293 FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCY OUTCOMES OF IN VITRO-PRODUCED EMBRYOS IN ZEBU CATTLE

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
L. A. Oyuela ◽  
J. Olaya ◽  
J. Zambrano-Varón ◽  
C. Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Logistic Model ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Estradiol Valerate ◽  
P Value ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Factors Associated

Few studies have addressed the factors that can affect pregnancy rates of in vitro-produced embryos (IVPE) and fewer still when referring to zebu IVPE. This study aimed to estimate some of these factors and the proportion of pregnancy loss. A total of 1227 pure-breed IVPE (Brahman, Red Brahman, and Gyr) were transferred (ET) to an equal number of crossbred Bos indicus × Bos taurus heifers. Recipients averaged 420 kg, were grass fed, and kept in three different ET Centrals located in northern, central, and eastern regions of Colombia. IVPE (Embriogen, Bogotá, Colombia) were nonsurgically transferred into synchronized recipients by using the following protocol: Day 0 s.c. implant of norgestomet 3 mg, plus an i.m. injection of estradiol valerate 5 mg and norgestomet 3 mg; Day 7 D-cloprostenol 0.15 mg i.m. Day 9 implant removal plus 200IU of eCGi.m. Pregnancy was recorded on Days 30 and 60 by ultrasound with an 8-m Hz linear rectal probe. Data were collected for 1 year beginning in September 2007. Binary logistic regression with forward conditional elimination was performed to evaluate factors associated with pregnancy. The strength of the association between the studied variables and pregnancy rate was estimated by the odds ratio (OR) (95% CI); a P-value < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Interaction terms were considered (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Variables included in the logistic model were CL diameter at the time of ET, number of previous transfers to a recipient before achieving pregnancy, difficulty during the ET, embryo quality and stage, technician and level of training, number of transferred embryos by technician per day, uterine horn where the embryo was delivered, time between laboratory release and ET, ET Central, period of the year when the ET was performed, sire and breed of the embryo. Total pregnancy rate was 38% on Day 60 (462/1227), and the proportion of pregnancy loss was 8% between Days 30 and 90. Factors associated with pregnancy were as follows: 1) excellent embryos were 2.3 times more likely to achieve pregnancy (39%) than good embryos (21%), OR = 2.3, 95%CI = 1.4-3.8, P = 0.001; 2) easy transferred embryos were 5.1 times more likely to result in pregnancy (49%) compared with difficult transferred embryos (11%), OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 2.5-10.3, P < 0.05; and 3) transferred embryos <5 h after being released from the laboratory resulted in higher pregnancy rate (42%) than those transferred >5 h (33%). No interactions were found in the final logistic model. In conclusion, pregnancy outcome of IVPE Bos indicus was strongly associated with quality of the embryo, level of difficulty at the moment of the ET, and the time between the production of the embryo and the ET. In addition, the observed low pregnancy loss in this study suggests careful selection and management of the recipients, adequate handling of the IVPE, and proper training of the ET technicians. Embriogen S.A. Bogotá, Colombia. Cenatte, Pedroleopoldo, MG, Brazil.

Pregnancy rate and pregnancy loss after transfer of in vivo or in vitro derived equine embryos

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.M. McCue ◽  
R.A. Ferris ◽  
J. Stokes ◽  
J. Hatzel ◽  
D. Trundell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Pregnancy Loss

scholarly journals Incidences of Root Microcracks Caused by Hand and Rotary File System at Different Lengths

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 283-289
Author(s):  
Shuchi Sukul ◽  
Goldy Rathee ◽  
Parimal Anand ◽  
Sakshi Kataria ◽  
Pratibha Taneja
Keyword(s):  
File System ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
File Systems ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Group B

OBJECTIVES: The present research was conducted to assess incidences of root microcracks caused by hand and rotary file system at different lengths MATERIAL AND METHODS: This in-vitro study was undertaken to assess incidence of root microcracks caused by hand and rotary file system at different lengths In total, 100 the mandibular premolar with straight roots determined with intact, fully formed apices were taken. Samples were randomly distributed into 5 groups based on the file system used: a) Group A: Control, b) Group B: Reciproc, c) Group C: WaveOne, d) Group D: One Shape and e) Group E: ProTaper. Pearson Chi-square test was used to determine the differences between groups. The dentinal defects were expressed as percentage of samples with microcracks in each group. Level of statistical significance was set at p-value less than 0.05. RESULTS: The chi square test was used to compare the Distribution of the number of teeth in which cracks were observed on the horizontal sections. It was found to be significant with group ProTaper showing maximum cracks at 3,6,9 mm level as compared to other file systemCONCLUSION: Nickel-titanium instruments causes cracks on the apical root surface or in the root canal wall. ProTaper causes maximum dentinal cracks as compared to other file systems

scholarly journals 150PREGNANCY AND PARTURITION FOLLOWING TRANSFER OF BOVINE EMBRYOS CULTURED IN TWO MEDIA UNDER TWO OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fischer-Brown ◽  
R. Monson ◽  
D. Northey ◽  
T. Kuhlka ◽  
J. Rutledge
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Oxygen Treatment

Developmental aberrations following transfer of in vitro-produced bovine embryos can result in early gestational losses and offspring abnormalities. An ongoing study tests the hypothesis that such aberrations occur with equal frequency among commonly employed culture systems. In year 1, embryos were produced using oocytes from abattoir-derived ovaries (breed unspecified) and a proven Angus bull selected for low birth weight. IVC treatments were 2×2 factorial for medium (KSOMaa or SOFaa) and oxygen concentration (5% or 20%). Angus recipients (n=61; 32 cows, 29 heifers) were randomly allotted to treatments for Day 7 transfers. Pregnancy was diagnosed with ultrasound several times during gestation (Table 1). At parturition calf weight, shoulder height, chest circumference, crown-rump length, and humeral and femoral length data were collected. Statistical analyses (Statistical Analysis System, Cary, NC) were logistic regression with a binomial distribution for pregnancy rate, and the general linear models procedure for calf measurements; included were fixed effects of medium, oxygen, and their interaction, with additional fixed effects of dam parity and calf sex where appropriate. No significant effects of medium or oxygen were found for pregnancy rate or calf measurements other than birth weight. Mean birth weight was higher in the KSOM, 20% oxygen treatment (Table 1), and medium-oxygen interaction for calf weight was also significant (P&lt;0.01). In year 2 embryos were produced using the same Angus bull and Angus oocytes. Angus recipients (n=38; 32 cows, 6 heifers) were randomly allotted to treatments. Fetal crown-rump lengths were measured by ultrasound weekly from Days 33 to 54 and were analyzed as repeated measures using the mixed procedure. Pregnancy outcome and LS means for crown-rump lengths are included in Table 1. Though insufficient recipient numbers preclude determination of statistical significance, of interest is the relatively small fetal size in early gestation and large birth weights in the KSOM, 20% oxygen treatment. This treatment also contained a Day 33 pregnancy, subsequently lost by Day 40, in which the fetus was too small to obtain an accurate measurement. Fetal growth will continue to be monitored throughout gestation. Data will be collected at parturition as in year 1, and pooled analyses will be done. Table 1

In vitro-produced horse embryos exhibit a very narrow window of acceptable recipient mare uterine synchrony compared with in vivo-derived embryos

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Cuervo-Arango ◽  
Anthony N. Claes ◽  
Tom A. E. Stout
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Ongoing Pregnancy ◽  
Ongoing Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
In Pregnancy

In recent years, the number of equine invitro-produced embryos (IVP) has increased markedly; as yet, there are few reports on what constitutes an ‘ideal’ recipient for an IVP embryo. This study retrospectively investigated the effects of recipient mare oestrous cycle characteristics on the likelihood of pregnancy after transfer of IVP (n=264) and invivo-derived embryos (n=262). IVP embryos tolerated only a narrow window of recipient mare ‘synchrony’, with transfer on Day 4 after ovulation resulting in a higher likelihood of ongoing pregnancy (69%) than transfer on Days 3, 5 or 6 (53.2%, 41.3% and 23.1% respectively; P=0.02). In contrast, Day 8 invivo-derived embryos tolerated a wide range of uterine (a)synchrony, with no difference in pregnancy or pregnancy loss for recipients that ovulated between Day 4 and Day 9 before transfer. However, transferring invivo-derived embryos to recipients that had a longer oestrus preceding transfer resulted in higher Day 12 and ongoing pregnancy rate (P&lt;0.01). This effect was not significant in IVP embryos. In conclusion, Day 6–8 IVP blastocysts survive best after transfer to Day 4 recipient mares; Day 8 invivo-derived embryos survive equally well in Day 4–9 recipients, but do better in mares that have a long preceding oestrus.

Factors Associated With Second-Trimester Pregnancy Loss in Women With Normal Uterine Anatomy Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization

2015 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Hawkins Bressler ◽  
Katharine F. Correia ◽  
Serene S. Srouji ◽  
Mark D. Hornstein ◽  
Stacey A. Missmer
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Trimester Pregnancy ◽  
Second Trimester Pregnancy

scholarly journals In vitro and In vivo Anticonvulsant Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Moringa stenopetala in Mice Models

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Samson Sahile Salile ◽  
Teferra Abula
Keyword(s):  
Crude Extract ◽  
Anticonvulsant Activity ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
P Value ◽  
Anticonvulsant Effect ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Moringa Stenopetala

Background: Epilepsy is a debilitating neurological disorder that directly affects approximately 65 million people worldwide. In the search of safe and effective antiepileptics traditional treatment practices are one area of research to obtain novel molecules. Moringa stenopetala root is claimed to be used for epilepsy treatment in Konso area, Southern Ethiopia. But there was no scientific research evidence for the claimed use of the plant. Objective: This study was conducted to explore the anticonvulsant activity of hydro-alcoholic (80% methanol) extract of root of Moringa stenopetala. Methods: The dry residues of the plant extract was used for the test. In vitro 0Mg2+ mice model at dose 0.7 mg/kg of extract, diazepam(3μM) and untreated brain slice groups were used to compare the presence of seizure like event (SLE). In vivo pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) model with 85 mg/kg subcutaneously was used to compare the seizure on set time with two extract doses and diazepam 5 mg/kg. The data was presented with mean± standard error. In maximum electric shock (MES) model 54 mA was passed for 0.2 second transauricularly in mice. The mean time of hind limb extension was recorded for doses 400 mg/kg and 800mg/kg of the extract and 10 mg/kg phenytoin. The means were compared for statistical significance using one way ANOVA post hoc LSD whereas proportions were compared using Fishers exact test with P-value < .05. Results: M. stenopetala extract has shown statistically significant anticonvulsant activity in vitro compared to control (P<.05). A positive control, the known anticonvulsant diazepam (3μM), showed significant anticonvulsant activity (P<.05). In vivo MES model showed statistically significant anti-seizure activity at both doses (P<.05). But the crude extract failed to show statistically significant activity at all doses of PTZ model (P>.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that crude extract of Moringa stenopetala exhibited anti-convulsant effect both in vitro and in vivo MES models.

241 EFFECT OF PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY IN THE LIKELIHOOD OF PREGNANCY OF IN VITRO-DERIVED BOVINE EMBRYOS

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
L. F. Feres ◽  
L. S. A. Camargo ◽  
M. P. Palhao ◽  
F. Z. Brandao ◽  
J. H. M. Viana
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Pregnancy Rates ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Cleavage Rate ◽  
Embryo Production ◽  
Chi Square

Improving in vitro culture systems to optimize embryo yield has been a major research goal. The relationship between the efficiency of embryo production systems and the pregnancy outcomes, however, remain controversial. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the likelihood of pregnancy of in vitro-produced embryos derived from batches with different relative efficiency indexes. Data of 702 ovum pick-up (OPU) and in vitro embryo production (IVEP) sessions, and of 2456 embryo transfers, recorded from 2008 to 2012, were evaluated. All donors were from the same herd, and were of the same breed (Gir, Bos indicus), as well as the semen used for IVF. The cumulus-oocycte complex (COC) recovery and IVEP were performed by the same team, in a single IVF laboratory, and using standard medium and procedures. Only data from embryos transferred as fresh were used, and records from 97 OPU/IVEP sessions in which no embryo was produced, or embryos were frozen or discharged due to lack of recipients, were discharged. The remaining 605 sessions were stratified in quartiles (I to IV, each one corresponding to 25% of total data) according to COC production of the donors, or stratified in ranges (0–25%, 26–50%, 51–75%, and 76–100%) according to COC quality (percentage of viable COC or of grade I COC) and to embryo production efficiency endpoints (cleavage rate, blastocyst rate). Pregnancy rates were compared among quartiles or ranges by the chi-square method. On average, the Gir donors produced 24.8 ± 0.6 COC per OPU, from which 14.4 ± 0.4 were classified as viable (57.8%), and 3.2 ± 0.1 as grade I (12.9%). On average 6.1 ± 0.2 embryos (morulas and blastocysts) were produced per OPU per donor, and mean pregnancy rate was 30.9%. As expected, donors with greater total COC yield (quartile I) also produced more viable oocytes (25.5 ± 0.7 v. 15.7 ± 0.3, 10.5 ± 0.2 and 5.8 ± 0.2), more COC grade I (4.8 ± 0.4 v. 3.9 ± 0.3, 2.6 ± 0.2 and 1.6 ± 0.1), and more embryos (9.0 ± 0.4 v. 6.9 ± 0.3, 5.0 ± 0.2 and 3.3 ± 0.1) than donors from quartiles II, III, or IV, respectively (P < 0.0001). Nevertheless, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in pregnancy rates for embryos produced from donors ranked in the different quartiles (30.9 v. 29.3, 31.5, and 30.5% for quartiles I to IV, respectively). Similarly, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in the pregnancy rate of embryos derived from OPU sessions in which there was a high or low percentage of viable or grade I COC. In vitro production efficiency (cleavage and blastocyst rates) also had no effect (P > 0.05) on further pregnancy rates. In conclusion, these results suggest that there is no relationship among the average number or quality of the COC recovered by OPU, the efficiency of IVEP, and the likelihood of pregnancy of in vitro-derived embryos.Research was supported by Fazendas do Basa, CNPq, and Fapemig.

227 CALRETICULIN, A 60-kDa PROTEIN, PREVENTS POLYSPERMY IN ZONA PELLUCIDA-FREE PIG OCYTES

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
R. Romar ◽  
C. Soriano-Úbeda ◽  
M. D. Saavedra ◽  
J. Gadea ◽  
M. Avilés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zona Pellucida ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
P Value ◽  
Oocyte Activation ◽  
Cortical Granules ◽  
Chaperone Protein ◽  
The Mean

After gamete membrane fusion or artificial oocyte activation, cortical granules undergo exocytosis and the released content modifies the zona pellucida (ZP), preventing polyspermy. Calreticulin (CRT), a calcium-binding highly conserved protein of 60 kDa, is contained in cortical granules from hamster eggs (Muñoz-Gotera et al. 2001 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60), and we recently showed it is exocytosed from chemically activated ZP-free pig oocytes (Romar et al. 2012 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 24). When pig ZP-enclosed oocytes were incubated with CRT, monospermy was not improved (Romar et al. 2011, Maternal communication with gametes and embryo, p. 72), suggesting that the likely role of CRT in preventing polyspermy might be carried out at the oolemma level. Our objective was to evaluate whether CRT prevents polyspermy in pig ZP-free oocytes by treating the cells with this protein before being inseminated. In vitro-matured cumulus–oocyte complexes (44 h, NCSU-37 medium) were decumulated and ZP was digested with Tyrode’s acid. The ZP-free oocytes were incubated for 30 min in TALP medium supplemented with 0, 100, 1000, and 5000 pg of CRT (ab91577, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) per oocyte. After washing, ZP-free oocytes were inseminated (25 000 sperm mL–1) and gametes were co-cultured for 18 h. Putative zygotes were fixed and stained with Hoechst 33342 to analyse the fertilization results. Four replicates with 30 to 35 oocytes per group were done, and results were analysed by one-way ANOVA. A P-value ≤0.05 was taken to denote statistical significance. Incubation with CRT did not affect penetration rates that were similar among groups (77.12 ± 3.88 and 72.73 ± 4.07, respectively, for the 0- and 5000-pg CRT groups). However, the mean number of sperm per penetrated oocyte decreased from 3.01 ± 0.28 (0-pg group) to 2.07 ± 0.16 (5000-pg group), and monospermy rate increased from 30.77 ± 4.87 (0-pg group) to 52.27 ± 5.36 (5000-pg group; P ≤ 0.05). Incubation with CRT did not affect the number of sperm attached to oolemma, which was similar among all groups (11.45 ± 1.16 v. 10.75 ± 1.17, respectively, for 0 and 5000 pg of CRT). These preliminary data suggest that CRT, a protein exocytosed after oocyte activation, participates in the membrane block to polyspermy in pigs. Future studies to describe the exact mechanism of action of this chaperone protein are necessary. Supported by MEC and FEDER (AGL2009-12512-C02-01).

P–233 The spatial arrangement of blastomeres and time of cavitation forming as predictors of blastocyst quality

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Sayme ◽  
T Krebs ◽  
M Kasoha ◽  
D H A Maas ◽  
E F Solomayer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Morphokinetic Parameters ◽  
Blastocyst Quality

Abstract Study question Does the spatial arrangement of blastomeres and the start of blastulation affect blastocyst quality? Summary answer Better blastocyst quality is associated with the spatial arrangement of the embryo and the shorter time frame of blastulation (cavitation). What is known already The ability to select the human embryo with the highest implantation potential remains one of the greatest challenges in the management of In Vitro Fertilization patients. Several publications have proposed that additional morphological evaluations of blastomere arrangement and the dynamics of late-stage embryonic divisions might be a useful non-invasive way for embryo selection. In the last decade, the introduction of time-lapse technology enables continuous monitoring of embryo development, which leads to better outcomes than a selection based on the traditional morphology assessment. Study design, size, duration The spatial arrangement was defined as tetrahedrally if the cleavage planes were perpendicularly orientated, while embryos with rather parallelly orientated cleavage axes were considered as non-tetrahedral embryos. The injection time of ICSI was designated as “time zero” (t0), and EmbryoViewer software was used to calculate the time duration between injection and start of blastulation (cavitation). Obtained results were later correlated with the embryo’s capability to form a blastocyst as well as with blastocyst quality. Participants/materials, setting, methods A total of 195 oocytes from 40 patients undergoing the antagonist cycle for ICSI treatment were evaluated. All blastocysts were cultured in Embryoscope™ according to the manufacturer’s specifications (Vitrolife, Sweden). The Gardner and Schoolcraft scoring system was used to describe blastocyst quality. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 24. Data were reported as median and range. Differences between groups were tested using the Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05. Main results and the role of chance Obtained data showed that 83.6% (61/73) of embryos with tetrahedral arrangement formed blastocysts compared to 42.4% (50/116) of embryos with the non-tetrahedral arrangement (p &lt; 0,001). Moreover, tetrahedral embryos more frequently formed good quality blastocyst compare to the non-tetrahedral [59% (36/61) vs 18 (9/50)% respectively; p &lt; 0,001]. In addition, we found that good quality blastocyst had a significantly shorter time frame between injection and blastulation start, compared with blastocysts which did not reach good quality [95.00h (84–118) vs 102h (77–121) respectively; p = 0,006]. Limitations, reasons for caution The limitation of the present study was that due to the double-embryo transfer correlation between those morphokinetic parameters and pregnancy rate can not be calculated. Further research should link these morphokinetic parameters with pregnancy rate and live birth rate as well. Wider implications of the findings: The potential of our findings is considerable, especially for countries with strict Embryo Law Regulation. Obtained results might be highly useful for selecting embryos with high implantation potential. In addition, the present work illustrates the possibility of additional information that can potentially be incorporated into an embryo classification model. Trial registration number Not applicable

Combined Effects of Nano-Hydroxyapatite and NaF on Remineralization of Early Caries Lesion

2007 ◽  
Vol 330-332 ◽  
pp. 1347-1350 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.Y. Kim ◽  
H.K. Kwon ◽  
Choong Ho Choi ◽  
B.I. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
P Value ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Caries Lesion ◽  
Human Enamel ◽  
Early Caries

A previous study reported that many supplements have been added to NaF mouthrinses to improve the remineralization potential. Nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) might also be suitable to this purpose because these nano-size particles can penetrate the enamel pores. Moreover, hydroxyapatite is similar to the inorganic component of teeth and is both bioactive and biocompatible. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of a nano-HA and fluoride mouthrinse on an early caries lesion in human enamel using an in vitro cycle remineralization and treatment model. Forty-eight human enamel specimens, which had a Vickers Hardness Number (VHN) of 25~45 were artificially demineralized for 48h. There were 8 treatment groups (0%, 1%, 5%, 10% nano-HA in distilled water and the same concentrations of nano-HA in a 0.05% NaF solution). The specimens were incubated in an in vitro remineralization model. After immersing the specimens into the treatment and remineralization solution for 12 hours each, the VHN of each specimen was evaluated for total 24 hours. This step was repeated once again for total 48 hours. The enamel surfaces of all specimens were examined by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and SEM. The statistical significance of the data was identified by one-way ANOVA followed by a Duncan’s studentized range test. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant. The results showed that the degree of remineralization, as revealed by the VHN values, was higher in the NaF groups than in the distilled water groups. The VHNs of the remineralized enamel specimens for 48 hours were higher than after the 24 hours treatment. In addition, the level of remineralization increased with increasing concentration of nano-HA and was more pronounced in the NaF groups than the distilled water groups (p<0.05). The CLSM and SEM images nano-sized particles attached to the enamel in the nano-HA treated groups. Nano-HA might play a synergistic role in remineralization with a fluoride mouthrinse. However, more study will be needed to determine the optimal condition of nano-HA and NaF mouthrinse for human use. In conclusion, nano-HA in a 0.05% NaF mouthrinse can help remineralize an early caries lesion.

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