed weak new peaks, probably from zincite. The microanalysis by X-ray fluorescence of several spots selected for their different electronic densities indicated that the retained Zn was randomly distributed across the clay surface. Analysis by EXAFS supports the hypothesis of retention via adsorption and solid-solution surface precipitation.

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