141 EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON EMBRYO PRODUCTION AND CONCEPTION RATES IN BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Z. Hegedüsová ◽  
R. Holásek ◽  
M. Slezáková ◽  
A. Dufek ◽  
J. Kubica
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Embryo Quality ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Frozen Embryos ◽  
Conception Rates ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
The Mean

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of environmental temperature at the time of embryo collection and transfer on embryo quality and conception rates after transfer of fresh and frozen embryos. Purebred dairy (Holstein, Czech spotted cattle, n = 174) and beef (Charolais, Blonde d’Aquitaine, Piedmontese, Hereford, Limousin and Simmental; n = 72) donors were collected during 2005 to 2007. Donor cows received one application of PGF2α and superstimulation was initiated 9 to 11 days following estrus with pFSH (Folltropin-V; Bioniche Animal Health, Belleville, ON, Canada) given twice daily for 4 days. Prostaglandin2α was given on Day 3 of the superstimulation treatment. Donors were inseminated 3 times, with 1 unit of semen on Days 5 and 6 of treatment. Embryo recovery was carried out on Day 7 after insemination. The recipients were synchronized with PGF2α and embryos were transferred on Day 7 after estrus. The effect of temperature at the time of 246 embryo recoveries and 1338 transfers (fresh and frozen embryos) was analyzed using the GLM, assuming quasi-poisson and quasi-binomial error distribution by R software (www.r-project.org). We evaluated the total number of ova/embryos collected, embryo quality, and conception rates after transfer at the environmental temperatures shown below. Temperatures were divided into the following ranges: A) from –5 to 5°C; B) from 6 to 15°C; C) from 16 to 20°C; and D) over 20°C. The average temperature values were obtained from the Czech hydrometeorological institute and corresponded to the following seasons: winter (range A and B); spring (range B and C); summer (range C and D); fall (range C and B). Dairy cows were managed intensively in barns whereas beef cows were managed in barns during the winter and on pasture from April until October. In beef donors the mean number of total ova/embryos collected and transferable embryos were 9.1 ± 7.9 and 4.2 ± 4.5, respectively and no significant effect of temperature was detected (P > 0.05). In dairy donors the mean number of total ova/embryos collected and transferable embryos were 7.9 ± 6.0 and 4.9 ± 4.5, respectively and no significant effect of temperature was detected (P = 0.27). Conception rate was greatest (P < 0.001) in temperature range D (63.64%) compared with the other temperature ranges (A = 27.66%; B = 43.65%; C = 43.21%;) in beef cows and in the range C (65.31%) than in the other temperature ranges (A = 34.7%; B = 52.67%; D = 56.25%) in dairy cows. It was concluded that temperature at the time of embryo collection did not affect embryo production and quality. However, environmental temperature did have a significant effect on conception rates in both beef and dairy recipients. Nutritional status may also have contributed to the increased conception in beef cattle during warmer temperatures. However, the optimal period for conception in dairy cows was in temperature range from 16 to 20°C, because of the potential adverse effect of heat stress in high-yielding cows. Supported by MEYS CR MSM 2678846201, LA 330; NAZV 1B44034.

Comparative abilities of thyroxine and triiodothyronine as inhibitors of pituitary thyrotropin secretion in cattle

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Premachandra ◽  
G. W. Pipes ◽  
C. W. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Secretion Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Holstein Breed ◽  
The Mean

A technique is described using radioactiveiodine (I131) and the goitrogen, Tapazole, in mature dairy cows, to compare the relative biological activity of l-thyroxine (T4) and l-triiodothyronine (T3) in individual animals to inhibit pituitary thyrotropin (TSH) release and, in turn, release of thyroidal-I131. The minimal amount of either hormone required is considered the equivalent T4 or T3 secretion rate. The individuals of the Holstein breed showed a mean molar relation of 1:2.5, which was significantly higher than the means of the other breeds. The mean of 22 animals showed a ratio of 1:2.14, indicating that T3 is slightly over twice as effective as T4 in blocking TSH and thyroidal-I131 release. While T3 is more potent in blocking TSH discharge, it was observed that upon withdrawal of T4 and T3 the resumption of thyroidal-I131 release was more rapid after T3 administration.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE UPON FACET NUMBER IN THE BAR-EYED MUTANT OF DROSOPHILA

1920 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Krafka
Keyword(s):  
Immature Stage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Wild Stock ◽  
Line Feature ◽  
Exponential Curve ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Facet Number

Three strains of the bar-eyed mutant of Drosophila melanogaster Meig have been reared at constant temperatures over a range of 15–31°C. The mean facet number in the bar-eyed mutant varies inversely with the temperature at which the larvæ develop. The temperature coefficient (Q10) is of the same order as that for chemical reactions. The facet-temperature relations may be plotted as an exponential curve for temperatures from 15–31°. The rate of development of the immature stages gives a straight line temperature curve between 15 and 29°. Beyond 29° the rate decreases again with a further rise in temperature. The facet curve may be readily superimposed on the development curve between 15 and 27°. The straight line feature of the development curve is probably due to the flattening out of an exponential curve by secondary factors. Since both the straight line and the exponential curve appear simultaneously in the same living material, it is impractical to locate the secondary factors in enzyme destruction, differences in viscosity, or in the physical state of colloids. Differential temperature coefficients for the various separate processes involved in development furnish the best basis for an explanation of the straight line feature of the curve representing the effect of temperature on the rate of physiological processes. Facet number in the full-eyed wild stock is not affected by temperature to a marked degree. The mean facet number for fifteen full-eyed females raised at 27° is 859.06. The mean facet number for the Low Selected Bar females at 27° is 55.13; for the Ultra-bar females at 27° it is 21.27. A consistent sexual difference appears in all the bar stocks, the females having fewer facets. This relation may be expressed by the sex coefficient, the average value of which is 0.791. The average observed difference in mean facet number for a difference of 1°C. in the environment in which the flies developed is 3.09 for the Ultra-bar stock and 14.01 for the Low Selected stock. The average proportional differences in the mean for a difference of 1°C. are 9.22 per cent for Ultra-bar, and 14.51 for Low Selected. The differences in the number of facets per °C. are greatest at the low and least at the high temperatures. The difference in the number of facets per °C. varies with the mean. The proportional differences in the mean per °C. are greatest at the lower (15–17.5°) and higher (29–31°) temperatures and least at the intermediate temperatures. Temperature is a factor in determining facet number only during a relatively short period in larval development. This effective period, at 27°, comes between the end of the 3rd and the end of the 4th day. At 15°, this period is initiated at the end of 8 days following a 1st day at 27°. At 27° this period is approximately 18 hours long. At 15° it is approximately 72 hours long. The number of facets and the length of the immature stage (egg-larval-pupal) appear related when the whole of development is passed at one temperature. That the number of facets is not dependent upon the length of the immature stage is shown by experiments in which only a part of development was passed at one temperature and the remainder at another. Temperature affects the reaction determining the number of facets in approximately the same way that it affects the other developmental reactions, hence the apparent correlation between facet number and the length of the immature stage. Variability as expressed by the coefficient of variability has a tendency to increase with temperature. Standard deviation, on the other hand, appears to decrease with rise in temperature. Neither inheritance nor induction effects are exhibited by this material. This study shows that environment may markedly affect the somatic expression of one Mendelian factor (bar eye), while it has no visible influence on another (white eye).

The effect of body condition, feed level and temporary calf separation on the post-partum anoestrous period and LH and FSH levels in beef cows

1997 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 26-26
Author(s):  
I.A. Wright ◽  
A.J.F. Russel ◽  
T.K. Whyte ◽  
A.J. McBean
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency ◽  
Beef Cow ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Farm Livestock

Compared with other species of farm livestock the reproductive performance of beef cows is poor. Mating and calving periods are frequently extended to avoid having a large proportion of barren Cows. vs. For example the ‘average’ MLC recorded herd has a calving period of over 4months. This makes management of beef cow herds difficult and has a deleterious effect on biological efficiency and profitability.One of the major limitations to improvement of reproductive efficiency in beef cattle is the extended post-partum anoestrus. Beef cows have longer post-partum anoestrous periods than dairy cows. In one study of three different herds (Peters and Riley, 1982) the mean length of the anovulatory period ranged from 24 to 88 days.

145 THE INFLUENCE OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL DRENCHING ON THE SUPEROVULATORY RESPONSE AND EMBRYO QUALITY IN HIGH-YIELDING DAIRY COWS

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
T. Othman ◽  
S. Ismael ◽  
M. Ayoub
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Embryo Quality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Grade 3

Genetic improvement of dairy cows increased markedly over the last decades; this has marked increased milk yield, which has been associated with reduced fertility parameters. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding propylene glycol (PG) on superovulatory responses of 50 dairy cows and on their embryo quality and quantity. Starting at 1 week before the application of superovulatory regimen, each cow received once daily an oral dose of 150 g of PG (PG group) or water (control group). All cows were superovulated with a total dose of 400 mg of FSH administrated twice daily in decreasing doses over 4 consecutive days. Embryos were recovered nonsurgically 7.5 days after the onset of oestrus using a 2-way catheter. Evaluation of embryo quality was done according to the IETS manual based on 1 to 4 grades. Grade 1 embryos were transferred after freezing; grade 2 and 3 embryos were freshly transferred. The results showed that the number of total ova/embryos recovered, grade 1 embryos, and the number of transferable embryos were significantly higher (P = 0.048, 0.015, and 0.014, respectively) in the PG group (10.33 ± 1.9, 7.08 ± 1.7, and 7.92 ± 1.6, respectively) when compared with control group (6.09 ± 0.9, 2.11 ± 0.45, and 3.92 ± 1.25, respectively). Insignificant increase in grade 2 and grade 3 embryos was indicated in the control group (1.37 ± 0.3 and 0.51 ± 0.18, respectively) when compared with PG group (0.75 ± 0.28 and 0.25 ± 0.13, respectively). On the other hand, the results indicated that there was an increase in the number of degenerated embryos and unfertilized ovum in the PG group (2.33 ± 0.85) compared with control group (2.09 ± 0.6). In conclusion, these results suggested that administration of PG has the ability to positively improve the superovulatory response and embryo quality in high-yielding dairy cows.

scholarly journals Period of dominance of the ovulatory follicle influences embryo quality in lactating dairy cows

Reproduction ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (5) ◽  
pp. 813-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronaldo L A Cerri ◽  
Heloísa M Rutigliano ◽  
Ricardo C Chebel ◽  
José E P Santos
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Embryo Quality ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Ovulatory Follicle ◽  
Timed Artificial Insemination

Length of dominance of the ovulatory follicle and exposure to oestradiol (OE2) during proestrus can affect fertility. Lactating cows had their oestrous cycle pre-synchronized and were subjected to one of the four synchronization treatments. Cows in the oestrus detection (OD) treatment received GnRH on day 6 of the oestrous cycle, PGF2α7 days later, and were inseminated at detected oestrus. The remaining cows were subjected to the Ovsynch (OVS) protocol (day 0 GnRH, day 7 PGF2α, day 9 GnRH, and timed artificial insemination (AI) 12 h later) starting on day 3 (OVS3) or day 6 (OVS6 and OVS6E) of the oestrous cycle. Cows in the OVS6E treatment received an injection of 0.5 mg oestradiol cypionate 36 h before AI. Ovaries were examined by ultrasonography and blood was sampled for progesterone and OE2concentrations. Uteri were flushed 6 days after AI and recovered embryos–oocytes evaluated. Diameter of the ovulatory follicle at AI differed (P<0.01) among treatments, and it was the largest for OVS3 cows, which also had extended (P<0.01) length of follicular dominance. During proestrus, OD and OVS6E cows had increased (P<0.01) OE2concentrations. Fertilization was not altered by treatments, and maximum fertilization was achieved when the number of accessory spermatozoa was >7. Proportions of viable embryos in relation to embryos and embryos–oocytes recovered were smaller for OVS3 cows (P<0.01) than the other treatments, and embryos from OVS3 cows also had fewer (P<0.01) blastomeres and tended (P=0.09) to have a lower proportion of live blastomeres. Extending the period of follicle dominance did not alter fertilization but reduced (P<0.001) embryo quality. Embryo quality was compromised even when the dominance of the ovulatory follicle was extended by only 1.5 days.

Breed effects and heterosis for productivity traits at first calving of Angus, Holstein Friesian, Jersey and crossbred beef cows

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1381 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Hickson ◽  
N. Lopez-Villalobos ◽  
P. R. Kenyon ◽  
S. T. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Beef Cow ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Positive Heterosis

Feed requirements for maintenance contribute a large proportion of the feed requirements of a beef cow so lighter cows may be more efficient producers of weaned calves, provided that such cows do not result in a comparative reduction in calf weaning weight. Beef-cross-dairy cows have increased milk yield compared with straight-bred beef cows and have the potential to wean heavier calves. Crossbred cows may also offer potential increases in production through heterosis. This experiment examined the performance of straight-bred Angus (AA), Holstein Friesian (FF) and Jersey (JJ) cows and of Angus-sired F1 crossbreds with Holstein Friesian (AF), Jersey (AJ) and Holstein Friesian-cross-Jersey (Kiwicross; AK) cows to identify breed and heterosis effects on milk intake and liveweight of calves and liveweight, reproductive performance and fatness of cows in their first lactation. Days to calving and weaning rate from first joining were similar among genotypes, but only 50% of FF cows conceived to second joining, compared with 90–98% for the other genotypes (P < 0.05). Estimated milk intake of calves was least (P < 0.05) for calves born to AA cows, and was generally similar (P > 0.05) among calves born to crossbred cows. There were positive heterosis effects between Angus and Jersey and between Angus and Holstein Friesian on milk intake of the calf. Straight-bred FF cows weaned the heaviest calves (least-squares mean + s.e.: 241 ± 5 kg; P < 0.05). Calves born to AF and AK cows were weaned at similar liveweight (229 ± 3 kg and 226 ± 4 kg, respectively; P > 0.05), and were heavier (P < 0.05) than calves born to JJ and AJ cows, which were similar (208 ± 5 kg and 215 ± 3 kg, respectively; P > 0.05). Calves born to AA cows were lightest at weaning (196 ± 3 kg; P < 0.05). Estimates of heterosis for weaning weight were 11 ± 4 kg (P < 0.01) between Angus and Holstein Friesian, and 14 ± 4 kg (P < 0.001) between Angus and Jersey. Angus-cross-dairy cows offered production advantages over straight-bred AA cows as dam lines in a terminal cross. These advantages were partially due to heterosis.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE UPON SOME OF THE PROPERTIES OF CASEIN

1927 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 961-985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Pertzoff
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Common Multiple ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Two Temperature

1. The investigations dealing with the properties of casein as an acid were reviewed. 2. The solubility of uncombined casein in water was measured at 5°C. and found to be 0.70±0.1 mg. of N per 100 gm. of water. 3. Robertson's solubility measurements of casein in bases at various temperatures were recalculated and found to agree well with more recent measurements. 4. By combining the observations of several investigators, as well as the author's measurements of the solubility of casein, in base, at various temperatures, the following conclusions were reached: (a) The solubility of casein in base is affected by the temperature in a discontinuous manner. (b) There exist two ranges of temperature, one, extending from about 21° to 37°C. and the other from about 60° to 85°C. where the solubility of casein in base is practically independent of temperature. (c) From 37° to 60° the equivalent combining weight of casein rises from the value 2100 to about 3700 gm. 5. By comparing the values of base bound by 1 gm. of casein at the two temperature ranges with a constant, the value of base necessary to saturate the same amount of casein, it was found that the latter value is a common multiple of the former values, indicating the stoichiometric nature of the effect of temperature.

Effects of Temperature on the Emulsification in Surfactant-Water-Oil Systems

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 2773-2780
Author(s):  
Yin-Quan Yuan ◽  
Xian-Wu Zou ◽  
Ping-Fan Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamic Simulation ◽  
Molecular Dynamic ◽  
Dynamic Simulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Obvious Effect ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Active Temperature

The effect of temperature on the emulsification has been investigated by discontinuous molecular dynamic simulation. When a large oil drop is put in water, on one hand the mixing entropy makes it divide into small oil drops; on the other hand the interactions among particles drives the small oil drops fowards aggregation. The evolution of the mean size of oil drops obeys the exponential delay law. There exist an active temperature, at which, the addition of surfactants has obvious effect on the emulsification. The surfactants with low HLB value (e.g. H 1 T 3) make the dispersity of emulsion decrease, and the surfactants with high HLB value (e.g. H 2 T 2 and H 3 T 1) make a contribution to increase the dispersity of emulsion.

Comparison of embryo quality in high-yielding dairy cows, in dairy heifers and in beef cows

2005 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 2022-2036 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L.M.R. Leroy ◽  
G. Opsomer ◽  
S. De Vliegher ◽  
T. Vanholder ◽  
L. Goossens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Embryo Quality ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Dairy Heifers

The influence of environmental temperature and plane of nutrition on heat losses from groups of growing pigs

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Close ◽  
L. E. Mount ◽  
I. B. Start
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARY1. Rates of heat loss from 12 groups of pigs were measured over 4-week periods in a large direct calorimeter equipped as a pig pen.2. The levels of feeding in different groups were 34, 39, 45 and 52g/kg body weight per day, and the calorimeter temperatures were 7°, 12°, 20° and 30°C.3. At 12°, 20° and 30°C the rates of heat loss were related to the level of feeding.4. At 7°C the mean rate of heat loss was higher than at the other temperatures, and was not related to the level of feeding.

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