Gene expression of potential morphogens during hair follicle and tooth formation: a review

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Panaretto
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Complex Phase ◽  
Tooth Formation ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Receptor Complexes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Mammalian Homologue ◽  
The Times

Early work on the morphogenesis of hairs and teeth was largely descriptive histology and established the times and order of visible initiation of anlagen and their patterns of development. However, in the last 30 years, many growth factors have been discovered; more recently, their expression during morphogenesis has been determined and immunohistochemistry has enabled the visualization of structural elements of organs. This review is concerned primarily with aspects of these recent phases of research with respect to the formation of hairs and, to a lesser degree, teeth. The expression of several growth factors including bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4, the glycoprotein tenascin, the proteoglycan syndecan, and the expression of the mammalian homologue of Notch, cadherins and epimorphin is examined here during the early stages of organogenesis, primarily to review the type of research that should be extended to the organogenesis of wool fibres in Merino sheep. Signal transduction, the third and increasingly complex phase of research that is now rapidly developing, follows the establishment of ligand-receptor complexes during morphogenesis and is included here in a preliminary way.

scholarly journals Heparan Sulfate Acts as a Bone Morphogenetic Protein Coreceptor by Facilitating Ligand-induced Receptor Hetero-oligomerization

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 4028-4041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan-Jong Kuo ◽  
Michelle A. Digman ◽  
Arthur D. Lander
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Heparan Sulfate ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Type I ◽  
Receptor Complexes

Cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) not only binds several major classes of growth factors but also sometimes potentiates their activities—an effect usually termed “coreception.” A view that coreception is due to the stabilization of growth factor–receptor interactions has emerged primarily from studies of the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). Recent in vivo studies have strongly suggested that HS also plays an important role in regulating signaling by the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Here, we provide evidence that the mechanism of coreception for BMPs is markedly different from that established for FGFs. First, we demonstrate a direct, stimulatory role for cell surface HS in the immediate signaling activities of BMP2 and BMP4, and we provide evidence that HS–BMP interactions are required for this effect. Next, using several independent assays of ligand binding and receptor assembly, including coimmunoprecipitation, cross-linking, and fluorescence fluctuation microscopy, we show that HS does not affect BMP binding to type I receptor subunits but instead enhances the subsequent recruitment of type II receptor subunits to BMP-type I receptor complexes. This suggests a view of HS as a catalyst of the formation of signaling complexes, rather than as a stabilizer of growth factor binding.

BMP Receptors in Limb and Tooth Formation

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Cheifetz
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Ligand Binding ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Tooth Formation ◽  
Receptor Complexes ◽  
Bmp Receptors ◽  
Receptor Kinases ◽  
Multiple Type

Members of the TGF-β superfamily signal through receptor complexes comprised of type I and type II receptors. These receptors, which are serine/threonine kinases, form two new classes of transmembrane receptor kinases. The activity of both of the kinases is necessary for signal transduction in response to ligand binding. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are members of the TGF-β superfamily, bind to multiple type I and type II receptors. There is growing evidence to support the hypothesis that the BMP receptors are differentially regulated during development and that they have both unique and overlapping functions. Thus, the nature and distribution of the BMP receptors, which are reviewed here in the context of the development of limbs and teeth, appear to be critical in the control of the diverse activities of BMPs.

scholarly journals Effects of bone morphogenetic proteins on epithelial repair

2021 ◽  
pp. 153537022110281
Author(s):  
Yu Hou ◽  
Yu-Xi He ◽  
Jia-Hao Zhang ◽  
Shu-Rong Wang ◽  
Yan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Epithelial Repair ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Epithelial Damage ◽  
Damage Repair ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Proliferation And Migration

Epithelial tissue has important functions such as protection, secretion, and sensation. Epithelial damage is involved in various pathological processes. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a class of growth factors with multiple functions. They play important roles in epithelial cells, including in differentiation, proliferation, and migration during the repair of the epithelium. This article reviews the functions and mechanisms of the most profoundly studied BMPs in the process of epithelial damage repair and their clinical significance.

The Structure of a Free Speech Right

2021 ◽  
pp. 212-230
Author(s):  
Stephen Gardbaum
Keyword(s):  
Free Speech ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Free Speech Rights

This chapter describes the structural elements or components of a free speech right. The nature and extent of a free speech right depends upon a number of legal components. The first is the legal source of the right (in common law, statute, or a constitution) and the force of the right having regard to how it is enforced, and whether and how it can be superseded. The second component is the ‘subject’ of free speech rights, or who are the rights-holders: citizens, natural or legal persons. The third is the ‘scope’ of a free speech right, while the fourth is the kind of obligation it imposes on others: a negative prohibition or a positive obligation. The fifth component is the ‘object’ of a free speech right: who is bound to respect a right of freedom of expression and against whom the right may be asserted. Finally, there is the ‘limitation’ of a free speech right.

scholarly journals Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor Complexes on the Surface of Live Cells: A New Oligomerization Mode for Serine/Threonine Kinase Receptors

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1023-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilach Gilboa ◽  
Anja Nohe ◽  
Tanja Geissendörfer ◽  
Walter Sebald ◽  
Yoav I. Henis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Serine Threonine Kinase ◽  
Threonine Kinase ◽  
Receptor Complexes ◽  
Bmp Receptors ◽  
Protein Receptor

The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play important roles in embryogenesis and normal cell growth. The BMP receptors belong to the family of serine/threonine kinase receptors, whose activation has been investigated intensively for the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor subfamily. However, the interactions between the BMP receptors, the composition of the active receptor complex, and the role of the ligand in its formation have not yet been investigated and were usually assumed to follow the same pattern as the TGF-β receptors. Here we demonstrate that the oligomerization pattern of the BMP receptors is different and is more flexible and susceptible to modulation by ligand. Using several complementary approaches, we investigated the formation of homomeric and heteromeric complexes between the two known BMP type I receptors (BR-Ia and BR-Ib) and the BMP type II receptor (BR-II). Coimmunoprecipitation studies detected the formation of heteromeric and homomeric complexes among all the BMP receptor types even in the absence of ligand. These complexes were also detected at the cell surface after BMP-2 binding and cross-linking. Using antibody-mediated immunofluorescence copatching of epitope-tagged receptors, we provide evidence in live cells for preexisting heteromeric (BR-II/BR-Ia and BR-II/BR-Ib) and homomeric (BR-II/BR-II, BR-Ia/ BR-Ia, BR-Ib/ BR-Ib, and also BR-Ia/ BR-Ib) oligomers in the absence of ligand. BMP-2 binding significantly increased hetero- and homo-oligomerization (except for the BR-II homo-oligomer, which binds ligand poorly in the absence of BR-I). In contrast to previous observations on TGF-β receptors, which were found to be fully homodimeric in the absence of ligand, the BMP receptors show a much more flexible oligomerization pattern. This novel feature in the oligomerization mode of the BMP receptors allows higher variety and flexibility in their responses to various ligands as compared with the TGF-β receptors.

Webern's New Quartet

Tempo ◽  
1939 ◽  
pp. 52-53
Author(s):  
Erwin Stein
Keyword(s):  
String Quartet ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ternary Form

Anton Webern's String Quartet, Op. 28 (1938), is in three movements, the structural elements of which are related to classical forms. The first movement is designed as an adagio (ternary form), the second is a kind of scherzo and trio en miniature, in which neither part contains a second section or development. The third movement is an elaborate scherzo form without trio.

A PEDIATRIC-PSYCHIATRIC VIEWPOINT ON OBESITY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 552-556
Author(s):  
Reginald S. Lourie
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gastric Mucous ◽  
History Of Obesity ◽  
Excessive Quantity ◽  
Layer Concept

FROM the viewpoint of the pediatric psychiatrist, the problems of obesity, as seen clinically, can be thought of as having three layers. The first is constitutional, better described as physiologic, which may be broken down into genetic and structural elements. The second is psychologic, consisting of the values that food intake or the obesity itself come to have. The third layer is made of the cultural and social reactions to food and fat. These attitudes encountered inside and outside the home intermesh in their effects with the physiologic and psychologic levels. These, in turn, are also interwoven, until one cannot separate one layer from the other. However, when individual cases are scrutinized they reveal the pathology at one layer or the other to predominate and indicate where efforts to modify the abnormality might best be directed. Incidentally, the same levels operate on the other side of the coin, anorexia. From the practical point of view, let us consider the natural history of obesity and the clinical varieties one sees in practice, and let us see how the three-layer concept fits. First, as pointed out by Gordon, there is a tendency to be complacent or even pleased with obese infants. At level one, the physiologic, such constitutional factors as those present in the neonate born with an excessive quantity of pepsinogen secreted by the gastric mucous membrane could have the effect of producing as Mirsky points out, a relatively intense or even continuous hunger, and make greater demands on its mother for nursing.

scholarly journals The role of the male flower spike as a cue for selective grazing in bladder saltbush

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Walsh ◽  
R. Sinclair ◽  
M. H. Andrew ◽  
D. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Female Plant ◽  
Visual Cue ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
The Third ◽  
Selective Grazing

This paper reports the results of three cafeteria trials used to study palatability variation between the sex phenotypes of bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria Heward ex Benth.). The results of the first trial show that Merino sheep preferentially grazed female samples compared to male ones, which supported earlier paddock-scale grazing trials and observations. In the second trial, the removal of male flower spikes led to increased consumption of male samples, suggesting that male flower spikes contain a grazing deterrent. The third trial showed that sheep were able to detect male material with or without spikes even when it was completely hidden within female plant material. In combination with observations made during the trials, these results suggest that there is a grazing deterrent present in male plants and that sheep use the male flower spike primarily as a visual cue when making grazing decisions.

scholarly journals Synthetic and Structure-Activity Relationship of Insecticidal Bufadienolides

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1400900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ace Tatang Hidayat ◽  
Achmad Zainuddin ◽  
Danar Dono ◽  
Wawan Hermawan ◽  
Hideo Hayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Solution Structure ◽  
Activity Relationship ◽  
Synthetic Analog ◽  
Basic Solution ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
The Third ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Silkworm Bombyx Mori

A new synthetic analog of bufadienolide, methyl isobryophyllinate A (1), and a known synthetic analog, methyl isobersaldegenate-1,3,5-orthoacetate (2), were obtained by methanolysis of bryophyllin A (3) and bersaldegenin-1,3,5-orthoacetate (5) in basic solution. Structure-insecticidal activity relationship studies revealed both orthoacetate and α-pyrone moieties seemed to be essential structural elements for exhibiting insecticidal activity, whereas oxygenated substituents in the C ring enhanced the insecticidal activity against the third instar larvae of silkworm (Bombyx mori).

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