Elevated CO2 Effects on Water Use and Growth of Maize in Wet and Drying Soil

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Samarakoon ◽  
RM Gifford
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Reduced Water

It is unclear from the literature as to whether growth of C4 species is responsive to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration. Reports vary between no response to strong response. To explore the origin of this discrepancy, spaced plants of maize (Zea mays) were grown at atmospheric CO2 concentrations of 362 or 717 μL L-1 under continuously wet or drying soil regimes. The aims were to evaluate the comparative growth promotion from elevated CO2 in a C4 plant under the two contrasting water regimes and the causes of any such promotion, and also how water-use efficiency (WUE) is influenced by high CO2 under the two water regimes. In wet soil, transpiration rate was reduced on average by 29% at high CO2, but neither total dry matter nor plant height was significantly affected by CO2 level. Leaf area was not influenced significantly, so daily water use per plant was 25% lower and WUE was increased entirely due to reduced water use at high CO2. In soil that was drying from field capacity, plants in high CO2 used about 30% less water than those in ambient CO2 while the soil was still wet. This resulted in higher soil water content at high CO2. Plant growth showed a marked response, accumulating 35% more leaf area and 50% more dry matter. Young internodes elongated up to 170% more, giving taller plants. The growth enhancement was largely due to higher average net assimilation rate indicating that C4 photosynthesis responded to elevated CO2 during drought. In drying soil the increase in WUE was due to both increased dry matter and reduced water use, the contribution from each depending on the stage of soil drying. We hypothesise therefore that literature examples where maize growth responded to elevated CO2 may have involved (possibly unrecognised) minor water deficits.

Water Use and Growth of Cotton in Response to Elevated CO2 in Wet and Drying Soil

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Samarakoon ◽  
RM Gifford
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
Co2 Effects ◽  
Wide Variability

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum cv. Sicala 34) was grown at 352 ('low CO2') or 710 ('high CO2') μL L-1 atmospheric CO2 in continuously wet soil, or in drying soil, or in drying soil re-wetted after plant wilting. In wet soil, the approximately 15% reduction in transpiration per unit leaf area owing to high CO2 was only half that for other species, whereas effects on growth and leaf area were relatively larger. Consequently, water use per plant was 45-50% higher for high CO2 plants in contrast to other species for which the rate of water use is either the same or lower in high CO2. Greater plant water use early in a drying cycle caused the soil to dry faster under high CO2 than under low CO2. The addition of the consequential greater water stress at high CO2 in drying soil to the direct CO2 effect on stomata caused the transpiration rate of high CO2 plants to fall by up to 60% as the soil dried relative to plants drying at low CO2. After re-wetting the dry soil, the reduction in transpiration rate at high CO2 returned within hours to the value of 15% seen in wet soil. The results were inconsistent with the idea that water deficits increase the sensitivity of stomatal aperture to CO2. Other consequences of drier soil under high CO2 compared with low CO2 were: (a) unlike in many other species, in cotton, the relative growth enhancement by high CO2 is not higher under drying soil compared with wet soil owing to the opposite effect on soil water content; and (b) the increased water-use efficiency in drying soil relative to wet soil was greater in high CO2 plants than in low CO2. The confounding of indirect effects of soil water with the direct CO2 effects may explain the wide variability of literature reports about CO2 effects on stomatal conductance and water use.

Elevated CO2 Improves the Growth of Wheat Under Salinity

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Nicolas ◽  
R Munns ◽  
AB Samarakoon ◽  
RM Gifford
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Primary Component ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Sodium Accumulation

Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum cv. Matong and T. durum cv. Modoc) were grown at ambient and elevated CO2 (350 cm3 m-3 above ambient) in soil with or without 150 mol m-3 NaCl for 6 weeks. The increase in dry matter, leaf area and tillering under high CO2 was relatively greater under saline than non-saline conditions for both cultivars. Tillering was the primary component of growth affected by both salinity and high CO2. Salinity greatly reduced tillering and high CO2 partly reversed the effects of salinity. High CO2 increased dry matter accumulation of the salt-sensitive Modoc to a greater extent (+104%) than that of the more salt-tolerant Matong (+73%) in the salt treatment. Transpiration rates were greatly reduced by salinity for both cultivars. Under high CO2, increased leaf areas compensated for reduced transpiration rates per unit leaf area (i.e. greater stomatal closure), and total transpiration was little affected by CO2 level within each treatment. The more salt-tolerant Matong showed greater stomatal closure and higher transpiration efficiencies than the salt-sensitive Modoc under salinity. High CO2 reduced transpiration rate (per unit dry weight) by 40 to 50%, but did not significantly change the rate of sodium accumulation (per unit dry weight), indicating that salt uptake was largely independent of water uptake, and that high CO2 did not increase growth by reducing the salt load. Our results suggest that high CO2 increased growth by stimulating the development of tiller buds that would otherwise have been inhibited.

Transpiration and Leaf Area Under Elevated CO2: Effects of Soil Water Status and Genotype in Wheat

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Samarakoon ◽  
WJ Muller ◽  
RM Gifford
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Soil Water Status ◽  
Nutritional Conditions

Transpiration rate, leaf area expansion, water use and water-use efficiency (WUE) of spaced plants of wheat (cvv. Matong and Quarrion), were examined at ambient and twice ambient CO2 concentrations in wet and drying soil regimes. A hypothesis tested was that both stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf area development are so regulated by the plant in relation to soil water status that the reduction of approximately 40% in gs in high CO2 has no permanent impact on whole-plant water use. Whereas, during a soil drying cycle, leaf area increase under elevated CO2 counterbalanced closely for reduced gs in terms of soil water depletion as reported elsewhere, this counterbalance was neither exact at all times, nor did it apply when the soil was continuously wet. In wet soil, leaf area was not enhanced much by elevated CO2, probably because, under the high radiation and nutritional conditions used, the tillering rate was almost maximal anyway. Quarrion, having a 40% lower gs than Matong genetically, did not counter-balance a reduced transpiration rate with a larger leaf area under either drying or wet soil conditions. These results support rejection, for wheat, of the hypothesis posed; elevated CO2 increased leaf area mainly by virtue of the direct photosynthetic increase rather than changed soil water status. In wet soil, low gs Quarrion had a higher CO2 effect on WUE (+ 73 to 82%) than did Matong (+54 to 65%). In drying soil, both cultivars had a similar increase in WUE at high CO2 (+60 to 68%).

The impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 and nitrate supply on growth, biomass allocation, nitrogen partitioning and N2 fixation of Acacia melanoxylon

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Schortemeyer ◽  
Owen K. Atkin ◽  
Nola McFarlane ◽  
John R. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Nitrogen Partitioning ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Acacia Melanoxylon ◽  
Nitrate Supply ◽  
The Impact

The interactive effects of nitrate supply and atmospheric CO2 concentration on growth, N2 fixation, dry matter and nitrogen partitioning in the leguminous tree Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. were studied. Seedlings were grown hydroponically in controlled-environment cabinets for 5 weeks at seven 15N-labelled nitrate levels, ranging from 3 to 6400 mmol m–3. Plants were exposed to ambient (~350 µmol mol–1) or elevated (~700 µmol mol–1) atmospheric CO2 for 6 weeks. Total plant dry mass increased strongly with nitrate supply. The proportion of nitrogen derived from air decreased with increasing nitrate supply. Plants grown under either ambient or elevated CO2 fixed the same amount of nitrogen per unit nodule dry mass (16.6 mmol N per g nodule dry mass) regardless of the nitrogen treatment. CO2 concentration had no effect on the relative contribution of N2 fixation to the nitrogen yield of plants. Plants grown with ≥50 mmol m–3 N and elevated CO2 had approximately twice the dry mass of those grown with ambient CO2 after 42 days. The rates of net CO2 assimilation under growth conditions were higher per unit leaf area for plants grown under elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 also decreased specific foliage area, due to an increase in foliage thickness and density. Dry matter partitioning between plant organs was affected by ontogeny and nitrogen status of the plants, but not by CO2 concentration. In contrast, plants grown under elevated CO2 partitioned more of their nitrogen to roots. This could be attributed to reduced nitrogen concentrations in foliage grown under elevated CO2.

scholarly journals The sensitivity of stand-scale photosynthesis and transpiration to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate

1999 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kruijt ◽  
C. Barton ◽  
A. Rey ◽  
P. G. Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 Concentration ◽  
Needle Longevity

Abstract. The 3-dimensional forest model MAESTRO was used to simulate daily and annual photosynthesis and transpiration fluxes of forest stands and the sensitivity of these fluxes to potential changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]), temperature, water stress and phenology. The effects of possible feed-backs from increased leaf area and limitations to leaf nutrition were simulated by imposing changes in leaf area and nitrogen content. Two different tree species were considered: Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., a conifer with long needle longevity and large leaf area, and Betula pendula Roth., a broad-leaved deciduous species with an open canopy and small leaf area. Canopy photosynthetic production in trees was predicted to increase with atmospheric [CO2] and length of the growing season and to decrease with increased water stress. Associated increases in leaf area increased production further only in the B. pendula canopy, where the original leaf area was relatively small. Assumed limitations in N uptake affected B. pendula more than P. sitchensis. The effect of increased temperature was shown to depend on leaf area and nitrogen content. The different sensitivities of the two species were related to their very different canopy structure. Increased [CO2] reduced transpiration, but larger leaf area, early leaf growth, and higher temperature all led to increased water use. These effects were limited by feedbacks from soil water stress. The simulations suggest that, with the projected climate change, there is some increase in stand annual `water use efficiency', but the actual water losses to the atmosphere may not always decrease.

Responses of woody Cerrado species to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and water stress: gains and losses

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Paulo Souza ◽  
Nayara M. J. Melo ◽  
Eduardo G. Pereira ◽  
Alessandro D. Halfeld ◽  
Ingrid N. Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 Concentration

The rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) has been accompanied by changes in other environmental factors of global climate change, such as drought. Tracking the early growth of plants under changing conditions can determine their ecophysiological adjustments and the consequences for ecosystem functions. This study investigated long-term ecophysiological responses in three woody Cerrado species: Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne, Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil. and Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. and Hook. f. ex S. Moore, grown under ambient and elevated [CO2]. Plants were grown for 515 days at ambient (430 mg dm–3) or elevated [CO2] (700 mg dm–3). Some plants were also subjected to water stress to investigate the synergy between atmospheric [CO2] and soil water availability, and its effect on plant growth. All three species showed an increase in maximum net photosynthesis (PN) and chlorophyll index under high [CO2]. Transpiration decreased in some species under high [CO2] despite daily watering and a corresponding increase in water use efficiency was observed. Plants grown under elevated [CO2] and watered daily had greater leaf area and total biomass production than plants under water stress and ambient [CO2]. The high chlorophyll and PN in cerrado plants grown under elevated [CO2] are an investment in light use and capture and higher Rubisco carboxylation rate, respectively. The elevated [CO2] had a positive influence on biomass accumulation in the cerrado species we studied, as predicted for plants under high [CO2]. So, even with water stress, Cerrado species under elevated [CO2] had better growth.

Influence of row spacing on growth, light and water use by sorghum

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. McGowan ◽  
H. M. Taylor ◽  
J. Willingham
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Reduced Water

SUMMARYGrain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) was grown in Texas in 1985 at a constant population density of c. 6·6 plants/m2 in rows 0·5, 1·0 and 1·5 m apart and with the soil profile at field capacity at planting time. Dry matter production and yield were least at the widest spacing, principally because of a reduction in number of tillers. Dry matter accumulation was in direct proportion to the amount of light intercepted and largely independent of spacing between rows, with a conversion coefficient of 1·71 g dry matter/MJ energy intercepted. The most widely spaced crop used less water but not in proportion to the extent that ground cover was reduced. Water use efficiency was also less in the most widely spaced crop, probably because of heat advection from the bare soil between rows.

scholarly journals Supplementary irrigation in Sudan grass: Leaf area index, dry matter production and water use efficiency

Científica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Wellington Mezzomo ◽  
Marcia Xavier Peiter ◽  
Adroaldo Dias Robaina ◽  
Jardel Henrique Kirchner ◽  
Rogério Ricalde Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Sudan Grass ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation ◽  
Use Efficiency

scholarly journals Containerized Strawberry Transplants Reduce Establishment-period Water Use and Enhance Early Growth and Flowering Compared with Bare-root Plants

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Hochmuth ◽  
Dan Cantliffe ◽  
Craig Chandler ◽  
Craig Stanley ◽  
Eric Bish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Planting Time ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Bare Root

Experiments were conducted in two seasons in Dover, Fla. (central Florida), with bare-root and containerized (plug) strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) transplants to evaluate transplant establishment-period water use, plant growth, and flowering responses in the 3-week transplant establishment period. Strawberry plug plants were established with 290 gal/acre water applied only with the transplant at planting time, while 200,000 gal/acre from microjet or 1 million gal/acre of water from sprinkler irrigation were used to establish bare-root transplants. Root, shoot, and crown dry matter of plug plants rapidly increased during the establishment period, while there was a decline in leaf area and root and crown mass of bare-root plants, even with sprinkler or microjet irrigation. Water applied with the bare-root transplant only at planting was not enough to keep the plant alive during the establishment period. Large plug plants, but not irrigated bare-root plants, began flowering at 3 weeks after planting. Plug plants were used to successfully establish strawberry crops with low water inputs.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF PRUNING AND CHEMICAL GROWTH REGULATION ON THE WATER RELATIONS OF HIBISCUS

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1125f-1125
Author(s):  
Susan L. Steinberg ◽  
Jayne M. Zajicek ◽  
Marshall J. McFarland
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis ◽  
Chemically Treated ◽  
Reduced Water

Growth of potted hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Ross Estey) plants was controlled by either pruning or the growth regulator, uniconazole, at 3.0 mg a.i. per pot. Five days after treatment with uniconazole, plants showed reduced water use, an effect which became more pronounced with time. Water use of pruned plants was reduced immediately after pruning, but soon returned to the level of the control due to the rapid regeneration of leaf area. Chemically treated and pruned plants, respectively, used 33% and 6% leas water than the control. The reduction in water use due to the use of uniconazole had both a morphological and physiological component. Chemically treated plants had a smaller leaf area, and individual leaves had a lower stomatal density, conductance and transpiration rate than leaves of control plants. Under well watered conditions, the sap flow rate in the main trunk of control or pruned plants was 120-160 g h-1 m-2, nearly three times higher than the 40-60 g h-1 m-2 measured in plants treated with uniconazole.

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