176 GENE EXPRESSION OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR (LHR) ISOFORMS IN GRANULOSA CELLS OF FOLLICLES FROM NELLORE HEIFERS BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER FOLLICULAR DEVIATION

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Barros ◽  
R. L. Ereno ◽  
M. F. Machado ◽  
J. Buratini ◽  
M. F. Pegorer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone Receptor ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Dominant Follicle ◽  
The Future ◽  
Group 2

During bovine follicular development, there is a phase known as follicular deviation in which the future dominant follicle grows faster than the other follicles and acquires LH receptors (LHR). In Nellore breed, deviation occurs 2.5 days after ovulation, and at this time, the dominant follicle has in average a diameter of 6.0 mm. Some authors believe that LHRs are present in the future dominant follicle before deviation and are essential for this process. However, others are convinced that LHRs are present only during or after follicular deviation. The aim of the present experiment was to evaluate the expression of 4 LHR isoforms (M1 to M4) in granulosa cells of follicles from Nellore heifers before, during, and after follicular deviation. At a random stage of the estrous cycle (D0), Nellore heifers (n = 21) received a progesterone intravaginal device (1.0 g, Primer®, Tecnopec, Sao Paulo, Brazil) and 2.5 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB, i.m., Estrogin®, Farmavet, Sao Paulo, Brazil). Eight days later (D8) PGF2α was administered (150 μg d-cloprostenol, i.m., Prolise®, ARSA S.R.L., Buenos Aires, Argentina), and the device was removed. Twenty-four hours after device removal, cows were treated with EB (1.0 mg, i.m.), and from this point in time, the growth of the dominant follicle growth was observed by ultrasonography (US, Aloka 900, Tokyo, Japan) every 12 h. The animals were allocated in 3 groups: Group 2 (G2, 2 days after ovulation, n = 7), Group 2.5 (G2.5, 2.5 days after ovulation, n = 7), and Group 3 (G3, 3 days after ovulation, n = 7), and were slaughtered 2, 2.5, and 3 days after ovulation, respectively, in order to remove the ovaries. The granulosa cells, obtained from ovarian follicles, were separated for total RNA extraction, and the gene expression of LHR isoforms was measured by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Since LHR expression was not detected in Group 2 (follicles with 4.5 to 6.7 mm), comparisons were performed between groups G2.5 and G3 by ANOVA. The LHR expression was detected only in 2 samples of Group G2 (7.0-mm follicles) and was significantly higher in Group G3 (63.6%; follicles from 8 to 14 mm, P < 0.05). In all samples that expressed LHR, the 4 isoforms were present. It is concluded that LHR expression is present in granulosa cells of follicles from Nellore heifers after follicular deviation. Support and fellowship from FAPESP (Sao Paulo, Brazil).We are grateful to Tecnopec (Sao Paulo, Brazil) for providing intravaginal devices used in the experiment.

225 FOLLICULAR DIAMETER, OVULATION RATE, AND LH RECEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION IN NELLORE COWS

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 270 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. L. Simões ◽  
R. A. Satrapa ◽  
F. S. Rosa ◽  
M. Piagentini ◽  
A. C. S. Castilho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Lh Receptor ◽  
Theca Cells

The aim of the present experiment was to verify the relationship among follicular diameter, ovulation rate, and gene expression of LH receptor (LHR) isoforms in order to know whether these aspects could or could not influence ovulation rates in Nellore cows. In Experiment 1, at a random stage of the estrous cycle (Day 0), Nellore cows (n = 53) received a progesterone intravaginal device (1.0 g, Primer®, Tecnopec, São Paulo, Brazil) and 2.5 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB; i.m. Estrogin®; Farmavet, São Paulo, Brazil). On Day 8, PGF2 (150 μg d-cloprostenol; Prolise® ARSA S.R.L., Buenos Aires, Argentina) was administered i.m. and the device was removed. Twenty-four hours after device removal, cows were treated i.m. with EB (1.0 mg) and, 48 h afterwards, ovulation was determined by ultrasonography (US; Aloka 900, Tokyo, Japan). Three days after ovulation, follicular growth was observed daily by US and cows were randomly allocated into 3 groups according to follicular diameter (mm) [G1 (7.0-8.0), G2 (8.1-9.0), and G3 (9.1-10.0)] to receive 6.25 mg of LH (i.m. Lutropin®-V, Bioniche, Belleville, Ontario, Canada), which corresponds to twice the minimum ovulatory dose (3.12 mg) as determined in a preliminary experiment. The results were analyzed by logistic regression (PROC GEN MOD, SAS Institute, Cary, NC). The ovulation rates were 9 (2/21), 36 (8/22), and 90% (9/10) for G1, G2, and G3, respectively. There were significant differences when comparing G1 v. G3 (P < 0.01), G2 v. G3 (P < 0.02), and G1 v. G2 (P < 0.03). In Experiment 2, granulosa and theca cells from Nellore cows were recovered from follicles obtained in a local abattoir and submitted to total RNA extraction and expression of LHR isoforms (LHR-B3, LHR-B4, LHR-B5, and LHR-B6) by semiquantitative RT-PCR using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) as the internal control. Follicles were dissected, measured with a paquimeter, and allocated in 3 groups according to follicular diameter (mm): A (8.0-9.0), B (9.1-10.0), and C (10.1-11.0). Considering that follicles measured with paquimeter are on average 1.0 mm larger than those measured by US, Groups A, B, and C correspond to Groups G1, G2, and G3 (Experiment 1). In order to select only nonatretic (healthy) follicles, the E2/P4 >1.0 ratio was used. Therefore, from a total of 400 ovaries, only 5, 4, and 4 granulosa (n = 13) and 7, 8, and 8 theca samples (n = 23) from Groups A, B, and C, respectively, were obtained. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation. There were no significant differences in total LHR expression (LHR-B3 + LHR-B4 + LHR-B5 + LHR-B6) in theca cells from Groups A, B, and C. However, in granulosa cells, follicles from Group A had lower LHR expression (16.5; mRNA LHR/mRNA GAPD) compared with Group C (37.6; P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between expression of LHR-B5 and LHR-B6 isoforms and an increase in follicular diameter. In conclusion, these preliminary results indicate that ovulatory capacity in Nellore cattle is related to an increase in follicular diameter and LHR expression in granulosa cells. R. A. L. Simões, R. A. Satrapa, and A. C. S. Castilho are recipients of fellowship and funding from FAPESP (São Paulo, Brazil).

178 EXPRESSION OF mRNA ENCODING LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR AND MEVALONATE KINASE AROUND FOLLICLE DEVIATION IN NELORE HEIFERS (BOS INDICUS)

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
A. C. Souza Castilho ◽  
R. L. Ereno ◽  
M. Fernandes Machado ◽  
R. A. Satrapa ◽  
M. F. Gouveia Nogueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone Receptor ◽  
Mrna Abundance ◽  
Mevalonate Kinase ◽  
Dominant Follicle ◽  
Significant Difference

Luteinizing hormone (LH) plays a key role in controlling physiological processes in the ovary, and the expression of LHR by bovine granulosa cells is crucial to the follicular transition from FSH to LH dependency. There are controversies about the time at which follicles acquire LHR in granulosa cells. In Nelore breed (Bos indicus), the morphological divergence occurs, on average, 2.5 days after ovulation when the diameter of the dominant follicle is ~6.0 mm. In our previous work with semiquantitative PCR, the mRNA expression of LHR isoforms was detected more clearly after deviation (Day 3). The LHR mRNA binding protein, mevalonate kinase (MVK), is responsible for the down-regulation of LHR mRNA, thereby controlling the steady-state of LHR mRNA expression. In rats, there is an inverse correlation between the mRNA expression of LHR and MVK in luteal cells; however, there is no evidence about MVK expression in the bovine antral follicle. To gain insight about the involvement of the LHR/MVK system in the control of follicle deviation, we assessed the mRNA expression of LHR and MVK in granulosa cells from dominant and subordinate follicles close to deviation in Nelore heifers. Animals (n = 10) were hormonally synchronized, and ovulation was detected by ultrasound monitoring every 12 h. Heifers were slaughtered 2 (before deviation; n = 3), 2.5 (around deviation; n = 4), and 3 (post-deviation; n = 3) days after ovulation. Granulosa cells were harvested from the 2 largest follicles and submitted to total RNA extraction and reverse transcribed with oligo-dT. The mRNA abundance of LHR and MVK was measured by real-time RT-PCR using the Sybr Green system with bovine-specific primers and normalized by the expression of endogenous gene, cyclophilin A (PPIA), using the ΔΔct method corrected by Pffafl’s equation. Dominant and subordinate follicles were considered those expressing the greatest and second greatest abundance of aromatase mRNA (CYP19) in granulosa cells within each heifer. Effects of the day and follicle status on the mRNA abundance of LHR and MVK were tested by ANOVA and the mean values compared by paired t-test or Tukey test (P < 0.05 indicated significant difference). The LHR mRNA was detected at the predicted time of follicle deviation in Nelore heifers (Day 2.5) and was higher in dominant follicle on Day 3 (32.8 ± 12.6) compared with Day 2.5 (3.2 ± 0.9). The second largest follicle (subordinate follicles) had lower mRNA abundance of LHR when compared with future dominant follicles (largest follicles) on days 2.5 (0.8 ± 0.4 v. 3.2 ± 0.9) and 3 (1.9 ± 0.8 v. 32.8 ± 12.6). In contrast to the mRNA expression of LHR, MVK mRNA was more expressed in the subordinate follicles than in the largest follicles at Days 2.5 (3.1 ± 0.9 v. 0.9 ± 0.3) and 3 (2.6 ± 0.6 v. 0.9 ± 0.1) after ovulation, suggesting that it may be necessary to decrease the MVK expression in future dominant follicles to increase their LHR expression and follow up to ovulation. Supported by FAPESP.

scholarly journals Vision for the Future Project: Screening impact on the prevention and treatment of visual impairments in public school children in São Paulo City, Brazil

Clinics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Rodrigues da Costa ◽  
Iara Debert ◽  
Fernanda Nicolela Susanna ◽  
Janaina Guerra Falabreti ◽  
Mariza Polati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Visual Impairments ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
The Future ◽  
Project Screening ◽  
Future Project

scholarly journals Narratives about the internet of things: an exploratory study of the articles published in Folha online between 2011 and 2016

Intexto ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 139-165
Author(s):  
André Luiz Martins Lemos ◽  
Daniel Góis Rabêlo Marques ◽  
Elias Cunha Bitencourt
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The Internet ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
The Future ◽  
Privacy Issues ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The article describes how the Brazilian media shows the Internet of Things. The corpus is composed of 165 texts of Folha de São Paulo published online between 2011 and 2016. A data scraping tool was developed to extract the texts, which were analyzed using Atlas.ti. As criterion of analysis, we sought to identify the most cited objects, the qualities attributed to them, as well as the most recurrent IoT definitions. We also observed the main themes found in the texts and the judgment implied by the articles. We conclude that IoT is defined by the connectivity between intelligent objects, linked to technical and economic issues and to the imaginary of the future. These objects work mostly in the residential, health and transportation areas. Privacy issues still do not dominate the discussions.

Obstacles and Adaptations of Mega-Events in São Paulo in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 728-746
Author(s):  
Daiane Oliveira da Silva ◽  
Madalena Pedroso Aulicino
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The Internet ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Health Safety ◽  
Mega Events ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Face

The purpose of this research study was to identify how mega-events that had been established in the official calendar of SPTuris (São Paulo Tourism Company) in 2020, of the Municipality of São Paulo, Brazil, have adapted to the coronavirus pandemic. The study verified the impacts and obstacles caused in the event industry as well as the mitigation of such difficulties. A presentation was made on concepts, classifications of events, their history, and position in the market, including a description of actions by organizers not to stop all activities; the authors also included an interview with a representative of two companies in the event industry. The study conclusion was that most events opted for the internet and social media, in addition to drive-thru and delivery activities in the case of gastronomy; and that there have been gains in health safety and in the role of hybrid events in the future.

115 FOLLICULAR GROWTH AND BLOOD FLOW OF THE DOMINANT FOLLICLE IN CROSSBRED RECIPIENTS TREATED WITH eCG

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
M. P. Palhao ◽  
N. S. Junior ◽  
C. R. B. Guimarães ◽  
C. A. C. Fernandes ◽  
M. E. O. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Follicular Growth ◽  
Dominant Follicle ◽  
Follicle Diameter ◽  
Transfer Protocol

This study aimed to explore changes in follicle diameter and blood flow of the dominant follicle (DF), in ovulation and embryo transfer rates, after inclusion of eCG in a protocol for timed embryo transfer. The effect presence or absence of a corpus luteum (CL) at the start of treatment was also included. Crossbred heifers (n = 116, Bos taurus × Bos indicus), with (n = 61) or without (n = 55) CL, were included in the same hormone protocol: Day 0 (D0), insertion of progesterone (P4) device (1.0 g, Sincrogest®, Ouro Fino, São Paulo, Brazil) and 2 mg of oestradiol benzoato (EB, Sincrodiol®, Ouro Fino); D8, removal of P4 device and injection of sodium Cloprostenol (0.250 mg mL–1, Sincrocio®, Ouro Fino). On D8, the animals with and without CL – at the beginning of the protocol – were equally divided into 2 groups (G): G1 – injection of 300 IU (2.0 mL) of eCG (n = 56; Synchro eCG®, Ouro Fino); G2 – 2.0 mL of saline (n = 60). The ovulations were synchronized with 1 mg of EB on D9. From D8 to D11, the diameter of the DF and blood flow in its wall were recorded daily (M5 ultrasound with colour Doppler technology, 7.5-MHz linear array, DPS medical equipment, São Paulo, Brazil). Approximately 100 frames in colour-flow mode, containing entire cross-sections of the DF, were recorded during each examination. The area of the follicular wall with coloured pixels was measured with ImageJ software (Image Processing and Analysis in Java) from the frame with the largest blood flow signal. Before embryo transfer, all heifers were evaluated, and those with good-quality CL received frozen/thawed embryos (ethylene glycol 1.5 mol). Follicle diameter and blood flow area were compared between groups with or without CL before timed embryo transfer protocol and between eCG treatments. The PROC GLM procedure of SAS (version 9.0) and the t-test were used to assess the differences between means. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed on D35. Embryo transfer (ET) rate of the recipients and pregnancy rate were compared between CL or eCG treatments by the chi-squared test. Ovarian status, before hormone protocol, did not change (P > 0.05) the follicular growth of the DF. However, ovulation rate (78.8 v. 65.4%, P < 0.05) and ET rate (78.7 v. 65.4%, P < 0.05) were higher in animals with CL on D0. From D8 to D10, the inclusion of eCG did not affect (P > 0.05) follicular growth and blood flow of the DF. The time effect (P < 0.0001) for follicular blood flow had shown an increase in area of blood flow 24 h after implant removal (7.7 ± 0.7,b 10.2 ± 0.7,a and 12.3 ± 1.0a mm2, for Days 8, 9, and 10, respectively). The eCG did not affect (P > 0.05) the ovulation rate (71.4 and 73.3%, respectively, eCG and no eCG), however, approached an increased (P < 0.06) ET rate (78.8 v. 66.7%). The overall pregnancy rate (51.2%, 43/84) was not affected (P > 0.05) by evaluated variables. In summary, the addition of 300 IU of eCG on D8 of the timed embryo transfer protocol did not change the development of DF but increased the ET rate of the recipients. Biotran, FAPEMIG (project number APQ-1454-12), and CnPQ are acknowledged.

350 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SUB-DOSES OF EQUINE CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN ON PREGNANCY AND TWINNING RATES OF CYCLIC ZEBU COWS SUBMITTED TO FIXED-TIME ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Alvarez ◽  
F. L. N. Natal ◽  
R. M. L. Pires ◽  
K. M. R. Duarte ◽  
C. A. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Ovarian Response ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Twin Pregnancies ◽  
Group 1

The injection of a low dose of eCG has the potential to induce multiple ovulation and pregnancies in cattle. The present study aimed to evaluate the ovarian response, conception rate and incidence of twin pregnancies of cyclic cows receiving 1 of 2 low doses of eCG. Multiparous Nellore (Bos t. indicus) cows with plasma progesterone levels >1 ng∙mL–1 on at least one of 2 blood samples collected at 10-day intervals (Day –10 and Day 0) received an intramuscular (IM) injection of 2 mg of oestradiol benzoate (EB; Estrogin®, AUSA, São Paulo, Brazil) and a vaginal device (DIP) containing 1 g of progesterone (Primer®, Tecnopec, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) on Day 0. On Day 8, the DIP was removed and cows received an IM injection of 150 μg of cloprostenol (Veteglan®, Hertape Calier, Juatuba, MG, Brazil). At this time, the animals were randomly distributed into 3 groups. Group 1 (n = 30) received an IM injection of 2 mL of saline, whereas groups 2 (n = 41) and 3 (n = 23) received 600 IU and 900 IU of eCG (Novormon® MSD Saude Animal, São Paulo, Brazil), respectively. Twenty-four hours later (Day 9), all groups received 1 mg of EB and were submitted to fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) 30 h later (i.e. 54 h after DIP removal). Oestrus observation was performed daily from the time of the withdrawal of the DIP until the day of FTAI. Ovaries were examined ultrasonically at the time of FTAI, the following day and 7 days after FTAI. Pregnancy diagnosis was done by ultrasonography 30 days after FTAI and the incidence of twin or single calves was recorded at birth. Data were analysed by chi-square test. The rate of expression of oestrus was 70.0% (group 1), 82.9% (group 2), and 78.2% (group 3; P = 0.25). Cows that had 2 or more large follicles at the time of FTAI was 0% (group 1), 14.6% (group 2), and 34.8% (group 3; P < 0.05). The ovulation rate of cows in group 1 (80.0%) was higher than cows in groups 2 (48.8%) and 3 (52.2%; P < 0.05). The conception rates for groups 1, 2, and 3 were 50.0, 26.8, and 39.1%, respectively (P < 0.05). Two animals in group 3, one in group 2, and none of group 1 had twin pregnancies on Day 30 after FTAI. Only one of these cows (group 3) had a twin calving. It was concluded that the injection of 600 or 900 IU eCG, in an oestradiol/progestogen FTAI protocol does not result in an increase in the rate of twin calvings, but may negatively affect pregnancy rates of cyclic Nellore cows.Financial support was provided by FAPESP (proc. 2011/13096–0).

scholarly journals Differential gene expression of granulosa cells after ovarian superstimulation in beef cattle

Reproduction ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 146 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
F C F Dias ◽  
M I R Khan ◽  
M A Sirard ◽  
G P Adams ◽  
J Singh
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Oxidative Stress Response ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Matrix Remodeling ◽  
Upregulated Genes

Microarray analysis was used to compare the gene expression of granulosa cells from dominant follicles with that of those after superstimulatory treatment. Cows were allocated randomly to two groups (superstimulation and control, n=6/group). A new follicular wave was induced by ablation of follicles ≥5 mm in diameter, and a progesterone-releasing device controlled internal drug release (CIDR) was placed in the vagina. The superstimulation group was given eight doses of 25 mg FSH at 12-h intervals starting from the day of wave emergence (day 0), whereas the control group was not given FSH treatment. Both groups were given prostaglandin F2α twice, 12 h apart, on day 3 and the CIDR was removed at the second injection; 25 mg porcine luteinizing hormone (pLH) was given 24 h after CIDR removal, and cows were ovariectomized 24 h later. Granulosa cells were collected for RNA extraction, amplification, and microarray hybridization. A total of 190 genes were downregulated and 280 genes were upregulated. To validate the microarray results, five genes were selected for real-time PCR (NTS, FOS, THBS1, FN1, and IGF2). Expression of four genes increased significantly in the three different animals tested (NTS, FOS, THBS1, and FN1). The upregulated genes are related to matrix remodeling (i.e. tissue proliferation), disturbance of angiogenesis, apoptosis, and oxidative stress response. We conclude that superstimulation treatment i) results in granulosa cells that lag behind in maturation and differentiation (most of the upregulated genes are markers of the follicular growth stage), ii) activates genes involved with the NFE2L2 oxidative stress response and endoplasmic reticulum stress response, and iii) disturbs angiogenesis.

scholarly journals Gene analysis of major signaling pathways regulated by gonadotropins in human ovarian granulosa tumor cells (KGN)†

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-598
Author(s):  
Patricia G Tremblay ◽  
Marc-André Sirard
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Granulosa Cell ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
New Information ◽  
Pkc Signaling

Abstract The female reproductive function largely depends on timing and coordination between follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone. Even though it was suggested that these hormones act on granulosa cells via shared signaling pathways, mainly protein kinases A, B, and C (PKA, PKB, and PKC), there is still very little information available on how these signaling pathways are regulated by each hormone to provide such differences in gene expression throughout folliculogenesis. To obtain a global picture of the principal upstream factors involved in PKA, PKB, and PKC signaling in granulosa cells, human granulosa-like tumor cells (KGN) were treated with FSH or specific activators (forskolin, SC79, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) for each pathway to analyze gene expression with RNA-seq technology. Normalization and cutoffs (FC 1.5, P ≤ 0.05) revealed 3864 differentially expressed genes between treatments. Analysis of major upstream regulators showed that PKA is a master kinase of early cell differentiation as its activation resulted in the gene expression profile that accompanies granulosa cell differentiation. Our data also revealed that the activation of PKC in granulosa cells is also a strong differentiation signal that could control “advanced” differentiation in granulosa cells and the inflammatory cascade that occurs in the dominant follicle. According to our results, PKB activation provides support for PKA-stimulated gene expression and is also involved in granulosa cell survival throughout follicular development. Taken together, our results provide new information on PKA, PKB, and PKC signaling pathways and their roles in stimulating a follicle at the crossroad between maturation/ovulation and atresia.

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