Stem Reserve Mobilisation Supports Wheat-Grain Filling Under Heat Stress

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 771 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Blum ◽  
B Sinmena ◽  
J Mayer ◽  
G Golan ◽  
L Shpiler
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Stem Reserves

The grain filling of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is seriously impaired by heat stress due to reductions in current leaf and ear photosynthesis at high temperatures. An alternative source of carbon for grain filling is stored stem reserves. Two spring wheat cultivars (V5 and V2183) of very similar phenology and plant stature, which had previously been found to differ in grain shrivelling under drought and heat stress conditions in the field, were used to evaluate the hypothesis that the mobilisation of stored stem reserves into the growing grain is an important source of carbon for supporting grain filling under heat stress. In two experiments in Israel (1990 and 1991), the rates of stem dry matter (DM) and stem total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) loss, grain growth and leaf senescence were monitored under optimal (control) and high (stressed) temperatures in the glasshouse (1990) and the growth chamber (1991). Cultivar V5 always sustained a smaller reduction in grain dry weight under heat stress, than V2183. Irrespective of temperature, V5 had a higher stem DM and TNC content at the onset of grain filling, greater depletion of stem dry matter (or TNC) during grain filling, and longer duration of grain filling, than V2183. During grain filling V5 generally exported about two to three times more DM from the stems than V2183, under both non-stressed and stressed conditions. On the other hand, V5 was more heat-susceptible than V2183 in terms of leaf longevity, in vivo chlorophyll stability and grain abortion under heat stress. In a third experiment (1992) five cultivars (including V5 and V2183) were subjected to chemical desiccation (0.3% potassium iodide) of the canopy in the field in order to destroy the photosynthetic source ofthe plant after anthesis. The same cultivars were subjected to heat stress (35/25�C) or non-stressed (25/15�C) conditions after anthesis in the growth chamber. It was found that grain dry weight reduction by chemical desiccation was highly correlated with grain dry weight reduction by heat stress (r2 = 0.89). Therefore, the superior capacity of V5 for grain filling from mobilised stem reserves is a consti- tutive trait which supports grain filling under heat stress which can be tested for by chemical desiccation of plants under non-stressed conditions.

Dry matter accumulation and distribution in winter wheat grown in a humid continental climate

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Hunt ◽  
L. V. Edgington
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Green Coloration ◽  
Continental Climate

The growth of a crop of 'Arrow' winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) was studied in detail from 2 weeks before ear emergence to maturity. Aboveground dry weight increased up to 4 weeks after ear emergence, when it reached a maximum value of 1.4 kg∙m−2, and then decreased marginally. The rate of aboveground dry matter accumulation over a 6-week period beginning 2 weeks before ear emergence averaged 24.4 g∙m−2∙day−1.Rapid ear growth commenced some 2 weeks after ear emergence and continued until after the crop had lost all green coloration. Dry matter accumulation in the ears in the period beginning 3 weeks past ear emergence was greater than accumulation in the aboveground parts of the crop as a whole. This indicated that much of the ear dry matter increase in the latter part of the grain filling period occurred as a result of translocation of previously accumulated assimilates. The stem fraction (including leaf sheaths), the major aboveground reservoir of material that is translocated to the ear, decreased from 800 g∙m−2 at 3 weeks after ear emergence to 493 g∙m−2 at maturity.

scholarly journals Effect of Heat Stress on Inter-relationship of Physiological and Biochemical Traits with Grain Yield in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
Amrita Kumari ◽  
R. D. Ranjan ◽  
Chandan Roy ◽  
Awadesh Kumar Pal ◽  
S. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Biochemical Traits ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Complex Phenomena ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Heat stress, particularly the stress appears at the time of flowering to grain filling stages causing severe yield loss in wheat. Heat tolerance is complex phenomena that include adjustment in morphological, physiological and biochemical traits of the crop. Present investigation was carried out to understand the effect of terminal heat stress on different traits of wheat. The experiment was conducted in three dates of sowing as timely sown, late sown and very late sown to expose the crop to heat stress at later stages of the crop growth. Significant genetic variations for all the traits evaluated under three conditions indicated the presence of variability for the traits. Trait association analysis revealed that flag leaf chlorophyll content and MSI at seedling stage; MDA at reproductive stage had direct relationship with grain yield. While under very late sown condition MDA and RWC at seedling stages were found to be highly correlated with grain yield. It indicates that MDA, RWC at seedling stage and days to booting, days to milking plays important role in very late sown condition that can be used as selection criteria in breeding programme.

The use of dairy cow faeces rather than rumen liquor in the gas pressure transducer technique for assessing digestion kinetics in vitro

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 113-113
Author(s):  
D M Harris ◽  
A Barlet ◽  
A T Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Pressure Transducer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Faecal Material ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Digestion Kinetics ◽  
In Sacco

The pressure transducer technique has been proposed as a method of evaluating feed degradation characteristics (Theodorou, 1993) and it has been shown to predict the in vivo and in sacco degradability of forages (Blummel and Orskov, 1993). However the original technique requires rumen liquor and hence access to surgically prepared animals. Faecal material is generally easier to obtain and this work assessed it's suitability as an alternative source of microbes.Rumen liquor (R) and faeces (F) were collected simultaneously from a rumenally fistulated lactating dairy cow. R was mixed 1:1 with modified van Soest medium and F 1:2 to obtain similar dry matter contents. Homogenised strained 20 ml aliquats were inoculated into vented 250 ml bottles containing 180 ml of modified van Soest medium and 1.5g DM of a 7:3 mixture of milled air dried grass silage and 180 g CP / kg DM concentrates. The 7:3 ratio of silage and concentrates was chosen to reflect the diet the donor cow was consuming.

Heat Stress During Grain Filling in Maize: Effects on Carbohydrate Storage and Metabolism

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 829 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Singletary ◽  
R Banisadr ◽  
PL Keeling
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Maize Kernels

Heat stress during maize seed development can interfere with endosperm starch biosynthesis and reduce seed size, an important component of yield. Our objectives were to evaluate the direct influence of temperature during grain filling on kernel growth, carbohydrate accumulation, and corresponding endosperm metabolism. Kernels of maize were grown in vitro at 25�C until 15 or 16 days after pollination and then subjected to various temperatures for the remainder of their development. Mature kernel dry weight declined 45% in a linear fashion between 22 and 36�C. The rate of starch accumulation reached a maximum at approximately 32�C, and when measured at frequent intervals, declined only slightly with further temperature increase to 35�C. Reduced seed size resulted from an abbreviated duration of starch-related metabolism, which did not appear to be limited by endogenous sugars. Instead, a survey of 12 enzymes of sugar and starch metabolism indicated that ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase were unique in displaying developmental peaks of activity which were compressed both in amount and time, similar to the effect of temperature on starch accumulation. We conclude that decreased starch synthesis in heat-stressed maize kernels results from a premature decline in the activity of these enzymes.

scholarly journals Effect of two‐week heat stress during grain filling on stem reserves, senescence, and grain yield of European winter wheat cultivars

2020 ◽  
Vol 206 (6) ◽  
pp. 722-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siegfried Schittenhelm ◽  
Tina Langkamp‐Wedde ◽  
Martin Kraft ◽  
Lorenz Kottmann ◽  
Katja Matschiner
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
European Winter Wheat ◽  
Stem Reserves

Dry matter accumulation and partitioning and its relationship to grain yield in wheat

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Flood ◽  
PJ Martin ◽  
WK Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
The North ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
Total Crop ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Stem Reserves ◽  
North Western

Total crop dry matter (DM) production and its components, remobilisation of stem reserves, and the relation of these to grain yield were studied in 10 wheat cultivars sown at Walpeup, Boort, and Horsham in the north-western Victorian wheatbelt. Between sites, all DM components decreased in the order Horsham > Boort > Walpeup. Differences between Boort and Walpeup were not always significant. Total DM at anthesis for Walpeu,p and Boort was in a similar range, and less than that for Horsham. Yields increased in the order Walpeup < Boort < Horsham. When data from the 3 sites were combined, leaf, stem (excluding cv. Argentine IX), and total DM were related to grain yield. Within sites, ear DM at anthesis was related to grain yield. Grain yield for all cultivars at Horsham and Walpeup and 5 cultivars at Boort was greater than the increases in crop DM from anthesis to maturity, indicating that pre-anthesis stored assimilates (stem reserves) were used for grain filling. Post-anthesis decrease in stem weight was inversely related to grain yield only at Horsham, which supports the view of utilisation of stem reserves for grain filling at this site. At Boort and Walpeup there was a similar negative trend, but values for 2 cultivars at each site were outliers, which weakened the trend. The wide adaptability of the Australian cultivars used in this study may be related to the differential remobilisation of stem reserves at each site. A measure of yield stability, however, was not related to stem weight loss during the grain-filling period.

The use of dairy cow faeces rather than rumen liquor in the gas pressure transducer technique for assessing digestion kinetics in vitro

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 113-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
D M Harris ◽  
A Barlet ◽  
A T Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Pressure Transducer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Faecal Material ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Digestion Kinetics ◽  
In Sacco

The pressure transducer technique has been proposed as a method of evaluating feed degradation characteristics (Theodorou, 1993) and it has been shown to predict the in vivo and in sacco degradability of forages (Blummel and Orskov, 1993). However the original technique requires rumen liquor and hence access to surgically prepared animals. Faecal material is generally easier to obtain and this work assessed it's suitability as an alternative source of microbes.Rumen liquor (R) and faeces (F) were collected simultaneously from a rumenally fistulated lactating dairy cow. R was mixed 1:1 with modified van Soest medium and F 1:2 to obtain similar dry matter contents. Homogenised strained 20 ml aliquats were inoculated into vented 250 ml bottles containing 180 ml of modified van Soest medium and 1.5g DM of a 7:3 mixture of milled air dried grass silage and 180 g CP / kg DM concentrates. The 7:3 ratio of silage and concentrates was chosen to reflect the diet the donor cow was consuming.

Effect of irrigation levels and agrochemicals on dry matter partitioning in summer maize (Zea maize L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Meena ◽  
G. S. Chouhan ◽  
V. K. Meena ◽  
H. S. Sumeriya
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Dry Matter Distribution ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Grain Formation ◽  
Irrigation Levels ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Application of eight irrigations (seedling, 6 leaf, knee-high, before tasseling, 50% tasseling, 50% silking, grain formation and grain filling stages) where no stress was occurred significantly increased dry matter distribution. Data related to dry matter partitioning in stem, leaves and cobs at 25, 50, 75 and at harvest stage of crop. In general, irrespective of the treatments, crop attained maximum leaf dry weight at flowering stage. This decreased progressively up to harvest stage. While, stem dry weight showed increasing trend up to tasseling and silking stage and than declined slightly towards harvest stage of the crop. Obviously, cobs dry weight increased linearly from flowering up to harvest stage.

scholarly journals Truncation of grain filling in wheat (Triticum aestivum) triggered by brief heat stress during early grain filling: association with senescence responses and reductions in stem reserves

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Shirdelmoghanloo ◽  
Daniel Cozzolino ◽  
Iman Lohraseb ◽  
Nicholas C. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Stem Reserves

Short heat waves during grain filling can reduce grain size and consequently yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Grain weight responses to heat represent the net outcome of reduced photosynthesis, increased mobilisation of stem reserves (water-soluble carbohydrates, WSC) and accelerated senescence in the grain. To compare their relative roles in grain weight responses under heat, these characteristics were monitored in nine wheat genotypes subjected to a brief heat stress at early grain filling (37°C maximum for 3 days at 10 days after anthesis). Compared with the five tolerant varieties, the four susceptible varieties showed greater heat-triggered reductions in final grain weight, grain filling duration, flag leaf chla and chlb content, stem WSC and PSII functionality (Fv/Fm). Despite the potential for reductions in sugar supply to the developing grains, there was little effect of heat on grain filling rate, suggesting that grain size effects of heat may have instead been driven by premature senescence in the grain. Extreme senescence responses potentially masked stem WSC contributions to grain weight stability. Based on these findings, limiting heat-triggered senescence in the grain may provide an appropriate focus for improving heat tolerance in wheat.

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