316 EFFECT OF ULTRASOUND TRANSDUCER FREQUENCY ON FOLLICLE IDENTIFICATION ACCURACY IN CATTLE

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
C. Tachibana ◽  
S. Kabeya ◽  
A. H. Sugulle ◽  
H. Koyama ◽  
J. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Size Category ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
The Us ◽  
Paraffin Block ◽  
Follicular Size ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Sequential Images ◽  
Transducer Frequency

Ultrasoundsonography (US) is an essential tool for the study of reproductive physiology and is particularly useful in research on ovarian follicular dynamics in cattle. The resolution of the US images obtained, however, differs according to the frequency of the transducer used. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of transducer frequency on the accuracy of follicle identification in cattle. A Honda HS-2000 sonograph equipped with 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 MHz of B-mode linear rectal transducers was used in this study. A total of 22 ovaries with corpus luteum were collected from a local slaughterhouse. Each ovary was fixed on a paraffin block, immersed in de-gassed water, the transducer was placed at a distance of 1 cm from the surface, and sequential images from one end to other end of ovary were obtained at a distance of 1 mm. All follicles were aspirated by needle after imaging and were then injected with a pigment after counting by all frequencies. Subsequently, following freezing, 5-mm sections of ovaries were cut and the number of follicles in the sections was counted using a megascope. The follicles were classified into 4 groups according to their diameter: 2 to 3 mm, 4 to 6 mm, 7 to 10 mm, and 11 mm. The number of follicles observed using the megascope was compared with those observed at the 3 US frequencies. The ovaries were classified according to corpus luteum (CL) by determining the condition of the CL. Very red and small-sized CL (stage 1: ovary ovulated within 3 days), elastic and bigger CL (stage 2: ovary ovulated at 4 to 14 days), and regressed CL with yellow color (stage 3: ovary ovulated at 15 to 20 days). The data were analyzed by ANOVA. The results revealed no difference (P > 0.05) in the number of follicles observed in any size category using the US transducers and the megascope. Further, there were no differences between the different transducer frequencies and megascopic observations in terms of the number of follicles ≥4 mm in diameter. The stage of estrus in the ovary also had no effect on the number of follicles observed regardless of follicular size or the US frequency used. In conclusion, these results indicated that follicles could be counted accurately in excised ovaries using 5.0-, 7.5-, and 10.0-MHz transducers. Table 1.The average number of follicles in different frequencies and megascopic (n = 22)

Embryonic development and fecundity of the red deep-sea crab Chaceon quinquedens (Smith, 1879) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Geryonidae) in the Mid-Atlantic Bight determined by image analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Martínez-Rivera ◽  
Bradley G Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
Female Body Size ◽  
Fishing Vessels ◽  
The Us ◽  
Stage 1

Abstract The red deep-sea crab, Chaceon quinquedens (Smith, 1879), has been harvested from the US Atlantic continental shelf since the 1970s, but knowledge about its biology is extremely limited. We describe the stages and seasonality of embryonic development and determine size-specific fecundity for C. quinquedens in the Mid-Atlantic Bight. Samples were collected by trawling aboard research vessels in 2012–2013, and from traps aboard commercial fishing vessels in 2014–2016. Four stages of embryonic development were described: 1) early development, 2) mid-development, 3) late development, and 4) hatching. A relationship between embryonic development stage and egg-mass color was observed. A brooding cycle was proposed after analyzing seasonal changes in the stages of embryonic development. Fecundity was estimated by using an automated imaging method for egg samples during stage 1 and 2. The estimates of fecundity, the number of eggs per brood, ranged from 34,691 to 324,729 for females between 62.6 and 106.2 mm in carapace length (CL). The linear regression showed a positive correlation between fecundity and female body size in CL (R2 = 0.56). This study provides information on reproductive parameters needed to improve fisheries management.

scholarly journals The Effect of Pre-Event Instructions on Eyewitness Identification Stage 1 Registered Report Manuscript

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario J. Baldassari ◽  
Kara N. Moore ◽  
Ira Hyman ◽  
LORRAINE HOPE ◽  
Eric Mah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Exposure Duration ◽  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Identification Performance ◽  
Identification Stage ◽  
Lineup Identification ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Future Work

Research on eyewitness identification often involves exposing participants to a simulated crime and later testing memory using a lineup. We conducted a systematic review showing that pre-event instructions, instructions given before event exposure, are rarely reported and those that are reported vary in the extent to which they warn participants about the nature of event or tasks. At odds with the experience of actual witnesses, some studies use pre-event instructions explicitly warning participants of the upcoming crime and lineup task. Both the basic and applied literature provide reason to believe that pre-event instructions may impact eyewitness identification performance. In Experiment 1, we will test the effect of pre-event instructions on lineup identification decisions and confidence. Participants will receive non-specific pre-event instructions (i.e., “watch this video”) or eyewitness pre-event instructions (i.e., “watch this crime video, you’ll complete a line-up later”) and complete a culprit absent or present lineup. In Experiment 2, we will manipulate exposure duration and pre-event instructions to determine if pre-event instructions differentially impact high or low quality eyewitness events. If pre-event instructions impact eyewitness identification accuracy, then the findings of existing studies need to be considered in the context of their pre-event instructions and future work will be needed to determine how instructions interact with existing systems and estimator variables.

scholarly journals THE BONE MICROSTRUCTURE IDENTIFICATION MODEL BASED ON BACKSCATTER MODE OF ULTRASOUND

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70
Author(s):  
Umiatin Umiatin ◽  
Tora Oktaviana ◽  
Endang Wijaya ◽  
Riandini Riandini ◽  
Farhan Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Microstructure ◽  
Bone Fragility ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Major Public Health Issue ◽  
Digital Oscilloscope ◽  
The Us ◽  
Bone Assessment ◽  
Coupling Medium ◽  
Transducer Frequency

Osteoporosis is defined by a decrease in bone mass and a deterioration in bone microstructure. It is a major public health issue and a significant economic burden for both individuals and society. Thus, monitoring bone mass and structure is necessary to prevent bone fragility and osteoporosis. This study aimed to develop a prototype of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and to evaluate the feasibility of backscatter mode for the bone assessment. Ultrasound (US) signals that propagate through the bone can be characterized by comparing the signal from both transmitter and receiver transducers. The US backscattered signal depends on the characteristic of both medium and transducer. In this study, we analyzed the attenuated signal based on the parameters: type of bone (compact and spongy), type of coupling medium (air, starch, and gel), the angle between transducers and bone (30o, 60o, and 90o), and transducer distance (0, 10, 5, 15, 20 and 25 cm). We use only 1 MHz transducer frequency. The prototype has been evaluated by Digital Oscilloscope and LabVIEW user interface to observe received signals. The results of this study showed that there was a difference in amplitude of the US signal from compact and spongy bones. The amplitude is directly proportional to acoustic impedance and inversely proportional to the distance between transducers. There is a negative correlation between bone microstructure to attenuation, and compact bones have a greater attenuation coefficient than spongy bones.

scholarly journals Reasons for Pack Size Purchase among US Adults Who Purchase Cigars

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 7790
Author(s):  
Jessica L. King ◽  
Anna Bilic ◽  
Julie W. Merten
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Potential Minimum ◽  
Size Category ◽  
Pack Size ◽  
The Us ◽  
Amazon's Mechanical Turk ◽  
General Preferences ◽  
Size Preference

With municipalities across the US establishing minimum cigar pack size regulations, it is critical to understand what drives pack size preference. The purpose of this exploratory study was to identify reasons for cigar pack size purchase. We used Amazon’s Mechanical Turk to survey adults who had purchased cigars and reported past 30 day use. Participants responded to an open-ended item asking their reasons for purchasing their usual pack size. Responses were double-coded and categorized. Of 152 respondents, 61 used traditional cigars, 85 used cigarillos, and 36 used filtered cigars. Across all cigar types, most participants (73.7%) purchased boxes rather than singles; 5–9-packs were the most popular pack size category (19.7%), followed by 20+-packs (18.4%). We identified 16 reasons for pack size purchase across seven categories: price, consumption, social aspect, convenience, product characteristics, availability, and general preferences. Reasons varied according to whether the consumer purchased larger or smaller pack sizes. In this exploratory study to identify reasons for cigar pack size purchases, findings were consistent with those identified through tobacco industry documents and in the cigarette literature. Future research should examine the prevalence of these reasons, including as a function of demographic and use characteristics, to help inform the understanding of potential minimum cigar pack regulations.

scholarly journals Stage 1 registered report for replication of Experiment 1 and 2 of “Axe the tax: Taxes are disliked more than equivalent costs” (Sussman & Olivola, 2011)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Olsen ◽  
Christoph Kogler ◽  
Mark John Brandt ◽  
Linda Dezső ◽  
Erich Kirchler
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Consumption Tax ◽  
Original Experiment ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Replication Studies ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Consumption Taxes

Stage 1: Sussman and Olivola (2011) reported that people in the US show a stronger preference to avoid tax-related costs than to avoid tax-unrelated monetary costs of the same size and coined the term Tax Aversion to describe the phenomenon. The original Experiment 1 and 2 results indicated that people are willing to incur increased timely costs to receive a discount when it refers to taxes (e.g., “axe-the-tax discount”) than when it just refers to a regular discount (e.g., “customer rewards”). Their paper has received considerable attention and is often cited in tax behavior research when referring to citizens’ general aversion to taxes. We propose close replications of Experiments 1 and 2 in two high-powered studies in the US (N = 600 and N = 700, respectively). Because the original study was conducted in a country that relies on a sales tax system, where consumption taxes are very salient, we additionally propose conducting both replication studies in the UK to test whether the effect also applies to a value added tax system (again N = 600 and N = 700, respectively). The replication studies will test whether Tax Aversion is a stable phenomenon in the US and whether the effect extends to a consumption tax system where payments do not represent an out-of-pocket cost.

scholarly journals The role of COX-2, caspase-1 and IL-17 in pericoronitis-related inflammation due to lower third molar impaction

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Adi Prayitno
Keyword(s):  
Frozen Section ◽  
Third Molar ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Caspase 1 ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Paraffin Block ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
The Difference

Background: Inflammation of the pericorona due to lower third molar impaction (LTMI) is often diagnosed as pericoronitis. Expression of cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) and caspase-1 may be induced by lipopolysacharide (LPS) and cause pyroptosis with minimal inflammation. When LPS activates toll-like receptor (TLR-4), NOD-like receptors containing domain pyrin 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome will activate the release of pro-caspase-1 to caspase-1, followed by the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β. IL-1β and IL-23 which induces CD4+ Tcells (Th17) to produce IL-17 as a pro-inflammation cytokine. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the respective roles of COX2, caspase-1 and IL-17 in pericoronitis inflammation of the pericorona due to LTMI. Methods: Frozen section samples were produced through LTMI pericorona tissue biopsy using material provided by the Dental and Oral Clinic at Muwardi Hospital, Surakarta. The paraffin block produced was subsequently cut using a clean microtome with the resulting thin slices being placed on an object glass coated with polylysine. A diagnosis of pericoronitis was subsequently made by a pathologist. Immunohistochemical staining for COX-2, caspase-1 and IL-17 was carried out by indirect tyramide signal amplification (TSA) method. Photos were obtained by means of 100X, 200X, 400X and 1000X objective lensed microscopes to qualitatively assess the above mentioned protein expressions. T-Test was conducted in order to establish the difference in expression between the control group and pericoronitis due to LTMI. Results: The presence of a brownish yellow color indicated the expression of COX-2, caspase-1 and IL-17 in pericorona epithelial cells which visible expression categorized as moderate (30-70%). The mean expression of COX-2, caspase-1 and IL-17 was categorized as mild and there was no significant difference between the expression of the three proteins. Conclusion: COX-2, caspase-1 and IL-17 play an important role in the phyroptosis signal of LTMI pericoronitis in cases of low inflammation.

Carboplatin (CBP) versus cisplatin (CP) within prognostic groups in pediatric extracranial malignant germ cell tumors (MGCTs).

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 9539-9539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliet Hale ◽  
Thomas Arthur Olson ◽  
James Nicholson ◽  
Ha Dang ◽  
Mark D. Krailo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Chemotherapy Regimen ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Germ Cell Tumors ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
The Us ◽  
Prognostic Groups ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Malignant Germ Cell Tumors

9539 Background: It is established that CBP is inferior to CP in adult MGCTs when used at AUC 5 or 400mg/m2. There are no randomised data for paediatric MGCTs, so conclusions from adult MGCTs have been generalised despite differences in site, histology and biology. A database, pooling patients from US and UK paediatric MGCT studies, was established to determine prognostic factors in paediatric MGCTs. We examined the effect of CBP and CP in identified prognostic groups. Methods: A dataset of 1110 paediatric MGCTs was created, treated 1983 to 2009. Treatment was CBP (JEB, AUC 7.9) in the UK and CP (PEB) in the US. After excluding patients with surgery only, pure germinoma or immature teratoma , 697 patients remained. The cure model was used to assess the prognostic significance of chemotherapy regimen after adjustment for patient characteristics. Results: Analysis stratified prognosis according to age (0-10 v 11+yrs) and stage (1-3 v 4) at diagnosis by site (testis: ovary: extragonadal). Outcome for CBP and CP in these prognostic groups is shown in the table. Conclusions: Interpretation of the results of this nonrandomised comparison requires caution. However, after adjustment for other prognostic factors, the risks of failure for JEB and PEB were not statistically different . This is particularly true for 0-10yrs. At AUC7.9 CBP is tolerable in paediatric patients, with potentially fewer late toxicities than CP. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Gene expression of glucose transporter (GLUT) 1, 3 and 4 in bovine follicle and corpus luteum

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Nishimoto ◽  
R Matsutani ◽  
S Yamamoto ◽  
T Takahashi ◽  
K-G Hayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Notable Increase ◽  
Follicular Size ◽  
Theca Interna

Glucose is the main energy substrate in the bovine ovary, and a sufficient supply of it is necessary to sustain the ovarian activity. Glucose cannot permeate the plasma membrane, and its uptake is mediated by a number of glucose transporters (GLUT). In the present study, we investigated the gene expression of GLUT1, 3 and 4 in the bovine follicle and corpus luteum (CL). Ovaries were obtained from Holstein × Japanese Black F1 heifers. Granulosa cells and theca interna layers were harvested from follicles classified into five categories by their physiologic status: follicular size (≥ 8.5 mm: dominant; < 8.5 mm: subordinate), ratio of estradiol (E2) to progesterone in follicular fluid (≥ 1: E2 active;<1: E2 inactive), and stage of estrous cycle (luteal phase, follicular phase). CL were also classified by the stage of estrous cycle. Expression levels of GLUT1, 3 and 4 mRNA were quantified by a real-time PCR. The mRNA for GLUT1 and 3 were detected in the bovine follicle and CL at comparable levels to those in classic GLUT-expressing organs such as brain and heart. Much lower but appreciable levels of GLUT4 were also detected in these tissues. The gene expression of these GLUT showed tissue- and stage-specific patterns. Despite considerable differences in physiologic conditions, similar levels of GLUT1, 3 and 4 mRNA were expressed in subordinate follicles as well as dominant E2-active follicles in both luteal and follicular phases, whereas a notable increase in the gene expression of these GLUT was observed in dominant E2-inactive follicles undergoing the atretic process. In these follicles, highly significant negative correlations were observed between the concentrations of glucose in follicular fluid and the levels of GLUT1 and 3 mRNA in granulosa cells, implying that the local glucose environment affects glucose uptake of follicles. These results indicate that GLUT1 and 3 act as major transporters of glucose while GLUT4 may play a supporting role in the bovine follicle and CL.

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