The nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of some pasture species in the Dichanthium-Eulalia Grasslands of North-West Queensland.

1981 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJ Hall
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
North West ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Mean

The nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of tops of the most common species at one site on the Dichanthium fecundum. Eulalla fulva grasslands of north-west Queensland were determined. The eight major grasses were sampled between 13 and 16 times over three consecutive dry seasons and three times during the growing season. Selected minor grasses and forbs were sampled on 30 occasions in both seasons over six years. Chrysopogon fallax and Iseilema spp. declined in phosphorus concentration during the dry season while the other major grasses remained constant. The nitrogen concentration of these two grasses and of Astrebla elymoides, A. squarrosa, D. fecundum and Sorghum australiense declined while that of E. fulra and Aristida latifolia was constant during the dry season. Both species of Astrebla had the highest concentrations of the two nutrients. The minor gasses had highest nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in December at the start of the wet season and rapid declines in both nutrients occurred by March. These species were not intensively sampled during the dry season. The forbs had higher nutriant concentrations than grasses. The mean phosphorus concentration of major grasses in the dry season was highest (0.095%) in 1973 and lowest (0.065%) in 1974 following an abnormally wet summer. There was no difference in mean nitrogen concentration between years. It was 0.61% for the three dry seasons combined. The implications of these data for animal production are discussed.

scholarly journals Diversity of ichthyofauna of Feni and Muhuri rivers, Feni, Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-60
Author(s):  
Sumana Yeasmin ◽  
Gulshan Ara Latifa ◽  
Gawsia Wahidunnessa Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Species Evenness ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Data Deficient ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Diversity of ichthyofauna of Feni and Muhuri rivers was studied from April, 2015 to March 2016. The selected rivers were surveyed to cover the wet season (April 2015-September 2015) and the dry season (October 2015-March 2016). A total of 65 freshwater fish species belonging to 11 orders, 29 families were recorded from the two rivers. Of the 65 species, 12 species were threatened, and one species was identified as data deficient according to IUCN Bangladesh. Perciformes was recorded as most dominating order (19 species, among the 54 species recorded) in Feni river, whereas the Cypriniformes was recorded as the dominating order (17 species among the 42 species recorded from this river) in Muhuri river. Corica soborna was the most common species with the highest number of individuals in comparison to other fish species recorded from two rivers in both wet and dry seasons. Calculating the Shannon-Weiner and Simpson’s indices of diversity and species evenness, highest number of species and individuals were found in the wet season while minimum in the dry season from both the rivers.Bangladesh J. Zool. 45(1): 47-60, 2017

scholarly journals Overview: Precipitation Characteristics and Sensitivities to the Environmental Conditions during GoAmazon2014/5 and ACRIDICON-CHUVA

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz A. T. Machado ◽  
Alan J. P. Calheiros ◽  
Thiago Biscaro ◽  
Scott Giangrande ◽  
Maria A. F. Silva Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Rain Rate ◽  
Vertical Motion ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Abstract. Abstract. This is study provides an overview of precipitation processes and their sensitivities to environmental conditions, in the Central Amazon Basin, during the GoAmazon2014/5 and ACRIDICON-CHUVA experiments. Taking advantage of the numerous measuring platforms and instruments systems operating during both campaigns sampling cloud structure and environmental conditions during 2014 and 2015, the rainfall variability among seasons, aerosol loading, land surface type, and topography have carefully been characterized. Differences between the wet and dry seasons were examined from a variety of different perspectives. The rain rate distribution, the total amount of rainfall, and the raindrop size distribution (the mean mass-weighted diameter) were quantified for the two seasons. The dry season has a higher average rain rate than the wet season and reflects more intense rain. While the cumulative wet season rainfall amount was four times larger than the total dry season rainfall, reflecting in large total rainfall accumulation. The typical size and life cycle of the Amazon cloud clusters (observed by satellite) and rain cells (observed by radar) were examined, as well their differences among the seasons. Moreover, we analyse the monthly mean thermodynamical and dynamical variables, measured by radiosondes to elucidate the differences in rainfall characteristics during the wet and dry seasons. The sensitivity of rainfall to the atmospheric aerosol loading is discussed with regard to the mean mass-weighted diameter and rain rate. This topic was evaluated during the wet season only due to the insignificant statistics of rainfall events for different ranges of aerosol loadings and the low frequency of precipitation events during the dry season. The aerosol impacts on the cloud droplet diameter is different for small and large drops. For the wet season, we observe no dependence on land surface type on the rain rate. However, during the dry season, urban areas exhibit the largest rain rate tail distribution, and deforested regions have the lowest mean rain rate. Airplane measurements were performed to characterize and contrast cloud microphysical properties and processes over forested and deforested regions. The vertical motion turned out to be uncorrelated with cloud droplet sizes, but the cloud droplets number concentration revealed a linear relationship to the vertical motion. Clouds over forest exhibit larger droplets than clouds over pastures at all cloud levels. Finally, the connections between topography and rain rate were evaluated, showing a higher rain rate over higher elevations for the dry season.

scholarly journals Application of Assessment Models for Health Risk and Pollution From Surface Water From Okumpi River in Nwangele, Imo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ihenetu chukwuemeka Stanley ◽  
Njoku Obinna ◽  
Ibe Chizoruo
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Abstract The study targets at examining the pollution assessment and environmental health effects of surface water from Okumpi River. Ten surface water samples were collected randomly both in wet and dry seasons within the river that was assessed. The models used for assessment include contamination factor (Cf), pollution load index (PLI), water quality index, dermal and absorption exposure dose, hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR). The mean and standard deviation pH value in the present study during the wet and dry seasons varied from 6.21±0.22 - 5.75±0.41. The mean and standard deviation EC in the current study ranges between 219.15±12.20 - 193.30±14.81 μS/cm for wet and dry seasons which are found to be in line with the WHO standard used. The mean and standard deviation of DO for this study during the wet and dry seasons were found to be 10.03±0.58 - 6.47±0.41 (mg/L). TDS for wet and dry seasons ranges from 374.79±5.33 - 121.65±6.33 mg/L. The colour of the water samples at both seasons were lower than the permissible limit 9.60±0.89 - 11.20±3.11 PCU against 15 PCU used as the standard. The nitrate [9.05±1.08 - 8.09±1.57], sulphate [3.91±0.51 - 3.73±0.46] and phosphate [82.78±3.86 - 81.76±3.32] in this present study for wet and dry season were all found to be below the standard of WHO for safe drinking water. Among all the heavy metals studied, Iron [1.28±0.01 - 0.37±0.01 (mg/L)] and Nickel [0.98±0.04 - 1.03±0.04 (mg/L)] were found more in the study in wet and dry seasons while cadmium was not detected in both seasons. Nickel showed high contamination factor of 48.24 – 42.40 in wet and dry season while cupper showed the least contamination factor of 0.012 – 0.008 in wet and dry season. The study has revealed that the surface water is not suitable for drinking purposes as seen by the high water quality index which the calculated value gave 1205.56-1236.26 for wet season and dry season which is > 300. The Hazard quotient via ingestion and Hazard quotient via dermal has a reduction in the order of lead > nickel > iron > manganese > copper > zinc and lead > zinc > nickel > copper > iron > manganese > cadmium, in cooperation in children and adults in wet season, correspondingly. The Hazard quotient via ingestion and Hazard quotient via dermal has a decrease in the following order of nickel > lead > manganese > copper > iron > zinc and lead >zinc > nickel > copper > manganese > iron > for both children and adults in dry season, respectively. Lead possess carcinogenic risk for the inhabitants of this area due to the value of the carcinogenic risk n wet season of 4.05E-4 in adult and 1.55E-3 in children, in dry season of 2.57E-4 in adult and 9.88E-4 in children, against the standard set by the USEPA of 10-6 – 10-4. The water pollution monitoring agency of this area should regularly check the water quality assessment of this river and should suggest treatment through filtration, boiling and the use of additives in order to reduce the risk of water related problems.

scholarly journals HEAVY METALS ANALYSIS OF MAI-ALLO POND IN GWALE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KANO STATE, NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
M. M. Karaye ◽  
H. A. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
A Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Study of Seven heavy metals namely, Zinc, Lead, Copper, Cadmium, Manganese, Chromium and Nickel was conducted in Mai-Allo pond, Gwale, Kano State in order to assess the concentration of the heavy metals in the pond. The results of the heavy metals showed that Zn has a value of 0.34±0.17 mg-l in the wet season and 0.49±0.37 mg-l in the dry season, Cu has a value of 1.42±0.14 mg-l in the wet season and 0.64±0.09 mg-l in the dry season, and Ni also has 0.12±0.02 mg-l in the wet season and 0.23±0.13 mg-l in the dry season, all these were within acceptable limits, while Pb with a value of 0.05±0.02 mg-l was within the limits during the wet season but during the dry season, the value 0.14±0.09mg-l exceeds the limits. Cd has a value of 0.06±0.01 in the wet season and 0.17±0.12 in the dry season, Cr has 0.36±0.12 in the wet season and 0.04±0.07 in the dry season, and Mn also has values of 0.46±0.12 and 0.22±0.03 in the wet and dry seasons respectively. Hence there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the mean values of the sampling stations of the heavy metals during the wet and dry seasons. The study showed that the pond water was polluted with some heavy metals and hence measures must be taken to ensure the safety of the aquatic ecosystem, humans and the environment.

Effects of moisture supply in the dry season and subsequent defoliation on persistence of the savanna grasses Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus and Panicum maximum

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Mott ◽  
MM Ludlow ◽  
JH Richards ◽  
AD Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Themeda Triandra ◽  
Heteropogon Contortus ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Sheath Material

The close correlation between grazing-induced mortality and major climatic patterns in Australian savannas, led us to the hypothesis that moisture conditions during the dry, non-growing season could affect sensitivity to grazing in the subsequent growing season. Using three widespread savanna species (Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus and Panicum maximum), this hypothesis was tested experimentally and the mechanisms controlling this response examined and quantified. In T. triandra drought during the dry season led to major mortality in defoliated plants in the next growing season. This mortality was caused by a synchrony of tillering at the commencement of the wet season, leaving few buds for replacement once parent tillers were killed by defoliation. T. triandra was also the most sensitive species to defoliation. This sensitivity was due to the poor ability of the plant to maintain positive carbon gain after defoliation. Several factors contributed to this poor ability, including: low total photosynthetic rate, low specific leaf area, and a large proportion of sheath material with poor photosynthetic capacity remaining after cutting. Both H. contortus and P. maximum growing under irrigated and fertilized conditions did not display any effects of previous moisture treatments when defoliated during the next wet season and were much less sensitive to defoliation than T. triandra.

scholarly journals Fruiting phenology and consumption by birds in Ficus calyptroceras (Miq.) Miq. (Moraceae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. RAGUSA-NETTO
Keyword(s):  
Food Resource ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Frugivorous Birds ◽  
Fruiting Phenology ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Seed Dispersers ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Figs are a remarkable food resource to frugivores, mainly in periods of general fruit scarcity. Ficus calyptroceras Miq. (Moraceae) is the only fig species in a type of dry forest in western Brazil. In this study I examined the fruiting pattern as well as fig consumption by birds in F. calyptroceras. Although rainfall was highly seasonal, fruiting was aseasonal, since the monthly proportion of fruiting trees ranged from 4% to 14% (N = 50 trees). I recorded 22 bird species feeding on figs. In the wet season 20 bird species ate figs, while in the dry season 13 did. Parrots were the most important consumers. This group removed 72% and 40% of the figs consumed in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. No bird species increases fig consumption from dry to wet season. However, a group of bird species assumed as seed dispersers largely increases fig consumption from wet to dry season, suggesting the importance of this resource in the period of fruit scarcity. The results of this study points out the remarkable role that F. calyptroceras plays to frugivorous birds, in such a dry forest, since its fruits were widely consumed and were available all year round.

Effects of Phosphorus and Carbofuran on the Growth and Nitrogen Fixation of Azolla pinnata and the Yield of Rice

1988 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Singh ◽  
P. K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Azolla Pinnata ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Nitrogen Yield ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Dry Seasons

SUMMARYThe effects of phosphorus fertilizer and the insecticide carbofuran on the growth and N2-fixation of Azolla pinnata and on the growth, grain yield and nitrogen uptake of intercropped rice were examined in a wet and a dry season. Treatment with phosphorus or carbofuran increased the biomass of Azolla and the amount of nitrogen fixed (nitrogen yield) in both seasons, but the response was much better in the dry season. Azolla inoculation at 1.0 t ha−1 resulted in a greater bio mass and nitrogen yield than inoculation at 0.5 t ha−1. In the dry season, a combination of phosphorus and carbofuran enhanced the growth and N2-fixation of Azolla more than either treatment alone. Carbofuran treatment slowed the rate of decomposition of Azolla, particularly in the dry season. The plant height, leaf area index and dry matter production of rice at flowering time were increased in the plots treated with phosphorus or carbofuran in the wet season and these treatments increased rice grain yield and nitrogen uptake in both the wet and dry seasons.

scholarly journals The economics of phosphorus supplementation of beef cattle grazing northern Australian rangelands

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 683
Author(s):  
M. K. Bowen ◽  
F. Chudleigh ◽  
R. M. Dixon ◽  
M. T. Sullivan ◽  
T. Schatz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Cattle Herd ◽  
Annual Business ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Business Profit ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Land Types

Context Phosphorus (P) deficiency occurs in beef cattle grazing many rangeland regions with low-P soils, including in northern Australia, and may severely reduce cattle productivity in terms of growth, reproductive efficiency and mortality. However, adoption of effective P supplementation by cattle producers in northern Australia is low. This is likely to be due to lack of information and understanding of the profitability of P supplementation where cattle are P-deficient. Aims The profitability of P supplementation was evaluated for two dissimilar regions of northern Australia, namely (1) the Katherine region of the Northern Territory, and (2) the Fitzroy Natural Resource Management (NRM) region of central Queensland. Methods Property-level, regionally relevant herd models were used to determine whole-of-business productivity and profitability over 30 years. The estimated costs and benefits of P supplementation were obtained from collation of experimental data and expert opinion of persons with extensive experience of the industry. The economic consequences of P supplementation at the property level were assessed by comparison of base production without P supplementation with the expected production of P-supplemented herds, and included the implementation phase and changes over time in herd structure. In the Katherine region, it was assumed that the entire cattle herd (breeders and growing cattle) grazed acutely P-deficient land types and the consequences of (1) no P supplementation, or P supplementation during (2) the dry season, or (3) both the wet and dry seasons (i.e. 3 scenarios) were evaluated. In the Fitzroy NRM region, it was assumed that only the breeders grazed P-deficient land types with three categories of P deficiency (marginal, deficient and acutely deficient), each with either (1) no P supplementation, or P supplementation during (2) the wet season, (3) the dry season, or (4) both the wet and dry seasons (i.e. 12 scenarios). Key results In the Katherine region, year-round P supplementation of the entire cattle herd (7400 adult equivalents) grazing acutely P-deficient pasture resulted in a large increase in annual business profit (+AU$500000). Supplementing with P (and N) only in the dry season increased annual business profit by +AU$200000. In the Fitzroy NRM region, P supplementation during any season of the breeder herd grazing deficient or acutely P-deficient pastures increased profit by +AU$2400–AU$45000/annum (total cattle herd 1500 adult equivalents). Importantly, P supplementation during the wet season-only resulted in the greatest increases in profit within each category of P deficiency, comprising +AU$5600, AU$6300 and AU$45000 additional profit per annum for marginal, deficient and acutely P-deficient herds respectively. Conclusions The large economic benefits of P supplementation for northern beef enterprises estimated in the present study substantiate the current industry recommendation that effective P supplementation is highly profitable when cattle are grazing P-deficient land types. Implications The contradiction of large economic benefits of P supplementation and the generally low adoption rates by the cattle industry in northern Australia suggests a need for targeted research and extension to identify the specific constraints to adoption, including potential high initial capital costs.

scholarly journals Investigation of Heavy Metals Level in selected Boreholes around the Vicinity of some Cemeteries in Benin City, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 841-845
Author(s):  
C.A.E. Ibhadode ◽  
I.R. Ilaboya
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Benin City ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Groundwater pollution by heavy metals such as lead, copper, nickel and iron is one of the major environmental issues of concern which has developed into a widely studied area. In this study, attempt was made to investigate the level of heavy metals in selected boreholes around the vicinity of cemeteries in Benin City. Seventy-two (72) samples of groundwater were taken from boreholes in 9 stations around the three cemeteries in Benin City on monthly basis. The samples were analysed for 7 heavy metals, in accordance with standard procedures. The heavy metals include; Zinc, Lead Iron, Copper, Cadmium, Nickel and Mercury. From the results of the study, a variation in the mean concentration of zinc was observed. The mean concentration of zinc in site 1 was 0.450mg/l, for site 2, it was 0.140mg/l and for site 3, it was 1.0533mg/l. For iron, mean concentration was 0.072mg/l in site 1. For site 2, mean concentration of iron was 2.140mg/l and for site 3, mean concentration of iron was 0.560mg/l. It was further revealed based on the results that mean value of heavy metals in groundwater around cemeteries in Benin City were generally lower during dry season compared to wet season. In addition, result of computed pollution index (Pi) revealed that the heavy metal with the highest potential to pollute groundwater is Cadmium, with Pi of 0.5333 and 0.400 representing dry season and wet season respectively.

Effects of seasonal variation and locations on microbial load in sediment and water of a polluted ecosystem

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-105
Author(s):  
A.N. Okereke ◽  
J.C. Ike-Obasi
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Microbial Load ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Total Fungi ◽  
Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria

Seasonal effects on microbial load of sediment and water at different locations along Bonny Estuary of Niger Delta was investigated for a period of 12 months. All analyses followed standard procedure. Results revealed that total fungi counts in sediment and water at different locations were not significantly different (p > 0.05) at both wet and dry seasons while hydrocarbon utilizing fungi showed significant differences (p < 0.05) at both seasons in both sediment and water samples. During the wet season, total faecal counts ranged from 5.0 to 10.0 x 105 CFU/g for sediment and 4.0 to 7.0x 105 CFU/g in water. In dry season, the concentration of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria in the sediment ranged between 0.1 x 105 CFU/ml/g and 8.0 x 105 CFU/ml/g in wet season while in dry season, the concentration in water ranged between 0.1 x 105 CFU/ml/g and 6.0 x 105 CFU/ml/g at Abuloma. At Okwujagu, total heterotrophic bacteria counts in sediment ranged  from 0.1 to 8.0 x 105 CFU/g in dry season. This was higher than the range 0.1 to 6.8.0 x 105 CFU/ recorded in Abuloma, Okwujagu and Slaughter at dry season. The highest vibrio counts in water (11.0 x 105 CFU/ml) for wet and (10.0 x 105 CFU/ml) for dry seasons were recorded at Slaughter. In Oginiba, the feacal count recorded 3.0 x 105 CFU/ml in water during the wet season and 2.0 x 105 CFU/ml for dry season. Generally, there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the bacterial concentrations in both sediment and water. This showed that different seasons favour the growth of certain microbial types.

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