291 VARIOUS FACTORS INFLUENCING PREGNANCY RATES AND CALVING CHARACTERISTICS FOLLOWING TRANSFER OF OPU-IVP EMBRYOS PRODUCED IN A COMMERCIAL SYSTEM

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
C. Ponsart ◽  
F. Aymar ◽  
B. Marquant-Le Guienne ◽  
C. Guyader-Joly ◽  
S. Ponchon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Pregnancy Rates ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Assisted Reproduction Technique ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Mean

OPU-IVP is nowadays an assisted reproduction technique in which output for each step is variable. The aim of this work was to identify factors influencing calving rate and calf characteristics through a retrospective study conducted from 356 OPU sessions and 137 pregnancies on a farm. Donor females were stimulated with FSH in five decreasing doses (400 �g for cows and 250 �g for heifers). Collected oocytes were matured for 24 h in M199 plus fetal calf serum, FSH, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and estradiol. They were then fertilized in TALP with frozen-thawed semen and zygotes were cultured for 6 days on Vero cell monolayers in B2 medium. Embryos were transferred as fresh to recipients on Day 7; 137 pregnancies were followed up to calving. Gestation length, calving conditions and calf characteristics (sex and birth weight assessed by farmers) were recorded and compared to national standards (UPRAs data). The mean number of collected oocytes per session was 14; 11.6 were selected for IVM, 8.5 cleaved, and 3.9 developed to the blastocyst stage (40.4% of the embryos were Grade 1, 35.3% G2, and 20.5% G3). On average, 2.9 embryos were transferred into recipients, leading to an average of 1.6 pregnancies on Day 35 and 1.4 on Day 90 (76% of recipients were heifers). Pregnancy rates were higher in heifers than in cows (54.5% vs. 47.8%; P < 0.05). Pregnancies led to birth of a healthy calf in 81.9% of the OPU sessions (1.1 per session), the 18.1% losses being divided between 4.4% abortion (n = 6) and 13.7% perinatal mortality (n = 18). Gestation length from IVF pregnancies was longer than in national breeds standards (trial = 291 vs. national = 287 days). Moreover, 10% of calvings were induced. Calving conditions were mainly dependent on age of recipients: 70% of the heifers were assisted compared to 40.9% of the cows. No effect of gestation length or sex of calf was observed on calving difficulties. Sex ratio did not deviate in calves produced by OPU-IVF (52.3% of males and 47.7% of females). However, it was influenced by embryo quality, with the proportion of males decreasing from 56.3% to 44.4% for G1 to G3 embryos. The mean weight of healthy calves issued from IVP embryos averaged 47.1 kg � 10.1 and was not significantly higher than the national breed standards. The deviation (kg) from national breeds standards ranged from -20 kg to 0 in 68.8% (n = 90), from 1 to 15 kg in 16.0% (n = 29), and greater than 15 kg in 9.2% (n = 12) of the calves. Even if the mean deviation was not significant, those 12 calves in the >15 kg group should be considered as large. However, they were issued from two different donor females, so that this effect could also be attributed to a mother effect. To conclude, the effect of recipient parity on pregnancy rates was confirmed. The OPU-IVP system used in this trial did not seem to influence significantly sex ratio and weight of calves. Further studies are needed to investigate the sources of variation of gestation length.

19 Invitro embryonic development from oocytes collected by ovum pickup of superstimulated females and nonstimulated slaughterhouse ovaries of alpaca (Vicugna pacos)

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
L. Landeo ◽  
M. Zuñiga ◽  
T. R. Gastelu ◽  
J. A. Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Oocyte Quality ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Cleavage Rate ◽  
Hormonal Stimulation ◽  
Array Transducer ◽  
The Mean

The objective of this study was to evaluate the embryonic development of alpaca oocytes collected by ovum pickup from superstimulated females (OPU, Group 1) and from slaughterhouse ovaries of 8 non-superstimulated females (SHO, Group 2) using a conventional aspiration technique (20G needle and a 3-mL syringe). A total of 8 nonpregnant alpacas, 3 to 4 years old, were superstimulated with a single dose of 200IU of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG, Day=0). Three days later, alpacas were examined by transrectal ultrasonography with a 7.5-MHz linear-array transducer to determine the number and diameter of follicles available for aspiration. A total of 101 follicles were aspirated, recovering 67 oocytes (66.3%) by OPU using an endocavity transducer attached to a 21G needle adapted for alpacas. The follicular fluid was aspirated using a regulated vacuum pump (40 mmHg) into a tube containing 5mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 0.2% bovine serum albumin (BSA), and 10IUmL−1 heparin, at 37°C. In the SHO group we used 16 ovaries maintained at 28°C. The recovery of oocytes was carried out within 3h of ovary collection. We aspirated 155 follicles from SHO and recovered 117 oocytes (75.5%). After collection, all oocytes recovered were morphologically classified into categories (I and II) and cultured for 26h in an incubator (5% CO2 in air at 38.5°C), in TCM-199 supplemented with 0.2mmol sodium pyruvate, 50µgmL−1 gentamicin sulphate, 0.02IUmL−1 FSH, 1µgmL−1 oestradiol 17β, and 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). After maturation, oocytes were invitro fertilized with epididymal spermatozoa recovered from postmortem males and co-cultured for 18 to 20h. After this period, all cleaved oocytes were incubated (5% CO2 in air, 38.5°C) for 6 days in synthetic oviductal fluid-serum medium. Number and morphological quality of oocytes collected, invitro cleaved, and embryos ratea were registered and compared between groups. Statistical significance was determined using Kruskal–Wallis test. The mean and standard error were calculated from average of the percentages obtained in each repetition. Results indicated that the mean number of oocytes collected per ovary was higher (P&lt;0.05) using SHO (7.8±2.4) than OPU (4.5±3.0). Also, the number of oocytes classified as category I, was higher in the SHO compared with OPU group (56% vs. 30% respectively; P&lt;0.05); however, category II oocytes were the same (16% vs. 15%, respectively). There was no difference in early development (cleavage) rate between OPU (57±2.0) and SHO (49±1.5) groups. However, there was difference in the rate of development (P&lt;0.05) between OPU and SHO groups to reach the morula stage (56±2.0 vs. 42±1.7, respectively) and early blastocyst stage (55±2.0 vs. 34±1.4, respectively). In conclusion, oocyte quality could be affected by hormonal stimulation or by the quality of follicles aspirated by OPU. In contrast, oocytes recovered from live animals by OPU have greater capability of embryonic development invitro than oocytes recovered from slaughterhouse ovaries.

scholarly journals Involuntary reduction in vigour of calves born from sexed semen

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radica Djedović ◽  
Vladan Bogdanović ◽  
Dragan Stanojević ◽  
Zsolt Nemes ◽  
András Gáspárdy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Stillbirth Rate ◽  
Sexed Semen ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fertility Traits

The objective of this study was to compare the reproductive traits of heifers and the development characteristics of their calves following artificial insemination (AI) with sexed and non-sexed semen. The analysed characteristics included conception rate, gestation length, calf birth weight, calf vigour, stillbirth rate, and twinning rate. Data of 530 calves produced with sexed and 1,163 calves produced with non-sexed semen were analysed. The General Linear Model (GLM) was applied to assess the influence of semen type, farm, season of insemination, the calf’s sex and the inseminating sire on gestation length and calf birth weight. With the exception of gestation length (P > 0.05), all other traits studied were significantly (P < 0.01) influenced by the type of semen. The conception rate was 55% for conventional and 44% for sexed semen, and the average gestation length was 274.6 and 274.9 days, respectively. The mean calf birth weight was 37.47 kg for non-sexed and 36.75 kg for sexed semen. The stillbirth rate was 6.19% for conventional and 7.54% for sexed semen, while the twinning rate was 3.78% for conventional and 1.13% for sexed semen. The calves produced with non-sexed and sexed semen differed significantly in viability (P < 0.001), the latter having a lower calf vigour score. The use of conventional semen did not affect the ratio of female and male calves (52.7:47.3%; P > 0.05); however, artificial insemination with X-sorted sexed semen significantly altered the sex ratio of calves (85.1:14.9%, P < 0.01). The results obtained in this investigation are in agreement with the majority of studies which compared the fertility traits, sex ratio and calf characteristics depending on the application of artificial insemination with sexed or conventional semen.

Biased sex ratio and niche restriction in Baruscapillaria obsignata (Madsen 1945) (Nematoda, Capillariidae) from Columba livia (Aves, Columbidae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D'Ávila ◽  
E.C.A. Bessa ◽  
S. Souza-Lima ◽  
M.L.A. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Biased Sex Ratio ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Male Sex

AbstractIn the present study populations of the avian nematode species Baruscapillaria obsignata are described from Columba livia. Male and female individuals were obtained from 27 birds, fixed in alcohol/formalin/acetic acid (AFA) and preserved in 70% ethanol. Nematodes were identified and then counted under a stereoscopic microscope. Baruscapillaria obsignata were much more frequent in the anterior third of the small intestine, and females were more abundant than males in all infra populations. The prevalence was 55.6%, mean intensity was 11.8 (median 11.0; range 1–31) and abundance 6.56. In the present study, we observed an aggregated distribution of parasite infrapopulations, as demonstrated by the value of the exponent of the negative binomial distribution, K = 0.2773; by the discrepancy index, D = 0.656 and by the variance/mean ratio, 12.44. The female/male sex ratios found in all infrapopulations were always greater than 1, showing a bias in favour of female abundance. This tendency was especially marked in infrapopulations containing fewer individuals. The sizes of infrapopulations ranged from 5 to 31 individuals. The mean sex ratio observed was 2.69 ± 3.28 (median 1.83; range 0–11). In infrapopulations with 5–15 individuals, the sex ratios observed varied from 2.6 to 11, while in those with 17–31 individuals, the sex ratios were lower, ranging from 1.7 to 2.4. There was a negative correlation between the intensity of infection and the sex ratio of infrapopulations. Results are discussed in terms of possible factors influencing the processes that lead to niche restriction and biased sex ratios in parasite infrapopulations.

Influence of glucose on the sex ratio of bovine IVM/IVF embryos cultured in vitro

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 361 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gutiérrez-Adán ◽  
J. Granados ◽  
B. Pintado ◽  
J. De La Fuente
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
Morula Stage ◽  
Effect Of Glucose ◽  
Glucose Supplementation

The effect of glucose in the medium used during in vitro culture on the sex ratio of bovine blastocysts derived from in-vitro-matured andin-vitro-fertilized oocytes was evaluated. Oocytes were matured and inseminated with mixed sperm from three bulls and were cultured in vitro in modified synthetic oviducal fluid medium with 10% fetal calf serum, with or without glucose supplementation. The overall rate of cleaved embryos that developed to expanded blastocyst in the medium without glucose (27.0%) was significantly greater (P<0.05) than the percentage observed when embryos were cultured in medium with glucose (17.5%). Analysis of variance was performed to analyse the effect of glucose on the proportion of male embryos reaching the blastocyst stage (or arrested at the morula stage) during Days 7 to 10. Regardless of the presence or absence of glucose in the medium, significantly (P<0.05) more male than female embryos were harvested as expanded blastocysts on Day 7 and on Day 8 of culture. On Days 9 plus 10 of culture, a sex ratio imbalance only occurred in the absence of glucose in the culture medium (P<0.05). Glucose did not produce any significant effect on the sex ratio of the overall number of expanded blastocysts harvested by Day 10 of in vitro culture. However a significantly greater proportion of females (P<0.01) were found among those embryos that developed only to the morulae stage after 10 days in vitro. These results show that glucose supplementation of culture media produces a preferential loss of female embryos during culture to the blastocyst stage.

285 VARIATION FACTORS INFLUENCING CLEAVAGE AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT RATES OF BOVINE OOCYTES COLLECTED ON A FARM IN A COMMERCIAL OPU-IVP SYSTEM

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 250
Author(s):  
B. Marquant-Le Guienne ◽  
F. Aymar ◽  
C. Ponsart ◽  
C. Guyader-Joly ◽  
S. Ponchon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Cleavage Rate ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Development Rates ◽  
Donor Characteristics

The aim of this work was to identify factors influencing the success rate of each production step through a retrospective study conducted for 362 commercial OPU-IVP sessions performed on a farm. Donor females were stimulated with FSH in five decreasing doses (400 μg for cows and 250 μg for heifers). Collected oocytes were matured for 24 h in M199 plus fetal calf serum, FSH, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and estradiol. They were then fertilized in TALP with frozen-thawed semen; zygotes were cultured for 6 days on Vero cell monolayers in B2 medium. Embryos were transferred as fresh to recipients on Day 7. The effects of donor characteristics, OPU and IVP conditions on cleavage, development rates, and number of transferred embryos (TE) were analyzed by ANOVA (GLM program in SAS; SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Effects are mentioned when significant at P < 0.05. The mean number of collected oocytes per session was 14; 11.6 were selected for IVM, 8.5 cleaved, and 3.9 developed to the blastocyst stage (40.4% of the embryos were Grade 1, 35.3% G2, and 20.5% G3). On average, 2.9 embryos were transferred into recipients. The number of transferred embryos was higher when the dominant follicle (DF) was punctureed prior to OPU (see Table 1). This resulted in a better cleavage rate in punctured DF donor females. Higher cleavage rates were observed in infertile females as well as numbers of TE per session. Pregnancy and body condition score (BCS) recorded at OPU only influenced cleavage rates. Embryonic development rates were mainly influenced by donor breed and parity. In the Abundance breed, 87.5% of the sessions resulted in at least one embryo being transferred compared to 58.6% in Holsteins. Higher numbers of embryos were transferred per session when donor females were cows rather than heifers. Fertilization conditions (heparin and sperm concentrations) had no effect on cleavage and embryonic development rates. To conclude, cleavage and development rates were mainly influenced by donor characteristics (breed, parity, physiological status). Improvement of results may be achieved by systematic puncture of DF prior to OPU. Cleavage rates were dependent on BCS. To improve management of body condition, BCS variations before OPU could be a new parameter to be followed in donor females. Table 1. Factors affecting steps of the OPU-IVP procedure

Genetic and environmental factors influencing litter size, sex ratio and gestation length in the pig

1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Kennedy ◽  
J. E. Moxley
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Sire Breed ◽  
Number Of Males ◽  
Length Of Gestation

ABSTRACTData from 675 litters were used to study the effects of type of service, number of services, parity, year, season, breed of sire, sire, type of dam (purebred or crossbred), breed of dam, dam, breed of sire × type of dam and breed of sire × breed of dam on litter size (live births), number of males, number of females, sex ratio (percentage of males) and length of gestation. Yorkshire, Landrace and Lacombe breeds and their crosses were represented. Artificial insemination significantly reduced litter size and the number of females and increased sex ratio. Parity had a significant effect on all traits except sex ratio. Lacombe-sired litters were approximately one-half pig smaller than Yorkshire- and Landrace-sired litters. Landrace-sired litters had gestations of one-third day shorter than Yorkshires. On average, crossbred dams farrowed 0·65 more pigs per litter than pure-bred dams. Litters from Yorkshire dams, however, were more than one pig larger than Landrace and Lacombes, and did not differ significantly from crossbred dams. Gestation length of Lacombe sows was 1·34 days shorter than Yorkshires. Repeatabilities of litter size, number of males, number of females, sex ratio and gestation length were 0·15, 0·08, 0·06, 0·05 and 0·32 respectively.

DFT Benchmark Study of the O--O Bond Dissociation Energy in Peroxides Validated with High-Level Ab-Initio Calculations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Carmona ◽  
Pablo Jaque ◽  
Esteban Vöhringer-Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Reference Value ◽  
Basis Set ◽  
Basis Sets ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Bond Dissociation ◽  
Dissociation Energies ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
High Level ◽  
Almost All

<div><div><div><p>Peroxides play a central role in many chemical and biological pro- cesses such as the Fenton reaction. The relevance of these compounds lies in the low stability of the O–O bond which upon dissociation results in radical species able to initiate various chemical or biological processes. In this work, a set of 64 DFT functional-basis set combinations has been validated in terms of their capability to describe bond dissociation energies (BDE) for the O–O bond in a database of 14 ROOH peroxides for which experimental values ofBDE are available. Moreover, the electronic contributions to the BDE were obtained for four of the peroxides and the anion H2O2− at the CBS limit at CCSD(T) level with Dunning’s basis sets up to triple–ζ quality provid- ing a reference value for the hydrogen peroxide anion as a model. Almost all the functionals considered here yielded mean absolute deviations around 5.0 kcal mol−1. The smallest values were observed for the ωB97 family and the Minnesota M11 functional with a marked basis set dependence. Despite the mean deviation, order relations among BDE experimental values of peroxides were also considered. The ωB97 family was able to reproduce the relations correctly whereas other functionals presented a marked dependence on the chemical nature of the R group. Interestingly, M11 functional did not show a very good agreement with the established order despite its good performance in the mean error. The obtained results support the use of similar validation strategies for proper prediction of BDE or other molecular properties by DF Tmethods in subsequent related studies.</p></div></div></div>

Der Sommer und Herbst 2003 aus phänologischer Sicht | Summer and autumn 2003 from a phenological point of view

2004 ◽  
Vol 155 (5) ◽  
pp. 142-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Defila
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
New Record ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Leaf Shedding ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Very High ◽  
Selection Of

The record-breaking heatwave of 2003 also had an impact on the vegetation in Switzerland. To examine its influences seven phenological late spring and summer phases were evaluated together with six phases in the autumn from a selection of stations. 30% of the 122 chosen phenological time series in late spring and summer phases set a new record (earliest arrival). The proportion of very early arrivals is very high and the mean deviation from the norm is between 10 and 20 days. The situation was less extreme in autumn, where 20% of the 103 time series chosen set a new record. The majority of the phenological arrivals were found in the class «normal» but the class«very early» is still well represented. The mean precocity lies between five and twenty days. As far as the leaf shedding of the beech is concerned, there was even a slight delay of around six days. The evaluation serves to show that the heatwave of 2003 strongly influenced the phenological events of summer and spring.

scholarly journals Correlation between fundus autofluorescence and visual function in patients with cone-rod dystrophy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoru Kanda ◽  
Takumi Hara ◽  
Ryosuke Fujino ◽  
Keiko Azuma ◽  
Hirotsugu Soga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Fundus Autofluorescence ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Field Imaging

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between autofluorescence (AF) signal measured with ultra-wide field imaging and visual functions in patients with cone-rod dystrophy (CORD). A retrospective chart review was performed for CORD patients. We performed the visual field test and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) measurement and visualized retinal structures with optical coherence tomography (OCT) on the same day. Using binarised FAF images, we identified a low FAF area ratio (LFAR: low FAF/30°). Relationships between age and logMAR visual acuity (VA), central retinal thickness (CRT), central choroidal thickness (CCT), mean deviation (MD) value, and LFAR were investigated. Thirty-seven eyes of 21 CORD patients (8 men and 13 women) were enrolled. The mean patient age was 49.8 years. LogMAR VA and MD were 0.52 ± 0.47 and − 17.91 ± 10.59 dB, respectively. There was a significant relationship between logMAR VA and MD (p = 0.001). LogMAR VA significantly correlated with CRT (p = 0.006) but not with other parameters. Conversely, univariate analysis suggested a significant relationship between MD and LFAR (p = 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, LFAR was significantly associated with MD (p = 0.002). In conclusion, it is useful to measure the low FAF area in patients with CORD. The AF measurement reflects the visual field deterioration but not VA in CORD.

scholarly journals Factors influencing stress, anxiety, and depression among Iranian pregnant women: the role of sexual distress and genital self-image

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Afsaneh Keramat ◽  
Mina Malary ◽  
Mahmood Moosazadeh ◽  
Nastaran Bagherian ◽  
Mohammad-Reza Rajabi-Shakib
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Sexual Distress ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Severity Of Depression ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Distress Scale ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Background Pregnancy is a unique period with the increased likelihood of psychological changes and emotional disturbances such as depression, anxiety, and stress. In this study, we investigated the factors influencing depression, anxiety, and stress in pregnancy and identify their associations with Sexual Distress (SD) and Genital Self-Image (GSI). Methods This was a descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional study performed using the two-stage cluster sampling method between September 2019 and January 2020. Overall, 295 pregnant women completed a demographics and obstetric information checklist, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSI), and Female Sexual Distress Scale-Revised (FSDS-R). Results Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences in the mean scores of SD between the groups with varying degrees of depression, anxiety, and stress (P <  0.001) and in the mean score of GSI between the groups with varying degrees of depression (P = 0.01) and anxiety (P <  0.001). In multivariate linear regression analysis, higher (worse) depression, anxiety, and stress scores were found in women with more advanced age and higher SD scores; however, these scores were lower (better) in those with increased gestational age. Lower depression and anxiety scores were associated with moderate satisfaction with income, moderate satisfaction with BI in pregnancy, and lower stress and depression scores were linked to planned pregnancy. Higher (better) GSI score was a predictor of lower depression score, complication in a previous pregnancy was a predictor of higher stress score, and finally, fear of fetal abortion and being a housewife were predictors of a higher anxiety score. Conclusion Various factors contribute to the development of antenatal depression, anxiety, and stress. A positive correlation was found between SD and the severity of depression, anxiety, and stress, while a negative correlation was noted between GSI and the severity of depression and anxiety. Therefore, raising awareness regarding SD and GSI through screening and counseling sessions can have beneficial effects for mothers and their fetuses.

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