218 EJACULATE TRAITS OF THE NAMIBIAN CHEETAH (ACINONYX JUBATUS)—INFLUENCE OF ANIMAL AGE, SEASON, AND CAPTIVITY

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
A. E. Crosier ◽  
L. L. Marker ◽  
J. G. Howard ◽  
B. S. Pukazhenthi ◽  
J. N. Henghali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Motile Sperm ◽  
Genetic Management ◽  
Acinonyx Jubatus ◽  
Sperm Density ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Hot Dry Season

Wild cheetahs are threatened with extinction, and ex situ populations are not self-sustaining due to poor reproductive efficiency. Sperm cryo-preservation is a valuable tool for genetic management; however, increased knowledge of ejaculate traits is essential to improve cryopreservation protocols. The objective of this study was to characterize ejaculate traits of wild-born cheetahs in Namibia, Africa. Specifically, the influences of animal age, season and captive status on electroejaculate volume, sperm concentration, motility, forward progressive status (FPS scale 0-5, 5 = best), morphology, and acrosomal integrity were evaluated. Animal age was divided into categories: juvenile (14-24 mo; n = 16 males, 23 ejaculates), adult (25-120 mo; n = 76 males, 175 ejaculates), and aged (over 120 mo; n = 5 males, 5 ejaculates). Namibian seasons were divided into hot-wet (Jan-Apr), cold-dry (May-Aug) and hot-dry (Sep-Dec). Cheetahs were considered wild-caught (n = 29 males; 44 ejaculates) if trapped on farmland d30 days before semen collection. Raw ejaculates contained 69.0 � 1.1% motile sperm (mean � SEM) and 73.6 � 1.5% sperm with intact acrosomes. Overall, 18.4 � 0.9% of sperm were morphologically normal, with midpiece abnormalities being the most prevalent defects (?39%). To determine treatment differences, data were analyzed by General Linear Model procedures and means were separated with Duncan's multiple-range test. Juvenile cheetahs produced ejaculates with reduced (P < 0.05) sperm motility (56.7 � 3.3%) and FPS (2.9 � 0.1) compared to adult (69.8 � 1.4% and 3.4 � 0.1, respectively) and aged (78.9 � 6.7% and 3.7 � 0.3, respectively) animals. Ejaculates from juvenile animals also had reduced (P < 0.05) volume (0.69 � 0.3 mL) and fewer (P < 0.05) total motile sperm (7.1 � 9.3 � 106) compared to adult (2.2 � 0.1 mL and 42.3 � 4.1 � 106) and aged (2.3 � 0.6 mL and 23.5 � 20.0 � 106, respectively) males. For all ejaculates combined, seminal quality was poorest during the hot-dry season with lower (P < 0.05) sperm motility and intact acrosomes as well as an increased (P < 0.05) percent of sperm with head abnormalities. Ejaculates from captive cheetahs (n = 68 males, 159 ejaculates) had increased (P < 0.05) volume (2.0 � 0.2 mL) and intact acrosomes (80.1 � 3.6%), but lower (P < 0.05) sperm density (14.3 � 3.9 � 106/mL) than wild-caught animals (1.5 � 0.3 mL, 71.9 � 4.6%, and 24.1 � 5.1 � 106/mL, respectively). These are the first large-scale data acquired to examine the reproductive biology of male cheetahs in Namibia, including those recently captured from the wild. Results reveal that this species demonstrates seasonal and age-based variations in ejaculate quality, and that all individuals (including those recently derived from the wild) produce unusually high proportions of pleiomorphic spermatozoa. These data are being used to select the ideal donor age and season during which spermatozoa should be collected for addition to a genome resource bank, thereby enhancing effective genetic management for cheetahs propagated ex situ.

Ejaculate traits in the Namibian cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus): influence of age, season and captivity

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne E. Crosier ◽  
Laurie Marker ◽  
JoGayle Howard ◽  
Budhan S. Pukazhenthi ◽  
Josephine N. Henghali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Acinonyx Jubatus ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Sperm Density ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Free Ranging

The objective was to examine the influence of animal age, season and captivity status on seminal quality in wild-born cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in Namibia, Africa. Animals were divided into three age categories: juvenile (14–24 months; n = 16 males, 23 ejaculates); adult (25–120 months; n = 76 males, 172 ejaculates); and aged (>120 months; n = 5 males, 5 ejaculates). Seasons were categorised into hot–wet (January–April), cold–dry (May–August) and hot–dry (September–December). A comparison between freshly wild-caught (n = 29 males, 41 ejaculates) and captive-held cheetahs (n = 68 males, 159 ejaculates) was also conducted. Raw ejaculates contained 69.0 ± 1.1% motile spermatozoa (mean ± s.e.m.) with 73.6 ± 1.5% of these cells containing an intact acrosome. Overall, 18.4 ± 0.9% of spermatozoa were morphologically normal, with midpiece anomalies being the most prevalent (~39%) defect. Juvenile cheetahs produced ejaculates with poorer sperm motility, forward progressive status, lower seminal volume and fewer total motile spermatozoa than adult and aged animals. Spermatogenesis continued unabated throughout the year and was minimally influenced by season. Proportions of sperm malformations were also not affected by season. Ejaculates from captive cheetahs had increased volume and intact acrosomes, but lower sperm density than wild-caught counterparts. In summary, Namibian cheetahs produce an extraordinarily high proportion of pleiomorphic spermatozoa regardless of age, season or living (captive versus free-ranging) status. Young males less than 2 years of age produce poorer ejaculate quality than adult and aged males. Because (1) all study animals were wild born and (2) there was little difference between freshly caught males and those maintained in captivity for protracted periods, our results affirm that teratospermia in the cheetah is mostly genetically derived. It also appears that an ex situ environment for the Namibian cheetah can ensure sperm quality comparable with that for free-living males.

Assessment of basic seminal characteristics, sperm cryopreservation and heterologous in vitro fertilisation in the fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus)

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khongsak Thiangtum ◽  
William F. Swanson ◽  
JoGayle Howard ◽  
Wanchai Tunwattana ◽  
Dakara Tongthainan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Morphology ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
In Vitro Fertilisation ◽  
Genetic Management ◽  
Slow Cooling ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Acrosomal Integrity

Conservation of the fishing cat, a threatened south-east Asian felid, could benefit from effective ex situ genetic management and breeding programmes, including the use of assisted reproduction. The aims of the present study were to: (1) characterise basal seminal traits of fishing cats in Thailand zoos; and (2) investigate the effect of cryopreservation on sperm motility, acrosomal integrity and in vitro function. Seminal traits were evaluated in electroejaculates collected from eight males. Spermatozoa were diluted in n-tris(hydroxymethyl)-methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid Tris (TEST)-yolk buffer (TYB) without glycerol, then diluted further with TYB with glycerol (4% final concentration) at either 25°C or after slow cooling to 5°C and frozen in straws over liquid nitrogen vapour. After thawing, sperm function was assessed by insemination of viable domestic cat oocytes. Fishing cat ejaculates averaged (± s.e.m.) 43.6 ± 14.2 × 106 motile spermatozoa with 33.5 ± 6.8% normal sperm morphology. Semen processing had a negligible effect (P > 0.05) on sperm motility and acrosomal integrity, but values were reduced (P < 0.05) after thawing. All thawed samples fertilised domestic cat oocytes, with 62.1% (36/58) of mature oocytes cleaving. Glycerol addition at 5°C resulted in higher (P < 0.05) post-thaw motility and intact acrosomes than glycerol addition at 25°C. In conclusion, good-quality ejaculates can be obtained from Thai fishing cats and their spermatozoa exhibit adequate function after cryopreservation for in vitro fertilisation procedures.

154 REPRODUCTIVE SEASONALITY AND FOLLICULAR DYNAMICS IN THE PRZEWALSKI'S HORSE

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
C. W. Collins ◽  
S. L. Monfort ◽  
M. M. Vick ◽  
R. B. Weiss ◽  
D. E. Wildt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Domestic Horse ◽  
Dominant Follicle ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Genetic Management ◽  
Endowment Fund ◽  
Przewalski Horse ◽  
Follicular Dynamics

Artificial insemination has served as a valuable tool for the genetic management of small, isolated populations of several wildlife species (Pukazhenthi B et al. 2004 Development 16, 33–46). The overall aim of the present project was to develop a successful protocol for AI in the Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii), which is formally listed on the IUCN Red List as “extinct in the wild.” Achieving the long-term goal requires a series of requisite studies to improve our fundamental understanding of reproductive biology in this rare species of equid; therefore, our specific objectives in the present project were to (1) characterize ejaculate traits and examine the influence of seasonality in stallions; and (2) determine the follicular dynamics in mares. Stallions (n = 7) were anesthetized and subjected to a standardized electroejaculation procedure (Collins CW et al. 2006 Anim. Reprod. Sci. 94, 46–49). Testicular volume (TTV) and seminal traits [total sperm concentration (TSC), and total (TM) and progressive sperm motility (PM)] were assessed once each season (winter, January to March; spring, April to June; summer, July to September; fall, October to December) for 1 year, with data analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA. Mares (n = 8) were examined by ultrasonography in a specialized chute system 3 days/week during breeding season (April to June) over 3 years. At each examination, ovarian structures [size of the dominant follicle and presence of corpora lutea (CL)] were assessed. Values for total ejaculate volume (mean ± SEM, 33.0 ± 22.2 mL), sperm motility (TM, 58 ± 19%; PM, 49 ± 18%), and TSC (2.8 ± 0.3 × 109) were highly variable among individuals. Seasonality significantly (P < 0.05) influenced TSC, which was highest in summer (4.41 ± 0.09 × 109) compared with spring (2.7 ± 0.5 × 109), fall (1.7 ± 0.4 × 109), and winter (2.5 ± 0.4 × 109). Season had no influence on TTV or other seminal traits (P > 0.05), with motile sperm being recovered at all ejaculation attempts. Ultrasonography revealed that the reproductive cycle of the Przewalski mare was composed of two phases. The follicular phase (4.3 ± 2.2 days; range, 3 to 7) was characterized by the presence of one dominant follicle that grew at a rate of 2.9 ± 0.2 mm (range, 1–6 mm) per day and ovulated at a size of 43.8 ± 1.5 mm in diameter (range, 30–57 mm). The luteal phase was distinguished by the presence of a CL that was sustained and evident on the ovary for 12.2 ± 3.3 days (range, 9–15) before regression. In summary, the basic reproductive physiology of the Przewalski horse is comparable with the domestic horse, including the ability of stallions to retain year-round spermatogenesis and ovarian follicular dynamics (including number, size, and growth rate) in the mare. These data allow us to suggest that established protocols for AI in the domestic horse (including estrus induction) likely will have relevance to adapting this technology to the genetic management of the rare Przewalski horse. Morris Animal Foundation (Grant No. D07ZO-403), Sichel Endowment Fund, Smithsonian Endowment Fund, Animal Management staff at CRC and The Wilds.

113 Effect of antioxidants on motility and fertility of liquid-stored bovine sperm

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Y. Honkawa ◽  
T. Fujikawa ◽  
N. Miura ◽  
C. Kubota
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
P Value ◽  
Motile Sperm ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Bovine Sperm ◽  
Liquid Storage

It is difficult to maintain sperm in liquid storage for a long time, compared with permanent frozen storage in liquid nitrogen. Antioxidants have been reported to improve the quality and fertility of liquid-stored semen. In this study, we investigated whether antioxidants can extend the motility and fertility of frozen-thawed sperm in liquid storage. Frozen-thawed semen from one Japanese black bull (one ejaculate) was diluted in Tris-citrate-fructose (TCF) diluent with 10% (v/v) egg yolk to a sperm concentration of 1×107 spermmL−1. The antioxidants β-mercaptoethanol (βMe) and glutathione (GSH) were added independently, at various concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5mM) to sperm suspensions, and these preparations were compared with Control (no added antioxidant). Sperm suspensions were packaged in centrifuge tubes and placed at 17°C in air and monitored daily until sperm motility had stopped (up to 14 days). Sperm motility was analysed by the Sperm Motility Analysis System (SMAS; Ditect Co. Ltd), and the percentage of progressively motile sperm (straight-line velocity (VSL) of &gt;25μm s−1; Grade A classified by WHO manual), compared with that recorded on Day 0 (100%), was determined each day. For evaluation of fertilizing ability, after incubation in liquid storage for 0, 3, 5, and 7 days, sperm were used for IVF with invitro-matured oocytes (30 oocytes per treatment, three replicates). Embryo development was recorded as the proportion of embryos that reached blastocyst by 8 days after IVF. Data for motility were analysed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey test, and embryo development using chi-squared test. A P-value&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. At 7 days, the percentage of progressively motile sperm was significantly higher for 0.5, 1, and 5mM βMe than for Control (30.8%, 48.1%, and 50.3%, vs. 0%, respectively). Treatments with 1 and 5mM βMe maintained some sperm progressive motility for 14 days (9.5% and 14.5%). Treatment with GSH showed the same trend at 7 days (32.2%, 36.3%, and 13.7% for 0.5, 1, and 5mM, vs. 0% for Control); 1 and 5mM GSH maintained sperm progressive motility over 10 days (24.8% and 4.4%). In both antioxidant treatments, embryo development was achieved with sperm stored for up to 5 days (Day 0 vs. Day 5 for 0.1mM βMe: 17.6% vs. 13.8%; for 1.0mM GSH: 26.0% vs. 6.7%; for Control: 17.6% vs. 0%). In this study, antioxidants extended both motility and fertility of frozen-thawed bovine sperm in liquid storage. This result suggests the possibility of application to AI using liquid-stored bovine semen.

scholarly journals Assessing coral sperm motility

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolas Zuchowicz ◽  
Jonathan Daly ◽  
Jessica Bouwmeester ◽  
Claire Lager ◽  
E. Michael Henley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Motile Sperm ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Sperm Analysis ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Control Procedures ◽  
Cryopreserved Sperm ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

AbstractThe declining reproductive viability of corals threatens their ability to adapt to changing ocean conditions. It is vital that we monitor this viability quantitatively and comparatively. Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) systems offer in-depth analysis used regularly for domestic and wildlife species, but not yet for coral. This study proposes quality control procedures and CASA settings that are effective for coral sperm analysis. To resolve disparities between CASA measurements and evaluations by eye, two negative effects on motility had to be resolved, slide adhesion (procedural) and sperm dilution (biological). We showed that the addition of bovine serum albumin, or caffeine, or both to fresh sperm reduced adhesion in the CASA cassettes, improved motility and motile sperm concentration (P < 0.0001), yet these additions did not affect measurements of total sperm concentration. Diluting coral sperm reduced sperm motility (P = 0.039), especially from heat-stressed corals. We found CASA concentration counts comparable to haemocytometer and flow cytometer measures (P = 0.54). We also found that motile sperm per egg is a useful predictor of fertilisation success, using cryopreserved sperm. Standard measurements of coral reproductive characteristics inform our understanding of the impacts of climate change on reef populations; this study provides a benchmark to begin this comparative work.

scholarly journals Mobile phones affect multiple sperm quality traits: a meta-analysis

F1000Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhukar Shivajirao Dama ◽  
M Narayana Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Motile Sperm ◽  
Mobile Phone Use ◽  
Mobile Phone Radiation

As mobile phone usage is growing rapidly, there is a need for a comprehensive analysis of the literature to inform scientific debates about the adverse effects of mobile phone radiation on sperm quality traits. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis of the eligible published research studies on human males of reproductive age. Eleven studies were eligible for this analysis. Based on the meta-analysis, mobile phone use was significantly associated with deterioration in semen quality (Hedges’s g = -0.547; 95% CI: -0.713, -0.382; p < 0.001). The traits particularly affected adversely were sperm concentration, sperm morphology, sperm motility, proportion of non-progressive motile sperm (%), proportion of slow progressive motile sperm (%), and sperm viability. Direct exposure of spermatozoa to mobile phone radiation with in vitro study designs also significantly deteriorated the sperm quality (Hedges’s g = -2.233; 95% CI: -2.758, -1.708; p < 0.001), by reducing straight line velocity, fast progressive motility, Hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test score, major axis (µm), minor axis (µm), total sperm motility, perimeter (µm), area (µm2), average path velocity, curvilinear velocity, motile spermatozoa, and  acrosome reacted spermatozoa (%). The strength of evidence for the different outcomes varied from very low to very high. The analysis shows that mobile phone use is possibly associated with a number of deleterious effects on the spermatozoa.

A Study on the Physical and Biochemical Characteristics of Semen of Tor putitora- An Endangered Fish Species in Himalayan Water

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sapana Rani Charak ◽  
Dharmendra K. Chaudhary ◽  
Naresh K. Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Endangered Fish ◽  
Sperm Density ◽  
Tor Putitora ◽  
Selection Of

Background: Tor putitora is distributed in the entire northeast Himalayan region. The declining population of Tor putitora in natural waters has major concern to its fishery. The knowledge of semen characteristics is helpful in the selection of good quality semen for artificial fertilization thus have a role in fishery development. The current study aimed to determine the physical and biochemical composition of seminal plasma of Tor putitora. Methods: The semen samples were collected by stripping the ripe male brooders procured from the natural habitat. The sperm motility, sperm density, spermatocrit value and osmolality were determined for physical characteristics of semen. Haemocytometric method was used for sperm density. The seminal plasma was separated by centrifugation for the determination of ionic and organic component of semen through atomic absorption spectrometer. Result: The semen of T. putitora has shown species-specific features of sperm density (1.712 ± 0.18 × 109 ml-1), spermatocrit (62.96 ± 2.63 %) and sperm motility duration (48.16 ± 1.68 s). The Na2+ (102.06 ± 5.115 mM l-l) and K+ (51.66 ± 3.205 mM l -l) are predominating ions among the other inorganic constituents (Ca2+: 1.38 ± 0.304 mg dl-1, Mg2+: 0.86 ± 0.261 mg l-l, phosphate: 4.00 ± 1.102 mg dl-1, Cu2+: 0.004 ± 0.001 mg l-l and Zn2+: 0.062 ± 0.005 mg l-l) of the seminal plasma. The organic constituents of seminal plasma contained - Glucose: 9.6 ± 0.678 mg dl-1, Cholesterol: 21.0 ± 1.049 mg dl-1, Triglycerides: 11.0 ± 0.316 mg dl-1, Urea: 12.6 ± 1.7206 mg dl-1 and Uric acid: 0.5 ± 0.10 mg dl-1. The Osmolality (256.8 ± 31.940 mOsmol kg-1), pH (7.34 ± 0.04) and ionic composition of semen seem to be the most important factor responsible for inhibition or activation of sperm motility. A high significant positive relationship (r=0.807, P less than 0.01) was found between sperm density and spermatocrit suggests the use of regression equation for quick and reliable estimation of sperm concentration in Tor putitora. The study is helpful in the selection of high-quality male spawners and provides baseline information for the development of extenders and dilutants for the preservation of viable semen.

scholarly journals Motile Sperm Output by Male Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) Managed Ex Situ Is Influenced by Public Exposure and Number of Care-Givers

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e0135847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana C. Koester ◽  
Elizabeth W. Freeman ◽  
Janine L. Brown ◽  
David E. Wildt ◽  
Kimberly A. Terrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Situ ◽  
Motile Sperm ◽  
Acinonyx Jubatus ◽  
Care Givers ◽  
Public Exposure ◽  
Sperm Output

scholarly journals 10CASA EVALUATION OF SEXED AND NON-SEXED FROZEN BULL SEMEN

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Brogliatti ◽  
G. Barreiro ◽  
G. Larraburu ◽  
A. Laborde
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Glass Tube ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Motile Sperm ◽  
Bull Semen ◽  
Frozen Semen ◽  
Sexed Semen

Flow citometry cell sorting has been proven successfully to separate X and Y sperm; however, the technology is still too stressfull for the viability of the sorted semen. The objective of this study was to evaluate nonsexed and sexed frozen sperm motility characteristics using a CASA technology. Ejaculates from 4 different bulls (3 Holstein and 1 Angus) were collected, and processed as split non-sexed and sexed semen samples using Tris egg yolk extenders. X and Y sperm were separated using a high-speed sorter (SX Moflo). Cryopreservation was done at the same time under appropiate conditions using a programmed cryochamber. Thawing procedure was done at 37°C for 30s and a sample of each straw was placed in the evaluation chamber. The experiment was repeated twice and two chambers with 30 observations each were analyzed each time. Mean and standard deviation of each characteristic were calculated, compared and analyzed statistically. The sperm concentration was determined by means of a burker counting chamber. Sperm quality was determined at 0h after thawing, and later at 1h, 2h and 3h after incubation in a glass tube at 30°C. The following sperm motility parameters were determined with the Hamilton Thorne (HTM-ceros 12.1) on at least 1000 spermatozoa: velocity average path (VAP), velocity straight line (VSL), amplitude lateral head (ALH), beat cross frequency (BCF), straightness (STR), linearity (LIN), and percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa (PMS). Linearity of nonsexed spermatozoa was 53±3.5, 47±0.8, 43±7.8 and 42±4.5 for the 0h and the 3 test incubation times and 49.5±3.7, 51.2±3.7, 43.3±7.8 and 44.5±7.6, respectively, for sexed semen. There were no significant differences (P&gt;0.05) in the progressive velocity, track speed and linearity between sexed and nonsexed semen. The percentage of static cells was 33%, 30%, 47% and 50% for the 0h and the 3 test incubation periods; however, the percentage of static cells for the sexed semen was 53%, 71%, 77% and 82%, respectively. Results from the analysis indicate a significant increase (P&lt;0.01) in the number and the percentage of static cells with time. The lateral amplitude of sperm motility for nonsexed semen was 5.9±0.5, 6.8±0.8, 6.0±0.4 and 5.1±0.7, and for sexed semen 6.6±0.7, 6.8±0.4, 6.4±0.4 and 5.5±1.7, respectively. The percentage of progressively motile sperm was significantly different at 0 time 49.7±4.9 and 23.1±4.9 for nonsexed and sexed semen respectively. After 3 hours of incubation the percentage of progressively motile sperm was 38.7±10.2 and 3.7±3.2 for nonsexed and sexed semen, respectively. In conclusion, sexed frozen semen seems to have characteristics similar to those of normal nonsexed semen. However, a significant decrease in the percentage of progressively motile cells could affect pregnancy rates. More research needs to be done to detect differences between bulls and cryoprotectans.Research supported by Centro Genetico Bovino de EOLIA sa Argentina.

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