Ontogeny of metabolic effects on embryonic development in lactating and weaned primiparous sows

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 603 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Vinsky ◽  
F. Paradis ◽  
W. T. Dixon ◽  
M. K. Dyck ◽  
G. R. Foxcroft
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Female Embryo ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Global Methylation ◽  
Specific Loss ◽  
Embryo Recovery ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Gender Specific

Using an established experimental paradigm, feed restriction during the last week of lactation in primiparous sows reduces embryonic growth and development and produces female-specific embryonic mortality by Day 30 of gestation. Because this gender-specific loss of embryos at Day 30 was associated with changes in the variation of markers of epigenetic imprinting, the present study sought to establish the ontogeny of such epigenetic affects. Leucocyte DNA of restrict-fed sows exhibited decreased global methylation during the last week of lactation and during the return to oestrus (P < 0.05), but no associated changes in plasma folate and vitamin B12. Furthermore, no changes in methylation of blastocyst DNA, embryonic sex ratios or development were evident at Day 6 of gestation that would characterise the underlying defects that reduced female embryo survival by Day 30. However, regardless of treatment, embryo recovery rates and synchrony in embryonic development were associated with the stage of development of the recovered embryos (r = 0.68; P < 0.001). The subset of sows classified as bearing litters with superior embryonic development had lower net energy balance over lactation (P < 0.01) and higher ovulation rates (P < 0.005) compared with sows classified as having poorer embryonic development. Collectively, these data suggest that a subset of litters within restrict-fed sows will be most sensitive to the latent epigenetic mechanisms that ultimately trigger gender-specific loss of embryos by Day 30 of gestation, but that these selective mechanisms are not evident by Day 6 of gestation.

Nutritional restriction in lactating primiparous sows selectively affects female embryo survival and overall litter development

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Vinsky ◽  
S. Novak ◽  
W. T. Dixon ◽  
M. K. Dyck ◽  
G. R. Foxcroft
Keyword(s):  
Specific Effect ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Female Embryo ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Embryonic Survival ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Embryonic Loss ◽  
Nutritional Restriction ◽  
Restricted Feed Intake

This study explored the possibility of sex-specific effects on embryonic survival in primiparous sows subjected to restricted feed intake during the last week of lactation and bred after weaning (Restrict; n = 16), compared with control sows fed close to ad libitum feed intakes (Control; n = 17). Restrict sows were in a substantial negative net energy balance at weaning, and lost 13% of estimated protein and 17% of fat mass during lactation, yet the weaning-to-oestrous interval and ovulation rate were not different between treatments. However, embryonic survival at Day 30 of gestation was lower (P < 0.05) in Restrict than Control sows, and selectively reduced the proportion of female embryos surviving (P < 0.01). A decrease in weight and crown–rump length of surviving female (P < 0.05) and male (P < 0.05) embryos was seen in Restrict litters. The mechanisms mediating this sex-specific effect on embryonic loss in feed-restricted sows are unclear. The data presented here indicate that feed-restriction during the last week of lactation in primiparous sows causes a selective decrease in survival of female embryos and limits the growth of all surviving embryos.

scholarly journals 128CHANGES WITHIN OXYGEN ENVIRONMENT DURING IVF AND IVC IMPROVE BOVINE EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT IN VITRO

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
C.O. Hidalgo ◽  
C. Diez ◽  
E. Moran ◽  
J.M. Prendes ◽  
P. Humblot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Embryo Culture ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Prolonged Contact ◽  
Development In Vitro

Oxygen concentration during both IVF and IVC affects embryonic development. A low O2 atmosphere during IVC has been reported to be beneficial for embryos in culture without somatic cells. Similarly, a reduction in spermatozoa (sp) concentration can influence the oxygenation grade of fertilization medium, and O2 requirements can vary according to the embryonic stage of development. This experiment investigated whether prolonged contact with sperm cells interacts with effects of oxygen tension during the first days of culture. Slaughterhouse bovine COCs matured with Vero-cells in TCM199 with FCS and EGF were co-incubated (CI) with swim-up separated sp. COCs with attached sp were either removed after 2h and placed in IVF medium without sp up to completion of 18h (sp-restricted CI), or COCs and sp were left together for 18h (sp-prolonged CI). Zygotes were cultured in serum-free, B2 medium conditioned with Vero cells (Marquant-Le Guienne et al., 1999 Theriogenology 51, 386), modified as described by Gomez and Diez (2000 Anim. Reprod. Sci. 58, 23–37). According to IVF procedure (sp-restricted or sp-prolonged), embryo culture was made either in 20% O2 from Day 0 up to Day 3 and in 5% O2 later on, or in 5% O2 from Day 0 up to Day 8, in a 2×2 factorial design. IVF medium was monitored for Na+, K+, Ca2+, pH, O2, CO2 , HCO3− and lactate (i-STAT analyzer; 5 replicates -R-) at 0h, 2h and 18h without cells (controls), at 2h in CI and at 18h both in sp-restricted and sp-prolonged CI. Embryo development was analyzed by CATMOD for effects, and all data were processed by GLM and Duncan test and expressed as LSM±SE. The presence of cells decreased pO2 (P&lt;0.01) in IVF medium at 2h of CI (154±2.3 without cells v. 144±2.3 with cells). There were differences in pO2 at 18h (P&lt;0.05) between sp-prolonged (140.8±2.3) and sp-restricted CI (148.6±2.3). At 18h in CI there was K+ depletion (P&lt;0.05), while Na+, Ca2+, pH and pCO2 remained invariable throughout. Lactate production increased (P&lt;0.05) in CI at 2h and, together with HCO3− (P&lt;0.01), at 18h in sp-prolonged CI. Increasing O2 up to 20% during the first 3 days of culture improved total and medium to late (M+L; early blastocysts excluded) blastocyst rates upon sp-prolonged CI, which is comparable to sp-restricted CI under both % O2 conditions during embryo culture. Under 5% CO2 throughout culture, higher expansion rates occurred in sp-restricted CI, suggesting that this system could improve embryonic viability. Metabolic effects can be inferred from differences in pO2 , lactate and HCO3− , and research will explore the role of oxygen free radicals in these experimental conditions. Grant support: Eureka 2573; CDTI, PROFIT, and FICYT.

Effect of GnRH injection timing in the production of pronuclear-stage zygotes used for DNA microinjection

Zygote ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernan Baldassarre ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Melanie Gauthier ◽  
Nathalie Neveu ◽  
Anthoula Lazaris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Embryo Recovery ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Production Programme ◽  
Dna Microinjection

This study was aimed at developing a hormonal treatment protocol in order to optimize the proportion of pronuclear-stage embryos to be used for DNA microinjection in a goat transgenic founder production programme. A total of 46 adult BELE® and 47 adult standard goats (1–5 years old) were used as donors and recipients, respectively. They were heat-synchronized using intravaginal sponges containing 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate for 10 days with an injection of 125 μg cloprostenol on the morning of the eighth day. Recipients were injected with 400 IU eCG at the time of sponge removal while donors received a total of 133 mg NIH-FSH-P1 (Folltropin-V) given twice daily in decreasing doses over 3 days starting 48 h before sponge removal. Ovulation was induced in donors by injecting 100 μg of GnRH at 24 h (GnRH24) or 36 h (GnRH36) after sponge removal. Embryo recovery was performed by oviduct flushing following a standard mid-ventral laparotomy procedure. The proportion of embryos in the pronuclear stage of development was higher in the GnRH36 group (90% vs 34%, p<0.01). Embryos were microinjected with a DNA expression cassette followed by transfer to the oviduct of synchronized recipients. A higher, yet not statistically significant, pregnancy rate was found in the recipients transferred with pronuclear-stage embryos compared with those transferred with 2-cell-stage embryos (64% vs 37%, chi-square p=0.06). One transgenic female founder was produced from the group of recipients transferred with pronuclear-stage microinjected embryos.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Transcriptomic and Epigenetic Profiles of Gonadal Primordial Germ Cells of White Leghorn and Green-Legged Partridgelike Chicken Embryos

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1090
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Dunislawska ◽  
Maria Siwek ◽  
Katarzyna Stadnicka ◽  
Marek Bednarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Germline Stem Cells ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Methylation Analysis ◽  
Global Methylation

The Green-legged Partridgelike fowl is a native, dual-purpose Polish chicken. The White Leghorn has been intensively selected for several decades to mainly improve reproductive traits. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) represent the germline stem cells in chickens and are the only cells that can transfer the information stored in the genetic material from generation to generation. The aim of the study was to carry out a transcriptomic and an epigenetic comparison of the White Leghorn and Green-legged Partridgelike gonadal PGCs (gPGCs) at three developmental stages: days 4.5, 8, and 12 of the embryonic development. RNA and DNA were isolated from collected gPGCs. The RNA was further subjected to microarray analysis. An epigenetic analysis was performed based on the global methylation analysis and qMSP method for the particular silenced genes demonstrated in transcriptomic analysis. Statistically significant differences between the gPGCs from both breeds were detected on the day 8 of embryonic development. Global methylation analysis showed significant changes at the methylation level in the White Leghorn gPGCs on day 8 of embryonic development. The results suggest faster development of Green-legged Partridgelike embryos as compared to White Leghorn embryos. Changes in the levels of gene expression during embryonic development are determined by genetic and environmental factors, and this variability is influenced by breed and gender.

scholarly journals Alteration of Genomic Imprinting after Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Long-Term Health

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 728
Author(s):  
Eguzkine Ochoa
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Genomic Imprinting ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Early Embryonic Development ◽  
Global Methylation ◽  
The Impact

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are the treatment of choice for some infertile couples and even though these procedures are generally considered safe, children conceived by ART have shown higher reported risks of some perinatal and postnatal complications such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and childhood cancer. In addition, the frequency of some congenital imprinting disorders, like Beckwith–Wiedemann Syndrome and Silver–Russell Syndrome, is higher than expected in the general population after ART. Experimental evidence from animal studies suggests that ART can induce stress in the embryo and influence gene expression and DNA methylation. Human epigenome studies have generally revealed an enrichment of alterations in imprinted regions in children conceived by ART, but no global methylation alterations. ART procedures occur simultaneously with the establishment and maintenance of imprinting during embryonic development, so this may underlie the apparent sensitivity of imprinted regions to ART. The impact in adulthood of imprinting alterations that occurred during early embryonic development is still unclear, but some experimental evidence in mice showed higher risk to obesity and cardiovascular disease after the restriction of some imprinted genes in early embryonic development. This supports the hypothesis that imprinting alterations in early development might induce epigenetic programming of metabolism and affect long-term health. Given the growing use of ART, it is important to determine the impact of ART in genomic imprinting and long-term health.

scholarly journals Non-invasive stimulation of vagal afferents reduces gastric frequency

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Teckentrup ◽  
Sandra Neubert ◽  
João C. P. Santiago ◽  
Manfred Hallschmid ◽  
Martin Walter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractMetabolic feedback between the gut and the brain relayed via the vagus nerve contributes to energy homeostasis. We investigated in healthy adults whether non-invasive stimulation of vagal afferents impacts energy homeostasis via efferent effects on metabolism or digestion. In a randomized crossover design, we applied transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) while recording efferent metabolic effects using simultaneous electrogastrography (EGG) and indirect calorimetry. We found that taVNS reduced gastric myoelectric frequency (p =.008), but did not alter resting energy expenditure. We conclude that stimulating vagal afferents induces gastric slowing via vagal efferents without acutely affecting net energy expenditure at rest. Collectively, this highlights the potential of taVNS to modulate digestion by activating the dorsal vagal complex. Thus, taVNS-induced changes in gastric frequency are an important peripheral marker of brain stimulation effects.

In vitro analysis of glucose metabolism and embryonic growth in postimplantation rat embryos

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.K. Ellington
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Rat Embryos ◽  
Embryonic Growth ◽  
Stage Of Development

The glucose metabolism and embryonic development of rat embryos during organogenesis was studied using embryo culture. Glucose uptake and embryonic growth and differentiation of 10.5-day explants (embryos + membranes) were limited by the decreasing glucose concentration, but not the increasing concentration of metabolites, in the culture media during the second 24 h of a 48 h culture. No such limitations were found on the embryonic development of 9.5-day explants during a 48 h culture although glucose uptake was slightly reduced at very low concentrations of glucose. From the head-fold stage to the 25-somite stage of development, glucose uptake was characteristic of the stage of development of the embryo and not the time it had been in culture. Embryonic growth of 9.5-day explants was similar to that previously observed in vivo. Glucose uptake by 9.5-day explants was dependent on the surface area of the yolk sac and was independent of the glucose concentration in the culture media (within the range of 9.4 to 2.5 mM). The proportion of glucose converted to lactate was 100% during the first 42h of culture then fell to about 50% during the final 6h. The protein contents of both the extraembryonic membranes and the embryo were dependent on the glucose uptake.

scholarly journals Xenopus gpx3 Mediates Posterior Development by Regulating Cell Death during Embryogenesis

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1265
Author(s):  
Hongchan Lee ◽  
Tayaba Ismail ◽  
Youni Kim ◽  
Shinhyeok Chae ◽  
Hong-Yeoul Ryu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Bmp Signaling ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Peroxidase Mimic ◽  
Tail Region ◽  
Stage Of Development

Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family of selenoproteins and is a key antioxidant enzyme in multicellular organisms against oxidative damage. Downregulation of GPx3 affects tumor progression and metastasis and is associated with liver and heart disease. However, the physiological significance of GPx3 in vertebrate embryonic development remains poorly understood. The current study aimed to investigate the functional roles of gpx3 during embryogenesis. To this end, we determined gpx3’s spatiotemporal expression using Xenopus laevis as a model organism. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we demonstrated the zygotic nature of this gene. Interestingly, the expression of gpx3 enhanced during the tailbud stage of development, and whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) analysis revealed gpx3 localization in prospective tail region of developing embryo. gpx3 knockdown using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) resulted in short post-anal tails, and these malformed tails were significantly rescued by glutathione peroxidase mimic ebselen. The gene expression analysis indicated that gpx3 knockdown significantly altered the expression of genes associated with Wnt, Notch, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways involved in tailbud development. Moreover, RNA sequencing identified that gpx3 plays a role in regulation of cell death in the developing embryo. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and phospho-histone 3 (PH3) staining confirmed the association of gpx3 knockdown with increased cell death and decreased cell proliferation in tail region of developing embryos, establishing the involvement of gpx3 in tailbud development by regulating the cell death. Furthermore, these findings are inter-related with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in gpx3 knockdown embryos, as measured by using a redox-sensitive fluorescent probe HyPer. Taken together, our results suggest that gpx3 plays a critical role in posterior embryonic development by regulating cell death and proliferation during vertebrate embryogenesis.

146 Quercetin supplementation during boar semen thawing and incubation improves the in vitro production of pig embryos

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
E. Hicks ◽  
E. Winn ◽  
B. Whitaker
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Boar Semen ◽  
Morphological Deformities

Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species in the in vitro environment cause oxidative stress, which leads to membrane damage, decreased fertility, and morphological deformities of spermatozoa. Antioxidants, such as quercetin (a polyphenol flavonoid), are often supplemented to reduce the effects of oxidative stress on spermatozoa. Supplementing frozen-thawed boar semen with quercetin improves sperm forward progressive motility, viability and lipid peroxidation up to 10h after thawing. However, the effects of fertilizing with quercetin-supplemented sperm are unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementing quercetin (0.25, 0.50, 0.75mM) during the thawing and incubation of frozen-thawed boar semen on oocyte fertilization characteristics (n=400) and subsequent embryonic development (n=1340) at 48 and 144h for cleavage and blastocyst formation, respectively. Oocytes from aspired aspirated mature follicles (3-6mm diameter) were obtained from a local abattoir and matured in medium 199 for 40 to 44h at 38.5°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2. Fertilization was performed using pooled frozen-thawed semen from 3 different boars, and co-incubation of the sperm (2×105 sperm mL−1) and oocytes (30 oocytes/well) lasted for 6 to 8h at 38.5°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2. Data were analysed using ANOVA with the main effects including treatment, well and replicate. Chi-squared analysis was used to determine percentages of embryos reaching the different developmental stages for each treatment. There were no differences in penetration rates and male pronuclear formation between treatment groups; however, supplementation of 0.25 (18.18±10.63%), 0.50 (20.93±9.89%) and 0.75mM (18.07±12.02%) quercetin significantly decreased (P&lt;0.05) polyspermic penetration rates compared with no supplementation (40.00±11.34%). Embryos produced from frozen-thawed boar sperm supplemented with 0.25 and 0.50mM quercetin had a significantly higher percentage (P&lt;0.05) of embryos reaching the 2-cell stage of development by 48h after IVF (75.00±7.89%, 68.75±2.23%, respectively) compared with 0.75mM quercetin supplementation (64.62±3.88%) and no supplementation (62.97±4.11%). Supplementation of 0.25 (44.12±6.23%), 0.50 (43.75±7.02%) and 0.75mM (43.08±2.98%) quercetin to the sperm significantly increased (P&lt;0.05) the percentage of embryos reaching the blastocyst stage of development by 144h after IVF compared with no supplementation (28.27±8.07%). These results indicate that supplementing frozen-thawed boar semen with quercetin decreases the incidence of polyspermic penetration and improves early embryonic development in pigs.

scholarly journals Embryonic development of the estuarine crab Neosarmatium indicum (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae) from the mangroves of the Okinawa Island, Japan

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Moniruzzaman Sarker ◽  
Sirajul Islam ◽  
Tsuyoshi Uehara
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Kandelia Candel ◽  
Continuous Observation ◽  
Okinawa Island ◽  
Mangrove Swamp ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Fertilized Egg

The complete embryonic development of the mangrove sesarmid crab Neosarmatium indicum (A. Milne Edwards, 1868) was described based on internal and external morphological changes in live fertilized eggs reared in the laboratory. Several pairs of N. indicum were collected from the Nuha River mangrove swamp of the southern Okinawa Island, Japan, which is consisted mainly with the mangrove Kandelia candel, and densely populated by the genus Perisesarma and Neosarmatium indicum . The fertilized eggs were macrolecithal, centrolecithal and spherical in shape, filled with uniform dark olive colour, without evidence of any development. The diameter of fertilized egg was 0.36 mm, which increased to 0.47 mm before hatching. Embryo development from fertilized eggs to hatching (first zoea stage) lasted average of 16 days at 25°C and salinity at 80‰. Sixteen stages of embryonic development were categorized by following continuous observation using an optical DIC microscope equipped with digital camera, video camera and printer. After 24 hours of incubation, fertilized eggs became 32-celled stage of development. Before hatching, many chromatophores (mostly black) were evident in the abdominal segments and the telson of embryos. At the end of 16 days incubation, the zoea larvae were successfully hatched out, which were reared in the laboratory conditions for further development.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ujzru.v31i0.15400Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 31, 2012 pp. 49-54

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