Native grassland management: a botanical study of two native grassland management options on a commercial cattle property

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. McGufficke
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Native Grasslands ◽  
Native Grassland ◽  
Bray 1

Variations in the botanical composition of two native grasslands, each managed differently, were investigated on a commercial cattle property in northern NSW. One grassland had not been fertilised, whilst fertiliser and subterranean clover had been applied by aerial application to the other grassland. Soils in both treatments had the same Bray 1 phosphorus level when the study was conducted. The fertilised grassland was stocked at triple the rate of the other grassland. Although more native species were recorded in the fertilised grassland many species had a lower frequency than in the unfertilised grassland; and introduced species tended to have a higher frequency in the fertilised grassland. ground cover was significantly higher in the fertilised grassland in spite of the greatly increased stocking rate.

Relationship between fire frequency and nitrogen limitation on foliage production in a native grassland community in Victoria, Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Fire History ◽  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Fire Frequency ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Grassland Community ◽  
Native Grasslands ◽  
Native Grassland ◽  
Western Victoria

The relationship between fire frequency (annual v. infrequent) and nitrogen (N) limitation to foliage production in a temperate native grassland community in western Victoria, Australia, was assessed over one growing season using a simple ammonium nitrate addition experiment. Fire history affected the magnitude of the vegetation responses to N addition. At the community level, mean live biomass in infrequently-burned grasslands declined by 20 ± 8% in response to N addition. In contrast, mean biomass increased by 60 ± 15% in annually-burned grasslands in response to N addition. Both grasses and forbs responded positively to N addition in annually-burned grasslands, with forbs responding more substantially than grasses. Foliage production in annually-burned native grasslands therefore appears to be constrained by N availability. The results of this study may have important implications for understanding species coexistence and invasion by non-native species in temperate native grasslands.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of a tallgrass prairie to invasion by the herbicidal producing species, Festuca rubra

SURG Journal ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Jesse Harnden
Keyword(s):  
Tallgrass Prairie ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Sorghastrum Nutans ◽  
Native Grasslands ◽  
Native Grassland

Disturbance, nutrients, propagule pressure, and the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been shown to influence invasion in plant communities, although the relative importance of each remains unclear. A remnant of tallgrass prairie outside Cambridge, ON appears to be resilient to invasion by Festuca rubra, despite its herbicidal properties. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine what factors are responsible for the resilience of the native grassland, using synthesized fescue and native sod. The effects of disturbance, nutrient enrichment, propagule pressure, and the presence of AMF and phytotoxin on the establishment ability of F. rubra and the native species Sorghastrum nutans were examined. Propagule pressure was the only factor shown to influence fescue invasion and establishment of S. nutans was unaffected by all factors. These results suggest that the resilience of the native grassland may be due to decreased seed production or viability of F. rubra and not any characteristics of the grassland. Also, the restoration of native grasslands will not be limited by remnants of phytotoxin in the soil, following removal of exotic species.

Repeated Herbicide Application for Control of Old World Climbing Fern (Lygodium microphyllum) and the Effects on Nontarget Vegetation on Everglade Tree Islands

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey T. Hutchinson ◽  
Kenneth A. Langeland
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Tree Islands ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Old World ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge ◽  
Low Levels

AbstractThe effects of annual, aerial and ground, herbicide treatments with glyphosate and metsulfuron were evaluated for control of Old World climbing fern (OWCF) and effects on native plants on tree islands in Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge during 2006 to 2009. Initial aerial herbicide treatments reduced OWCF cover by greater than 98% on metsulfuron-treated islands and greater than 88% on glyphosate-treated islands, but there was a concomitant decrease in native ground cover with both herbicides. Follow-up ground treatments, during years two and three of the study, were effective at maintaining low levels of OWCF. OWCF cover at the end of the study was 1 to 2% of pretreatment cover on metsulfuron-treated islands and 8 to 10% on glyphosate-treated islands. At the end of the study (3 yr after treatment), species richness was dominated by ruderal native species not typically found on tree islands. The survival rate of tree and shrubs was 65 to 93% on islands treated with metsulfuron and 6 to 20% on islands treated with glyphosate. Minimum effects were recorded for canopy cover on tree islands treated with metsulfuron compared with glyphosate. These data indicate that the aerial application of metsulfuron can be used for control of OWCF on tree islands. Follow-up ground treatments will be required for OWCF regrowth and new sporelings and should be conducted within 1 yr of the aerial application.

Effect of herbicides on St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.)

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 499 ◽  
Author(s):  
MH Campbell ◽  
BR Milne ◽  
JJ Dellow ◽  
HI Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Hypericum Perforatum ◽  
New South ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
St John’S Wort ◽  
Strong Trend ◽  
St John's Wort ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Hypericum Perforatum L

The effect of type of herbicide and time and rate of application on the reduction in ground cover of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) was determined at Orange, New South Wales. In January, April, July and November 1988, 8 herbicide treatments including the currently used glyphosate and picloram + 2,4-D were applied to vigorously growing H. perforaturn, and the reduction in percentage ground cover was recorded in December 1989. Ineffective herbicides (a.i./ha) were tebuthiuron, 0.8-6.4 kg; metsulfuron, 5-20 g; and paraquat + diquat, 0.4 + 0.5 kg. The addition of metsulfuron (2.5 g a.i./ha) to glyphosate (0.9 and 1.8 kg a.i./ha) did not increase the effectiveness of the latter. Effective herbicides (kg a.i./ha) were triclopyr + picloram, 0.6 + 0.2; picloram + 2,4-D, 0.2 + 0.8; glyphosate, 1.8; and triclopyr, 1.92. There was a strong trend for these herbicides to be more effective in January and November than in April and July. Based on price, effectiveness and selectivity, triclopyr + picloram would be preferred to the other herbicides for boom and spot spraying, and glyphosate would be the only herbicide suitable for aerial application prior to sowing improved pastures on non-arable land.

Did Ground Cover Change Over Geologic Time?

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 171-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben A. LePage ◽  
Hermann W. Pfefferkorn
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Geologic Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Plant Fossil

When one hears the term “ground cover,” one immediately thinks of “grasses.” This perception is so deep-seated that paleobotanists even have been overheard to proclaim that “there was no ground cover before grasses.” Today grasses are so predominant in many environments that this perception is perpetuated easily. On the other hand, it is difficult to imagine the absence or lack of ground cover prior to the mid-Tertiary. We tested the hypothesis that different forms of ground cover existed in the past against examples from the Recent and the fossil record (Table 1). The Recent data were obtained from a large number of sources including those in the ecological, horticultural, and microbiological literature. Other data were derived from our knowledge of Precambrian life, sedimentology and paleosols, and the plant fossil record, especially in situ floras and fossil “monocultures.” Some of the data are original observations, but many others are from the literature. A detailed account of these results will be presented elsewhere (Pfefferkorn and LePage, in preparation).

scholarly journals Recording plant status and regeneration during single visits

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-291
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Walker ◽  
Simon Leach ◽  
Chris Preston ◽  
Thomas Humphrey ◽  
Trevor James ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
The Other ◽  
A Site

Information on the origin (status) and regeneration of plant species improves our understanding of native distributions and the establishment of non-native species. However, current categories used to record status in Britain and Ireland, whilst conceptually informative, rely on a knowledge of persistence that is impossible to assess objectively during a single (one-off) recording visit. We propose five alternative categories that focus on origin (how a species arrived at a site) rather than persistence. The first two categories apply to nationally native taxa: (1) populations that are unequivocally native and (2) those that are likely to have been introduced and/or are spreading for reasons that are obscure. The other three categories cover the occurrences of any taxon, native or non-native, that is known or suspected to have been introduced to a site: (3) introductions with unknown/obscure origins; (4) deliberate introductions; and (5) accidental introductions. For the introduced categories 3-5 we recommend that botanists also record signs of regeneration, i.e. seedlings or widely scattered patches, as a more objective measure whether a species is likely to be self-sustaining in a given locality.

scholarly journals Biodiversity outcomes of an urban revegetation programme in Wellington, New Zealand: The role of patch size, isolation, age and the urban matrix

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Nicky OliverSmith
Keyword(s):  
Key Management ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Patch Size ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
Reference Sites ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Vegetation Surveys

<p>Urban revegetation programmes are an important contribution to the biodiversity of our landscape environment. Wellington city has, for nearly two decades, promoted revegetation of the city with a focus in latter years on eco-sourced native species. This is a substantial urban greening project planting 100,000 native plants per annum. This thesis analyses the native revegetation programme and posits recommendations for continuance and enhancement for consideration.  Data were collected from a sample set of twenty revegetated sites and four reference sites in Wellington city. Two transects per site were set up with invertebrate pitfall traps, lizard pitfall traps, lizard tree covers, bird count stations and vegetation surveys. The data were collected over a twelve-month period. Ordination was used to examine the community composition of revegetation sites in relation to each other and the four reference sites. Multiple regression was used to examine the influence of patch age, patch size, isolation and residential land cover upon a range of biodiversity variables.   The key findings of this study are that revegetated sites lacked the level of ground cover by native seedlings that were characteristic of the mature reference sites. Also found was that revegetation sites in Wellington City require around ten years of growth before natural regeneration of native seedlings began to become apparent.  Large native birds were more likely to be found in close proximity to mature primary bush, confirming that mature primary bush is an essential element of the landscape. Weta were found in increased numbers as distance from mature primary bush increased. Northern grass skinks were the only species of lizard found, in association with a higher proportion of residential area in the matrix.   The key management recommendations of this study are; the development of a collaborative connective strategy; further enrichment planting designed to maximize structural diversity over time; the investment in well planned robust monitoring programmes.  This research contributes to the understanding of biodiversity outcomes of an urban native revegtation programme, providing baseline data for future monitoring purposes.</p>

Zooarchaeological evidence that the brown mussel (Perna perna) is a bioinvader of coastal Brazil

The Holocene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1771-1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edson P Silva ◽  
Rosa CCL Souza ◽  
Tania A Lima ◽  
Flávio C Fernandes ◽  
Kita D Macario ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
The State ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Perna Perna ◽  
Great Probability ◽  
Haplotypic Diversity ◽  
Brazilian Populations

Interactions between invader species and the local biota may lead to disequilibria in regional ecosystems. For such reason, the cultivation of nonnative species may be prohibited in specific regions, as a means of protecting native species. On the other hand, the question of whether a species is a bioinvader or not may not be straightforward. This is the case of the mollusc Perna perna, presently naturalized and widely distributed along Brazilian coast, from the Bay of Vitória, in the state of Espírito Santo (ES), to the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Following previous works that explored the hypothesis that P. perna invaded the coast of Brazil at the colonial period, attached to slave ships, we discuss zooarchaeological data, radiocarbon dating, and molecular genetics analyses. Out of the 578 archeological shellmounds investigated, 542 (93.8%) had no records of P. perna. From the radiocarbon dating results, it is possible to infer that the presence of the two P. perna specimens from the Saquarema shellmound, in Rio de Janeiro, as well as the other shells from the top layer, is likely related to a recent occupation of the site in the colonial period, with a great probability of being from the XVII or XVIII centuries. Data on genetic population structure of P. perna along the Brazilian coast showed higher genetic identities between the African and the Brazilian populations than among the Brazilian populations, while haplotypic diversity shows a pattern which relates to trade routes of slaves (XVII and XVIII centuries) between Africa and Brazil. These data reinforce the argument that the appearance of P. perna along the Brazilian coast is due to invasion during historical time.

Cardiorenal Syndrome

2019 ◽  
pp. 407-416
Author(s):  
Edward A. Ross ◽  
Uyanga Batnyam ◽  
Abdo M. Asmar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Cardiorenal Syndrome ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Cardiac Functions ◽  
Physiological Homeostasis ◽  
Common Risk Factors

Renal and cardiac crosstalk plays an essential role in maintaining physiological homeostasis. Both organ diseases are prevalent and share common risk factors. Impairment in one organ has the potential to affect the other. This interaction is referred to as cardiorenal syndrome, and it is driven by complex neurohumoral and vascular processes. Cardiorenal syndrome refers to a state of either acute or chronic impairment of both renal and cardiac functions. Despite progress in therapeutic interventions, treatment of cardiorenal syndrome remains challenging. In this chapter, we review the current understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiorenal syndrome, as well as its management options.

scholarly journals We need to worry about Bella and Charlie: the impacts of pet cats on Australian wildlife

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Legge ◽  
John C. Z. Woinarski ◽  
Chris R. Dickman ◽  
Brett P. Murphy ◽  
Leigh-Ann Woolley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Introduced Species ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Feral Cats ◽  
Predation Rates

Research and management attention on the impacts of the introduced domestic cat (Felis catus) on Australian fauna have focussed mainly on the feral population. Here, we summarise the evidence for impacts of predation by pet cats on Australian wildlife. We collate examples of local wildlife population decline and extirpation as a result, at least in part, of predation by pet cats. We assemble information across 66 studies of predation by pet cats worldwide (including 24 Australian studies) to estimate the predation toll of pet cats in Australia, plus the predation pressure per unit area in residential areas. We compared these estimates to those published for feral cats in Australia. The per capita kill rate of pet cats is 25% that of feral cats. However, pet cats live at much higher densities, so the predation rate of pets per square kilometre in residential areas is 28–52 times larger than predation rates by feral cats in natural environments, and 1.3–2.3 times greater than predation rates per km2 by feral cats living in urban areas. Pet cats kill introduced species more often than do feral cats living in natural environments, but, nonetheless, the toll of native animals killed per square kilometre by pet cats in residential areas is still much higher than the toll per square kilometre by feral cats. There is no evidence that pet cats exert significant control of introduced species. The high predation toll of pet cats in residential areas, the documented examples of declines and extirpations in populations of native species caused by pet cats, and potential pathways for other, indirect effects (e.g. from disease, landscapes of fear, ecological footprints), and the context of extraordinary impacts from feral cats on Australian fauna, together support a default position that pet cat impacts are serious and should be reduced. From a technical perspective, the pet cat impacts can be reduced more effectively and humanely than those of feral cats, while also enhancing pet cat welfare. We review the management options for reducing predation by pet cats, and discuss the opportunities and challenges for improved pet cat management and welfare.

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