Visualization of insulin receptors on mouse pre-embryos

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
MB Harvey ◽  
PL Kaye
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Insulin Receptors ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Mouse Embryogenesis ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Early Mouse ◽  
Regulatory Actions

Because insulin stimulates pre-embryonic protein metabolism and growth, the presence of insulin receptors on early mouse embryos was investigated immunohistochemically, using a specific anti-insulin receptor IgG. Staining was not present on fertilized eggs or on 2-cell, 4-cell or uncompacted 8-cell embryos, but insulin receptors were visible on compacting 8-cell embryos and on morulae and blastocysts. This ontogeny correlates with functional studies showing that insulin affects protein synthesis during these post-compaction stages. Insulin receptors were also present on isolated inner cell masses, which have also been shown to be responsive to insulin. Because the ontogeny of the appearance of insulin receptors and the presence of these receptors on both cell populations in the blastocyst coincide with the stimulatory effects of insulin observed in previously reported functional studies on pre-embryos, we believe that these insulin receptors mediate insulin's regulatory actions during early mouse embryogenesis.

scholarly journals Role of Epigallocatechin Gallate in Glucose, Lipid, and Protein Metabolism and L-Theanine in the Metabolism-Regulatory Effects of Epigallocatechin Gallate

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 4120
Author(s):  
Ling Lin ◽  
Li Zeng ◽  
An Liu ◽  
Dongyin Yuan ◽  
Yingqi Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Epigallocatechin Gallate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
Regulatory Effects

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and L-theanine (LTA) are important bioactive components in tea that have shown promising effects on nutrient metabolism. However, whether EGCG alone or combined with LTA can regulate the glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism of healthy rats remains unclear. Therefore, we treated healthy rats with EGCG or the combination of EGCG and LTA (EGCG+LTA) to investigate the effects of EGCG on nutrient metabolism and the role of LTA in the metabolism-regulatory effects of EGCG. The results showed that compared with the control group, EGCG activated insulin and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signals, thus regulating glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. Compared with EGCG, EGCG+LTA enhanced hepatic and muscle glycogen levels and suppressed phosphorylation of AMPK, glycogen synthase 2, mammalian target of rapamycin, and ribosomal protein S6 kinase. In addition, EGCG+LTA inhibited the expression of liver kinase B1, insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate, and promoted the phosphorylation level of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Furthermore, both EGCG and EGCG+LTA were harmless for young rats. In conclusion, EGCG activated AMPK and insulin pathways, thereby promoting glycolysis, glycogen, and protein synthesis and inhibiting fatty acid (FA) and cholesterol synthesis. However, LTA cooperated with EGCG to promote glycogen metabolism and suppressed the effect EGCG on FA and protein synthesis via AMPK signals.

A sonic hedgehog-dependent signaling relay regulates growth of diencephalic and mesencephalic primordia in the early mouse embryo

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (20) ◽  
pp. 4807-4819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Ishibashi ◽  
Andrew P. McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Sonic Hedgehog ◽  
Mouse Embryo ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Early Mouse Embryo ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Spinal Cord Dorsal ◽  
Early Mouse

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a key signal in the specification of ventral cell identities along the length of the developing vertebrate neural tube. In the presumptive hindbrain and spinal cord, dorsal development is largely Shh independent. By contrast, we show that Shh is required for cyclin D1 expression and the subsequent growth of both ventral and dorsal regions of the diencephalon and midbrain in early somite-stage mouse embryos. We propose that a Shh-dependent signaling relay regulates proliferation and survival of dorsal cell populations in the diencephalon and midbrain. We present evidence that Fgf15 shows Shh-dependent expression in the diencephalon and may participate in this interaction, at least in part, by regulating the ability of dorsal neural precursors to respond to dorsally secreted Wnt mitogens.

The effect of the nucleocytoplasmic ratio on protein synthesis and expression of a stage-specific antigen in early cleaving mouse embryos

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Petzoldt ◽  
A. Muggleton-Harris
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Morula Stage ◽  
Early Mouse ◽  
Mouse Eggs

The nucleocytoplasmic ratio of fertilized mouse eggs was manipulated by removing or injecting cytoplasm by micropipette, and bisection of denuded eggs to obtain both pronuclei in one half of the eggs cytoplasm. The experimental eggs were capable of cleavage to the morula stage and, in some instances, developed to the blastocyst stage similar to unmanipulated eggs. The removal of large quantities of cytoplasm by micropipette and injecting them into a recipient egg did not provide sufficient numbers of viable eggs, whereas transfer of smaller quantities (about a quarter of the cytoplasm) was less deleterious, at least for recipient eggs. However, the alteration of the nucleocytoplasmic ratio by this method was not of the correct magnitude for the purpose of this experiment. Therefore, bisection was the preferred method whereby the nucleocytoplasmic ratio was doubled. This resulted in both pronuclei residing in one half of the egg's cytoplasm. Half eggs with one pronucleus (haploid) but retaining a nucleocytoplasmic ratio similar to unmanipulated control eggs served as additional controls for the bisection experiments. Protein synthesis was analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, showing that the 2-cell- and 4-cell-stage bisected embryos with double and normal nucleocytoplasmic ratio expressed equivalent protein synthesis patterns as control embryos of the same stage. Likewise, the stage-specific surface antigen SSEA-1 did not appear before the 6- to 8-cell stage. Also in cytoplasm transfer experiments, there was no indication that altering the nucleocytoplasmic ratio in either direction changed the timing of stage-specific gene expression. These results support the idea that stage-specific gene activity during early mouse cleavage might proceed in parallel to DNA replication cycles and is independent of the nucleocytoplasmic ratio.

scholarly journals Selectivity of the insulin-like actions of vanadate on glucose and protein metabolism in skeletal muscle

1985 ◽  
Vol 232 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
A S Clark ◽  
J M Fagan ◽  
W E Mitch
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Receptor Phosphorylation ◽  
Stimulation Of

To determine if vanadate has insulin-like actions in skeletal muscle, we measured its effects on glucose and protein metabolism in epitrochlearis muscles of rats. Compared with insulin, vanadate increased glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis and glycolysis to a lesser degree, but caused a greater stimulation of lactate and glucose oxidation. Unlike insulin, vanadate did not change either protein synthesis or degradation. These different metabolic responses could be related to the different pattern of insulin-receptor phosphorylation caused by insulin and vanadate.

The history of anabolic steroids and a review of clinical experience with anabolic steroids

1985 ◽  
Vol 110 (3_Suppla) ◽  
pp. S11-S18 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kopera
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Complex Compounds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anabolic Effect ◽  
Vital Functions

Metabolism is the term employed to embrace the various physical and chemical processes occurring within the tissues upon which the growth and heat production of the body depend and from which the energy for muscular activity, for the maintenance of vital activity and for the maintenance of vital functions is derived (Best & Taylor 1950). The destructive processes by which complex substances are converted by living cells into more simple compounds are called catabolism. Anabolism denotes the constructive processes by which simple substances are converted by living cells into more complex compounds, especially into living matter. Catabolism and anabolism are part of all metabolic processes, the carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. The term anabolic refers only to substances that exert an anabolic effect on protein metabolism and are unlikely to cause adverse androgenic effects. They shift the equilibrium between protein synthesis and degradation in the body as a whole in the direction of synthesis, either by promoting protein synthesis or reducing its breakdown. The protein anabolic effect of anabolic steroids is not restricted to single organs but is the result of stimulated biosynthesis of cellular protein in the whole organism.

scholarly journals Comprehensive assessment of post-prandial protein handling by the application of intrinsically labelled protein in vivo in human subjects

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jorn Trommelen ◽  
Andrew M. Holwerda ◽  
Philippe J. M. Pinckaers ◽  
Luc J. C. van Loon
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein

All human tissues are in a constant state of remodelling, regulated by the balance between tissue protein synthesis and breakdown rates. It has been well-established that protein ingestion stimulates skeletal muscle and whole-body protein synthesis. Stable isotope-labelled amino acid methodologies are commonly applied to assess the various aspects of protein metabolism in vivo in human subjects. However, to achieve a more comprehensive assessment of post-prandial protein handling in vivo in human subjects, intravenous stable isotope-labelled amino acid infusions can be combined with the ingestion of intrinsically labelled protein and the collection of blood and muscle tissue samples. The combined application of ingesting intrinsically labelled protein with continuous intravenous stable isotope-labelled amino acid infusion allows the simultaneous assessment of protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics (e.g. release of dietary protein-derived amino acids into the circulation), whole-body protein metabolism (whole-body protein synthesis, breakdown and oxidation rates and net protein balance) and skeletal muscle metabolism (muscle protein fractional synthesis rates and dietary protein-derived amino acid incorporation into muscle protein). The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the various aspects of post-prandial protein handling and metabolism with a focus on insights obtained from studies that have applied intrinsically labelled protein under a variety of conditions in different populations.

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