Regulation of the Alternative Oxidase in Plants and Fungi.

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Day ◽  
J Whelan ◽  
AH Millar ◽  
JN Siedow ◽  
JT Wiskich
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Protein Modification ◽  
Alternative Oxidase ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
The Past ◽  
Regulation Of Activity

The alternative oxidase of the inner mitochondrial membrane catalyses cyanide-insensitive respiration in plants and fungi. The molecular biology and regulation of this oxidase have been intensively studied over the past 10 years. Genes have been isolated, expression has been investigated and novel mechanisms for the regulation of activity have been discovered. This paper reviews these recent advances, focusing on the regulation of gene expression and activation by protein modification and organic acids, and possible roles of the alternative oxidase are discussed.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in the Development of Exogenous dsRNA for the Induction of RNA Interference in Cancer Therapy

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 701
Author(s):  
Tatiana S. Golubeva ◽  
Viktoria A. Cherenko ◽  
Konstantin E. Orishchenko
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Agricultural Plants ◽  
Insect Reproduction

Selective regulation of gene expression by means of RNA interference has revolutionized molecular biology. This approach is not only used in fundamental studies on the roles of particular genes in the functioning of various organisms, but also possesses practical applications. A variety of methods are being developed based on gene silencing using dsRNA—for protecting agricultural plants from various pathogens, controlling insect reproduction, and therapeutic techniques related to the oncological disease treatment. One of the main problems in this research area is the successful delivery of exogenous dsRNA into cells, as this can be greatly affected by the localization or origin of tumor. This overview is dedicated to describing the latest advances in the development of various transport agents for the delivery of dsRNA fragments for gene silencing, with an emphasis on cancer treatment.

scholarly journals Alternative Oxidase Inhibition Impairs Tobacco Root Development and Root Hair Formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Lu-Lu Yu ◽  
Ye Peng ◽  
Xin-Xin Geng ◽  
Fei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Alternative Oxidase ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Main Root ◽  
Respiratory Pathway ◽  
Root Hair Formation ◽  
Hair Formation

Alternative oxidase (AOX) is the terminal oxidase of the mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain in plant cells and is critical for the balance of mitochondrial hemostasis. In this study, the effect of inhibition of AOX with different concentrations of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) on the tobacco root development was investigated. We show here that AOX inhibition significantly impaired the development of the main root and root hair formation of tobacco. The length of the main root of SHAM-treated tobacco was significantly shorter than that of the control, and no root hairs were formed after treatment with a concentration of 1 mM SHAM or more. The transcriptome analysis showed that AOX inhibition by 1 mM SHAM involved in the regulation of gene expression related to root architecture. A total of 5,855 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained by comparing SHAM-treated roots with control. Of these, the gene expression related to auxin biosynthesis and perception were significantly downregulated by 1 mM SHAM. Similarly, genes related to cell wall loosening, cell cycle, and root meristem growth factor 1 (RGF1) also showed downregulation on SHAM treatment. Moreover, combined with the results of physiological measurements, the transcriptome analysis demonstrated that AOX inhibition resulted in excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species in roots, which further induced oxidative damage and cell apoptosis. It is worth noting that when indoleacetic acid (20 nM) and dimethylthiourea (10 mM) were added to the medium containing SHAM, the defects of tobacco root development were alleviated, but to a limited extent. Together, these findings indicated that AOX-mediated respiratory pathway plays a crucial role in the tobacco root development, including root hair formation.

Investigation of cell physiology in the animal using transgenic technology

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (2) ◽  
pp. C261-C275 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Koretsky
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Transgenic Technology ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Mutant Proteins ◽  
The Past ◽  
Targeted Expression ◽  
Made In

Over the past 10 years significant progress has been made in techniques for manipulating the genome of the animal. Production of transgenic mice has led to important insights into the regulation of gene expression, the molecular basis of cancer, immunology, and developmental biology. The tools necessary to generate transgenic mice are becoming widely available, making it possible to study a variety of problems. In this review a description of the strategies being used to address problems of interest in cell physiology using transgenic mice is given. Elucidation of the rules governing the regulation of gene expression now permits the targeted expression of a protein to a particular organ or cell type within an organ. Overexpression of proteins, expression of foreign or mutant proteins, mislocalization of proteins, and directed elimination of proteins are all procedures that can now be used to generate interesting animal models for physiological studies. The applications of these techniques to a variety of problems in normal and abnormal physiology are discussed in this review.

scholarly journals Quantitative Modeling of Protein Synthesis Using Ribosome Profiling Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vandana Yadav ◽  
Inayat Ullah Irshad ◽  
Hemant Kumar ◽  
Ajeet K. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Ribosome Profiling ◽  
Quantitative Modeling ◽  
Quantitative Prediction ◽  
Translation Rate ◽  
The Past

Quantitative prediction on protein synthesis requires accurate translation initiation and codon translation rates. Ribosome profiling data, which provide steady-state distribution of relative ribosome occupancies along a transcript, can be used to extract these rate parameters. Various methods have been developed in the past few years to measure translation-initiation and codon translation rates from ribosome profiling data. In the review, we provide a detailed analysis of the key methods employed to extract the translation rate parameters from ribosome profiling data. We further discuss how these approaches were used to decipher the role of various structural and sequence-based features of mRNA molecules in the regulation of gene expression. The utilization of these accurate rate parameters in computational modeling of protein synthesis may provide new insights into the kinetic control of the process of gene expression.

scholarly journals TIS11 Family Proteins and Their Roles in Posttranscriptional Gene Regulation

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Baou ◽  
Andrew Jewell ◽  
John J. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Posttranscriptional Regulation ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Untranslated Regions ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Small Family ◽  
The Past ◽  
Posttranscriptional Gene Regulation

Posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression of mRNAs containing adenine-uridine rich elements (AREs) in their untranslated regions is mediated by a number of different proteins that interact with these elements to either stabilise or destabilise them. The present review concerns the TPA-inducible sequence 11 (TIS11) protein family, a small family of proteins, that appears to interact with ARE-containing mRNAs and promote their degradation. This family of proteins has been extensively studied in the past decade. Studies have focussed on determining their biochemical functions, identifying their target mRNAs, and determining their roles in cell functions and diseases.

scholarly journals Kangaroo gene mapping and sequencing: insights into mammalian genome evolution

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Marshall Graves
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Pair ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Mammalian Genome ◽  
Epigenetic Silencing ◽  
Gene Arrangement

The deep divergence of marsupials and eutherian mammals 160 million years ago provides genetic variation to explore the evolution of DNA sequence, gene arrangement and regulation of gene expression in mammals. Following the pioneering work of Professor Desmond W. Cooper, emerging techniques in cytogenetics and molecular biology have been adapted to characterise the genomes of kangaroos and other marsupials. In particular, genetic and genomic work over four decades has shown that marsupial sex chromosomes differ significantly from the eutherian XY chromosome pair in their size, gene content and activity. These differences can be exploited to deduce how mammalian sex chromosomes, sex determination and epigenetic silencing evolved.

scholarly journals Loss of Nnt Increases Expression of Oxidative Phosphorylation Complexes in C57BL/6J Hearts

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 6101
Author(s):  
Jack L. Williams ◽  
Charlotte L. Hall ◽  
Eirini Meimaridou ◽  
Lou A. Metherell
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Cardiac Dysfunction ◽  
Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Biallelic Mutations

Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) is a proton pump in the inner mitochondrial membrane that generates reducing equivalents in the form of NAPDH, which can be used for anabolic pathways or to remove reactive oxygen species (ROS). A number of studies have linked NNT dysfunction to cardiomyopathies and increased risk of atherosclerosis; however, biallelic mutations in humans commonly cause a phenotype of adrenal insufficiency, with rare occurrences of cardiac dysfunction and testicular tumours. Here, we compare the transcriptomes of the hearts, adrenals and testes from three mouse models: the C57BL/6N, which expresses NNT; the C57BL/6J, which lacks NNT; and a third mouse, expressing the wild-type NNT sequence on the C57BL/6J background. We saw enrichment of oxidative phosphorylation genes in the C57BL/B6J in the heart and adrenal, possibly indicative of an evolved response in this substrain to loss of Nnt. However, differential gene expression was mainly driven by mouse background with some changes seen in all three tissues, perhaps reflecting underlying genetic differences between the C57BL/B6J and -6N substrains.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli andSalmonella 2000: the View From Here

2001 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moselio Schaechter
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Reference Book

SUMMARY Five years after the publication of the second edition of the reference book Escherichia coli and Salmonella: Cellular and Molecular Biology, and on the eve of launching a successor venture, the editors and colleagues examine where we stand in our quest for an understanding of these organisms. The main areas selected for this brief inquiry are genomics, evolution, molecular multifunctionality, functional backups, regulation of gene expression, cell biology, sensing of the environment, and ecology.

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