Factors Affecting the Distribution and Abundance of Microlaena Stipoides (Labill.) R.br. On the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales.

1994 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
DB Magcale-Macandog ◽  
RDB Whalley
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The North ◽  
Microlaena Stipoides

The distribution of Microlaena stipoides on the Northern Tablelands of NSW was examined in a survey of 101 paddocks on 33 properties. Relationships among the abundance of M. stipoides and spatial, climatic, soil and pasture management factors were determined using X2, regression and cluster analyses. Paddocks with more abundant M. stipoides were observed in the eastern and southern parts of the Tablelands where altitude (>750 m) and rainfall (>750 mm) are higher. Higher tree density was associated with more abundant M, stipoides as were native and natural compared with highly improved pastures. Frequent cultivation (regular and intermittent) was associated with absence or very low abundance of M. stipoides. On the other hand, paddocks which had not been cultivated for along time tended to have more M. stipoides than those that had been cultivated in the last five years. Total amount of superphosphate applied, type of grazing animal and grazing method were not associated with the abundance of M. stipoides. Acidic soils had more M, stipoides than soils of higher pH (up to 6.5). Combinations of site factors such as high elevation and rainfall, high tree density, minimum soil disturbance and acidic soil lead to abundant M. stipoides in pastures. Pasture communities in the north and west of the study area had a greater abundance of native warm season perennial grasses and less M. stipoides.

Establishment of Warm- and Cool-Season Native Perennial Grasses on the North-West Slopes of New South Wales. Ii. Establishment and Seedling Survival in the Field

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Lodge
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Native Pastures

Emergence and survival of the seedlings of warm-season native perennial grasses Aristida ramosa R.Br., Bothriochloa macra (Steud.) S . T. Blake, Dichanthium sericeum (R.Br.) Camus, Sporobolus elongatus R.Br., Eragvostis leptostachya Steud. and Chloris truncata R.Br. and the cool-season species Stipa variabilis Hughes and Danthonia linkii Kunth were studied in both native pastures and sown monospecific plots on the north- west slopes of New South Wales. The most favourable period for the successful emergence and establishment of warm-season grasses was from mid summer to early autumn. Cool-season native perennial grasses established best from seedlings that appeared from mid autumn to late winter. Few seedlings were observed to germinate in spring, probably as a result of large variations in temperature, low minimum temperatures or intra and interspecific competition. Seedlings growing in native pasture spent long periods in the vegetative phase compared to the early flowering of seedlings in the sown plots. In the pasture studied only two seedlings flowered over 700 days after emergence, and many others after persisting for up to 2 years died without producing seed. These findings indicate that the seedlings in these native pastures were under considerable stress and that the adult populations of the species examined were relatively stable and little recruitment occurred.

Establishment of Warm- and Cool-Season Native Perennial Grasses on the North-West Slopes of New South Wales. I. Dormancy and Germination

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Lodge ◽  
RDB Whalley
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
High Germination ◽  
Ecological Implications

The dormancy and germination of two groups of native perennial grasses were investigated in caryopses or dispersal units. The species were the warm-season native perennial grasses Aristida ramosa R.Br., Bothriochloa macra (Steud.) S. T . Blake. Dichanthium sericeum (R.Br.) Camus, Sporobolus elongatus R.Br., Eragrostis leptostachya Steud., Chloris truncata R.Br. and the cool-season species Stipa variabilis Hughes and Danthonia linkii Kunth. Optimum temperatures for germination were 20-35°C for A . ramosa; 15-35° for D. sericeum and C. Truncata; 20-25° for E. leptostachya; 20-30° for B. macra and S. elongatus and 15-25° for D. linkii and S . Variabilis. At 1O° and 40° D. linkii and A. ramosa respectively were the only species that had high germination percentages. Removal of the lemma and palea from freshly harvested units of A. ramosa, B. macra, D. sericeum, C. Truncata and S. variabilis significantly increased germination. In units stored at 12-27°C there was a breakdown in dormancy after 2-3 months in A. ramosa and B. macra and after 9 months in S. elongatus. In the germination of D. sericeum and D. linkii the lemma and palea appeared to have a long-term inhibitory role. Twenty-week-old whole dispersal units of B. macra, S. elongatus and E. leptostachya and 40-week-old units of S. elongatus and E. leptostachya had an obligate light requirement for germination. The ecological implications of these data in the successful germination of natural seed falls and artificial seedings are discussed.

Seasonal variations in the herbage mass, crude protein and in-vitro digestibility of native perennial grasses on the north-west slopes of New South Wales.

1983 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Lodge ◽  
RDB Whalley
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Green Leaf ◽  
Dead Leaf ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Seasonal variations in herbage mass, crude protein content and in-vitro organic matter digestibility of both the warm-season (summer-growing) native perennial grasses, Aristida mrnosa R.Br., Bothriochloa macra (Steud) S.T. Blake, Dichanthium sericeum R.Br. (Camus), Sporobolus elongatus RBI., Chloris truncata R.Br. and Eragrostis leptostachya Steud, and the year-long-green perennial grasses Stipa variabilis Hughes and Danthonia linkii Kunth were investigated at three sites on the North-West Slopes of New South Wales. These preliminary data were used to assess the relative grazing value of the dominant grasses in the region, although these initial rankings can only be confirmed by diet selection and animal production studies. The eight grasses tested were classified into three groups with respect to their green leaf mass per unit basal area throughout the year: (i) Aristida ramosa, Bothriochloa macra, Dichanthium sericeum and Sporobolus elongatus had low amounts of green leaf in winter and their green leaf mass in summer was related to rainfall. (ii) Chloris truncata and Eragrostis leptostachya showed considerably less seasonal variation in the amount of green leaf and had a higher percentage of green leaf than (i). (iii) Stipa variabilis and Danthonia linkii had the lowest variation in green leaf, and in winter and spring they generally had higher green leaf masses than the other groups. Among the warm-season and year-long-green grasses the green leaf crude protein content varied between 5 and 15% throughout summer and autumn and from 6 to 17% in winter and spring. In all seasons dead leaf crude protein contents were around 5% and dead stem crude protein contents were consistently less than 6%. Irrespective of species the digestibilities of the green leaf portions were higher in spring and summer (60 to 80%) than in autumn and winter (50 to 60%). At each of the ~ites the digestibility ofDanthonia linkii green leaf material was generally higher than 60% in all seasons, but that ofStipa variabilis green leaf was always less than 60%. Estimates of green stem digestibility ranged from as low as 25% for Avistida ramosa in autumn to around 60% for most other species in spring. Digestibilities of dead leaf ranged from 30 to 55%, those of dead stem ranged from 20 to 40%. These results indicate that Danthonia linkii is potentially valuable for grazing and that Aristida ramosa is an undesirable pasture species. Of the other grasses tested Chloris truncata and Eragrostis leptostachya may produce some green forage in autumn and winter but at these times the green forage production of Aristida ramosa, Bothriochloa macra, Dichanthium sericeum and Sporobolus elon- gatus is limited by low temperatures.

scholarly journals Nitrogen use and farm performance on Wairarapa sheep and beef farms

1993 ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
J.D. Morton ◽  
C.J. Korte ◽  
D.R. Smith ◽  
B.D. Watt ◽  
R.G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Annual Legumes ◽  
The North ◽  
Winter Grazing ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
North And South ◽  
N Use

Seventy-eight sheep and beef farms on the east coast of the North and South Islands were surveyed in August/September 1991 on the use and benefits of nitrogen (N) fertiliser. The survey covered the years 1987/88-1990/91 and included 16 sheep and beef farms in Wairarapa. Farms with high N use (>5 kg/ha/year on average over the whole farm area in pasture and crop) received 20 (Wairarapa) or 28 (other east coast regions) kgN/ ha/year on 83 or 53% of the farm area respectively. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) was the major form of N used in Wairarapa. Urea and DAP/ammonium sulphate mixes were the major forms used in other east coast regions. Most of the N was applied from May to August in all regions. High use of DAP in Wairarapa was associated with higher rates of phosphorus but lower rates of sulphur applied compared with other regions. Survey farmers identified feed demand as the major factor influencing amount of N applied and the timing of application. Soil moisture and temperature at application were ranked as the major factors affecting the response to N. Benefits of N were listed as lower susceptibility to drought, higher calf weaning weights, longer winter grazing rotation and greater pasture cover at lambing. Over the whole survey, N use was associated with significantly higher animal and financial performance. N use on easy land on the North Island survey farms was associated with a significantly lower presence of browntop, other perennial grasses (mainly Yorkshire fog and crested dogstail), white clover, annual legumes (mainly suckling and cluster clover) and flatweeds. On steep hills, N use was associated with a significantly lower presence of other perennial grasses and annual legumes. Keywords: animal performance, financial performance, nitrogen fertiliser, pasture species, sheep and beef farms

Addressing on-farm management to enhance pasture productivity and persistence

2013 ◽  
pp. 241-244
Author(s):  
W.N. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Operating Profit ◽  
The North ◽  
The Cost ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Attention To Detail

Following the 2007/08 drought, we experienced poor pasture production and persistence on our dairy farm in north Waikato, leading to decreased milksolids production and a greater reliance on bought-in feed. It is estimated that the cost of this to our farming operation was about $1300 per hectare per year in lost operating profit. While climate and black beetle were factors, they did not explain everything, and other factors were also involved. In the last 3 years we have changed our management strategies to better withstand dry summers, the catalyst for which was becoming the DairyNZ Pasture Improvement Focus Farm for the north Waikato. The major changes we made were to reduce stocking rate, actively manage pastures in summer to reduce over-grazing, and pay more attention to detail in our pasture renewal programme. To date the result has been a reduced need for pasture renewal, a lift in whole farm performance and increased profitability. Keywords: Focus farm, over-grazing, pasture management, pasture persistence, profitability

scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Characteristics and Obstacle Factors of the Urban-Rural Integration of China’s Shrinking Cities in the Context of Sustainable Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4203
Author(s):  
Bin Du ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Jiaxin He ◽  
Wai Li ◽  
Xiaohong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Shrinking Cities ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
The North ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Based on the fundamental concept of sustainable development, this study empirically analyzes the spatio-temporal characteristics, formation mechanisms and obstacle factors of the urban-rural integration of shrinking cities in China, from 2008 to 2018. The conclusions are as follows: the overall level of the urban-rural integration of shrinking cities in China is low; the internal differences of urban-rural integration are also small, and the changes are slow. Next, the space difference is high in the east and low in the west, high in the south and low in the north. Moreover, differences exist among different levels of urban agglomerations. Urban economic efficiency, urban resources and environment, urban social equity and rural economic efficiency are the main factors affecting the urban-rural integration of shrinking cities in China. Urban and rural economic efficiency are the two most prominent shortcomings that restrict the urban-rural integration of shrinking cities. The spatial resistance mode of each city is more than the two-system resistance; the main resistance of shrinking cities with a higher level of urban-rural integration also comes from the non-economic field. This study expands the research scope that up till now has ignored the discussion of urban-rural issues in the research of shrinking cities at home and abroad, and provides practical guidance for the sustainable development of shrinking cities in China.

scholarly journals Diet composition and feeding habits of the eyespot skate, Atlantoraja cyclophora (Elasmobranchii: Arhynchobatidae), off Uruguay and northern Argentina

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago A. Barbini ◽  
Luis O. Lucifora
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Prey Size ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
The North ◽  
Multiple Hypothesis ◽  
Modelling Approach

ABSTRACT The eyespot skate, Atlantoraja cyclophora, is an endemic species from the southwestern Atlantic, occurring from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to northern Patagonia, Argentina. The feeding habits of this species, from off Uruguay and north Argentina, were evaluated using a multiple hypothesis modelling approach. In general, the diet was composed mainly of decapod crustaceans, followed by teleost fishes. Molluscs, mysidaceans, amphipods, isopods, lancelets and elasmobranchs were consumed in lower proportion. The consumption of shrimps drecreased with increasing body size of A. cyclophora. On the other hand, the consumption of teleosts increased with body size. Mature individuals preyed more heavily on crabs than immature individuals. Teleosts were consumed more in the south region (34º - 38ºS) and crabs in the north region (38º - 41ºS). Shrimps were eaten more in the warm season than in the cold season. Prey size increased with increasing body size of A. cyclophora , but large individuals also consumed small teleosts and crabs. Atlantoraja cyclophora has demersal-benthic feeding habits, shifts its diet with increasing body size and in response to seasonal and regional changes in prey availability and distribution.

Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Saugers in Small, High-Elevation Rivers near the Western Edge of the Species' Natural Distribution

2005 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig J. Amadio ◽  
Wayne A. Hubert ◽  
Kevin Johnson ◽  
Dennis Oberlie ◽  
David Dufek
Keyword(s):  
High Elevation ◽  
Natural Distribution ◽  
Factors Affecting

Landscape development in western and central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 302-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens-Ove Näslund
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Continental Margins ◽  
Landscape Development ◽  
Ice Streams ◽  
The North ◽  
Ice Stream ◽  
Dronning Maud Land ◽  
Break Up

Large-scale bedrock morphology and relief of two key areas, the Jutulsessen Nunatak and the Jutulstraumen ice stream are used to discuss glascial history and landscape development in western and central Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Two main landform components were identified: well-defined summit plateau surfaces and a typical alpine glacial landscape. The flat, high-elevation plateau surfaces previously were part of one or several continuous regional planation surfaces. In western Dronning Maud Land, overlying cover rocks of late Palaeozoic age show that the planation surface(s) existed in the early Permian, prior to the break-up of Gondwana. A well-develoment escarpment, a mega landform typical for passive continental margins, bounds the palaeosurface remnants to the north for a distance of at least 700 km. The Cenozoic glacial landscape, incised in the palaeosurface and escarpment, is exemplified by Jutulsessen Nunatak, where a c. 1.2 km deep glacial valley system is developed. However, the prominent Penck-Jutul Trough represents some of the deepest dissection of the palaeosurface. This originally tectonic feature is today occupied by the Jutulstraumen ice stream. New topographic data show that the bed of the Penck-Jutul Trough is situated 1.9±1.1 km below sea level, and that the total landscape relief is at least 4.2 km. Today's relief is a result of several processes, including tectonic faulting, subaerial weathering, fluvial erosion, and glacial erosion. It is probable that erosion by ice streams has deepened the tectonic troughs of Dronning Maud Land since the onset of ice sheet glaciation in the Oligocene, and continues today. An attempt is made to identify major events in the long-term landscape development of Dronning Maud Land, since the break-up of the Gondwana continent.

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