The Western Australian Rangeland Monitoring System (WARMS) - operating a regional scale monitoring system

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Novelly ◽  
I. W. Watson ◽  
P. W. E. Thomas ◽  
N. J. Duckett
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
State Government ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Surface Condition ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Ancillary Data ◽  
Rangeland Monitoring ◽  
Individual Site ◽  
Western Australian

The Western Australian Rangeland Monitoring System (WARMS), a state government monitoring activity, provides information on change in Western Australia’s pastoral rangelands. It consists of a set of permanent sites, on which measurements of perennial vegetation (direct census in shrublands and perennial grass frequency and woody cover in grasslands) and assessments of soil surface condition are recorded at either 3-year (grasslands) or 5-year (shrublands) intervals. Data collection is non-destructive. Site distribution is based on vegetation type, and WARMS reports at the vegetation type or regional level, not individual site or property level. Operating WARMS requires a range of defined conventions to ensure that personnel changes and the interval between samplings at any one site do not lead to confounding of results through variation in how data are collected. The number of sites (1622) and program timeframe (decadal) mean that data storage and management issues are critical. Data interpretation, including the interpretive framework and use of ancillary data to assist in interpreting causality, and provision of information products relevant to a range of users are also important operational aspects. A companion paper addresses the institutional requirements for WARMS, system design and the rationale behind this design.

Monitoring changes in pastoral rangelands - the Western Australian Rangeland Monitoring System (WARMS)

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. W. Watson ◽  
P. E. Novelly ◽  
P. W. E. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Surface Condition ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Rangeland Monitoring ◽  
Western Australian

The Western Australian Rangeland Monitoring System (WARMS) consists of a set of ~1620 permanent sites distributed across the pastoral rangelands of Western Australia used for commercial livestock grazing. The system is designed to provide information to government and the general community on changes in Western Australia’s rangelands, rather than to individual landholders. It is designed to report at the regional or vegetation type level by selectively sampling representative areas of the rangelands, with representation occurring at several levels. The system was fully implemented by 1999 and all sites, except a small number of ongoing replacements, have now been re-assessed at least once. Two site types are used. In grassland areas, the frequency of all perennial species is assessed, and an estimate made of crown cover of woody perennials. In shrubland areas, a direct census technique is used, with the demography and maximum canopy dimensions of all shrubs recorded. Changes in soil surface condition and patch distribution are also assessed using standard Landscape Function Analysis (LFA) techniques. The vegetation and soil surface information is used to indicate rangeland change. The system is not fixed within any single model of range dynamics and the outputs of WARMS can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the specific requirements of the end-user. The paper includes discussion of the institutional requirements for WARMS, the site stratification and selection criteria, description of the field methods used and the rationale behind its design. It also considers the implications of the site stratification and selection criteria in terms of the caveats that need to accompany reporting.

The first assessment, using a rangeland monitoring system, of change in shrub and tree populations across the arid shrublands of Western Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. W. Watson ◽  
P. W. E. Thomas ◽  
W. J. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Rangeland Monitoring ◽  
Canopy Area ◽  
Arid Shrublands ◽  
Acacia Aneura ◽  
First Time ◽  
Western Australian

For the first time, a region-wide assessment of vegetation change across the southern shrublands of Western Australia is reported, using information from 965 shrubland sites of the Western Australian Rangeland Monitoring System (WARMS). The majority of sites were installed between December 1993 and November 1999, and were reassessed between July 1999 and November 2005, with an average interval of just over 5 years. Shrub and tree species density, canopy area and species richness remained the same or increased on the majority of sites. The results were similar when considered at a species level, with most species showing an increase in density, canopy area and the number of sites on which they were found. Recruitment of new individuals to the population was commonplace on virtually all sites and for virtually all species. High rates of recruitment, on many sites, were observed for long-lived species such as Acacia aneura Benth., A. papyrocarpa Benth., Eremophila forrestii F.Muell. and Maireana sedifolia (F.Muell.) Paul G.Wilson. Increases in density, i.e. where recruitment was higher than mortality, were observed for many shorter lived species which are known to decrease in response to excessive grazing (i.e. decreaser species) such as Ptilotus obovatus (Gaudich.) F.Muell., Atriplex vesicaria Benth., A. bunburyana F.Muell. and Maireana georgei (Diels) Paul G.Wilson. However, this result should be tempered by the understanding that acute degradation processes may still be occurring, especially within and surrounding drainage lines, which are away from where the WARMS sites are typically located. Grazing was implicated in decreased density on some sites, particularly those which had experienced below average seasonal conditions. On these sites, decreaser species were particularly affected.

The development of a system for monitoring trend in range condition in the arid shrublands of Western Australia.

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Holm ◽  
DG Burnside ◽  
AA Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Monitoring Site ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Rangeland Monitoring ◽  
Edible Species ◽  
Palatable Species ◽  
Western Australian

The role of a monitoring system for Western Australian pastoral shrublands is examined. The authors argue that the objective of management is to maximise sustained animal productivity, and that this can only be attained if the soil is maintained in a stable state. In non-degraded rangelands this objective is synonomous with the maintenance of a pasture community with its natural balance of edible and less edible species. In degraded rangelands the objective of regaining the pristine vegetation may, in many cases, be unattainable. Nevertheless, the objective of maximum sustained productivity again appears suitable since this would ensure that, where management is able to influence the direction of change, it is towards a pasture dominated by useful, rather than non-palatable, species. Our monitoring system aims to assist management achieve these objectives. The Western Australian Rangeland Monitoring System (WARMS) has been designed to include the assessment of ecological processes but with a strong bias towards characteristics that can be interpreted in production terms. We expect that the system will primarily and most importantly, aid pastoralists in their season by season decisions on stock movements. It will also provide a tool for the land administrator, who must be able to assure the wider community that the land is being used wisely. Finally, it should assist range scientists towards a better understanding of rangeland ecosystems. The WARMS system involves a series of grazed range monitoring sites, lightly grazed reference areas and ungrazed control areas. At each monitoring site a photograph is taken and plants within a fixed area are identified and marked on an overlay. The number and size of perennial shrubs are recorded within fixed belt transects and the contribution from perennial grasses and biennial species is assessed. Soil stability is also assessed using a rating scale and a modified step point procedure.

Design of Portable Electrocardiograph Monitoring System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Hua-Ping ◽  
Zhao Jun-Long ◽  
Liu Jun
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Ecg Monitoring ◽  
The Public ◽  
Ecg Signals ◽  
Early Warning Mechanism ◽  
Timely Treatment ◽  
Ecg Data

Cardiovascular disease is one of the major diseases that threaten the human health. But the existing electrocardiograph (ECG) monitoring system has many limitations in practical application. In order to monitor ECG in real time, a portable ECG monitoring system based on the Android platform is developed to meet the needs of the public. The system uses BMD101 ECG chip to collect and process ECG signals in the Android system, where data storage and waveform display of ECG data can be realized. The Bluetooth HC-07 module is used for ECG data transmission. The abnormal ECG can be judged by P wave, QRS bandwidth, and RR interval. If abnormal ECG is found, an early warning mechanism will be activated to locate the user’s location in real time and send preset short messages, so that the user can get timely treatment, avoiding dangerous occurrence. The monitoring system is convenient and portable, which brings great convenie to the life of ordinary cardiovascular users.

Soil organic carbon stocks under different páramo vegetation covers in Ecuador’s northern Andes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlon Calispa ◽  
Raphaël van Ypersele ◽  
Benoît Pereira ◽  
Sebastián Páez-Bimos ◽  
Veerle Vanacker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Soc Stocks ◽  
Volcanic Ash Soils

<p>The Ecuadorian páramo, a neotropical ecosystem located in the upper Andes, acts as a constant source of high-quality water. It also stores significant amounts of C at the regional scale. In this region, volcanic ash soils sustain most of the paramo, and C storage results partly from their propensity to accumulate organic matter. Vegetation type is known to influence the balance between plant C inputs and soil C losses, ultimately affecting the soil organic C (SOC) content and stock. Tussock-forming grass (spp. Calamagrostis Intermedia; TU), cushion-like plants (spp. Azorella pedunculata; CU) and shrubs and trees (Polylepis stands) are commonly found in the páramo. Our understanding of SOC stocks and dynamics in the páramo remains limited, despite mounting concerns that human activities are increasingly affecting vegetation and potentially, the capacity of these ecosystems to store C.</p><p>Here, we compare the organic C content and stock in soils under tussock-forming grass (spp. Calamagrostis Intermedia; TU) and soils under cushion-like plants (spp. Azorella pedunculata; CU). The study took place at Jatunhuayco, a watershed on the western slopes of Antisana volcano in the northern Ecuadorian Andes. Two areas of similar size (~0.35 km<sup>2</sup>) were surveyed. Fourty soil samples were collected randomly in each area to depths varying from 10 to 30 cm (A horizon) and from 30 to 75 cm (2Ab horizon). The soils are Vitric Andosols and the 2Ab horizon corresponds to a soil buried by the tephra fall from the Quilotoa eruption about 800 yr. BP. Sixteen intact soil samples were collected in Kopecky's cylinders for bulk density (BD) determination of each horizon.</p><p>The average SOC content in the A horizon of the CU sites (9.4±0.5%) is significantly higher (Mann-Whitney U test, p<0.05) than that of the TU sites (8.0±0.4%), probably reflecting a larger input of root biomass from the cushion-forming plants. The 2Ab horizon contains less organic C (i.e. TU: 4.3±0.3% and CU: 4.0±0.4%) than the A horizon, but the SOC contents are undistinguishable between the two vegetation types. This suggests that the influence of vegetation type on SOC is limited to the A horizon. The average SOC stocks (in the first 30 cm from the soil) for TU and CU are 20.04±1.1 and 18.23±1.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>,<sup></sup>respectively. These values are almost two times greater than the global average reported for Vitric Andosols (~8.2 kg/m<sup>2</sup> ), but are lower than the estimates obtained for some wetter Andean páramos (22.5±5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, 270% higher rainfall) from Ecuador. Our stock values further indicate that vegetation type has a limited effect on C storage in the young volcanic ash soils found at Jatunhuyaco. Despite a higher SOC content, the CU soils store a stock of organic C similar to that estimated for the TU soils. This likely reflects the comparatively lower BD of the former soils (650±100 vs. 840±30 kg/m<sup>3</sup>). Additional studies are needed in order to establish the vegetation-related factors driving the SOC content and stability in the TU and CU soils.</p>

Monitoring of a Grid Storage Virtualization Service

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-69
Author(s):  
Jacques Jorda ◽  
Aurélien Ortiz ◽  
Abdelaziz M’zoughi ◽  
Salam Traboulsi
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Distributed Storage ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Data Placement ◽  
Workload Prediction ◽  
Storage Virtualization

Grid computing is commonly used for large scale application requiring huge computation capabilities. In such distributed architectures, the data storage on the distributed storage resources must be handled by a dedicated storage system to ensure the required quality of service. In order to simplify the data placement on nodes and to increase the performance of applications, a storage virtualization layer can be used. This layer can be a single parallel filesystem (like GPFS) or a more complex middleware. The latter is preferred as it allows the data placement on the nodes to be tuned to increase both the reliability and the performance of data access. Thus, in such a middleware, a dedicated monitoring system must be used to ensure optimal performance. In this paper, the authors briefly introduce the Visage middleware – a middleware for storage virtualization. They present the most broadly used grid monitoring systems, and explain why they are not adequate for virtualized storage monitoring. The authors then present the architecture of their monitoring system dedicated to storage virtualization. We introduce the workload prediction model used to define the best node for data placement, and show on a simple experiment its accuracy.

On-site wastewater technologies in Australia

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ho ◽  
S. Dallas ◽  
M. Anda ◽  
K. Mathew
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Australian State ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Greywater Reuse

Domestic wastewater reuse is currently not permitted anywhere in Australia but is widely supported by the community, promoted by researchers, and improvised by up to 20% of householders. Its widespread implementation will make an enormous contribution to the sustainability of water resources. Integrated with other strategies in the outdoor living environment of settlements in arid lands, great benefit will be derived. This paper describes six options for wastewater reuse under research by the Remote Area Developments Group (RADG) at Murdoch University and case studies are given where productive use is being made for revegetation and food production strategies at household and community scales. Pollution control techniques, public health precautions and maintenance requirements are described. The special case of remote Aboriginal communities is explained where prototype systems have been installed by RADG to generate windbreaks and orchards. New Australian design standards and draft guidelines for domestic greywater reuse produced by the Western Australian State government agencies for mainstream communities are evaluated. It is recommended that dry composting toilets be coupled with domestic greywater reuse and the various types available in Australia are described. For situations where only the flushing toilet will suffice the unique “wet composting” system can be used and this also is described. A vision for household and community-scale on-site application is presented.

RoadMonitor: An Intelligent Road Surface Condition Monitoring System

2015 ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adham Mohamed ◽  
Mohamed Mostafa M. Fouad ◽  
Esraa Elhariri ◽  
Nashwa El-Bendary ◽  
Hossam M. Zawbaa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Condition Monitoring ◽  
Surface Condition ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Condition Monitoring System

scholarly journals Software Design of a Railway Signal Monitoring System based on Optical Fiber Sensing

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (08) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Ma Chun-ying ◽  
Li Biqing
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Online Monitoring ◽  
Railway Track ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Railway Systems ◽  
Management Platform ◽  
Railway Signal ◽  
Optical Fiber Sensing

The current railway track circuit monitoring system is prone to disturbances that can result in accidents. Meanwhile, basic signaling equipment is slow and cannot achieve satisfactory real-time data acquisition speed. This study aims to solve the aforementioned problems by designing an online monitoring and management platform for railway signal infrastructure, which is based on the graphical programming language LabVIEW. Online monitoring and management of railways’ basic signaling equipment allow real-time collection and communication of various signal equipment data. These processes also enable signal processing, chart display, acousto-optic alarm, user authority management, data storage, data query analysis, and report printing. The test results show that the LabVIEW-based basic signaling equipment for monitoring and managing railway systems can transmit data correctly and steadily, thereby resulting in convenient and ideal operation.

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