Mango Sapburn: Components of Fruit Sap and Their Role in Causing Skin Damage.

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
BR Loveys ◽  
SP Robinson ◽  
JJ Brophy ◽  
EK Chacko
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Acceptance ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Skin Damage ◽  
Mango Fruit ◽  
Aqueous Emulsion ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Enzymic Browning ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Fruit Surface

Damage caused to the skin of mango fruit by contact with sap exuded from the cut or broken pedicel reduces consumer acceptance and storage life of the fruit. Mangoes of the Kensington cultivar are particularly susceptible to sapburn injury. On centrifugation, the fruit sap separated into two phases. Skin damage was caused predominantly by the upper non-aqueous phase. A major component of this phase was terpinolene which gave symptoms indistinguishable from sapburn injury when applied to the fruit surface. The same type of damage could be induced by the application of synthetic terpinolene when applied undiluted, diluted in hexane or as an aqueous emulsion. Non-volatile sap components separated by distillation were not damaging to mango skin. Sap exuded from the mango leaf petioles also contained terpinolene, but its concentration was less than 1% of the concentration in pedicel sap and this sap was not damaging to the fruit skin. The Florida cultivar Irwin is less susceptible to sapburn injury and the predominant terpene in its sap was identified as car-3-ene. When applied to Kensington skin, car-3-ene caused significantly less damage than terpinolene. We conclude that the primary cause of mango sapburn is entry of volatile components of the sap such as terpinolene through the lenticels, resulting in tissue damage and subsequent enzymic browning.

scholarly journals Selection of New Late-Season Mandarin Cultivars Based on Sensory Changes and Consumer Acceptance after Fruit Cold Storage

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Paula Tarancón ◽  
Adrián Giménez-Sanchis ◽  
Pablo Aleza ◽  
Cristina Besada
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Consumer Acceptance ◽  
Sensory Profile ◽  
Skin Damage ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Sensory Changes ◽  
New Cultivars

Late-season mandarins are normally cold-stored to prolong the commercial season. Thus, it is necessary to investigate poststorage consumer acceptance to predict the potential success of new late-season mandarin varieties on the market. The aim of the present work was to evaluate consumer response to three new late-season cultivars preselected in the IVIA breeding programme (Omet, Matiz and Tri-703) after different cold storage periods. The three new cultivars were compared to commercial cultivars Orri, Nadorcott and Ortanique, all of which are widely available in stores. A multidisciplinary approach was used to determine the main changes during storage at 1 °C for up to one month: (1) analysis of physico-chemical parameters; (2) description of the sensory profile by semitrained assessors by the Free Choice Profile technique; (3) evaluation of consumer acceptability and purchase intention. Our results showed that the sensory changes that fruit underwent during storage depended on the variety; these changes allowed us to understand why consumer preferences varied during storage. Of the three new cultivars, two (Omet and Tri-703) showed the greatest potential for success. However, while Tri-703 can be stored for one month, Omet should not be stored longer than 15 days due to its susceptibility to manifest skin damage during storage. Of the commercial cultivars, internal Orri quality was keenly appreciated by consumers, while Ortanique was considered the most attractive variety. The multidisciplinary approach followed in this study proved to be a potent tool for selecting varieties that should be implemented in selection processes of breeding programmes.

scholarly journals Effects of 1-MCP on External Postharvest Qualities and Shelf Life of ‘Maha Chanok’ Mango Fruit

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
B. Chutichudet ◽  
Prasit Chutichudet ◽  
Usana Trainoak
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Storage Life ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Mango Fruit ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
And Storage

<p>‘Maha Chanok’<strong> </strong>mango is an economic fruit crop widely cultivated commercially throughout Thailand. By nature, mango fruit has a rather limited storage life after harvest. 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) has been accepted as a commercial substance to improve several fruit qualities. The objective of this research was to study the effects of 1-MCP on the external postharvest qualities and storage life on the ‘Maha Chanok’ mango fruit. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design with three replicates, ten fruits per replicate. Mango fruit was fumigated with 1-MCP at three concentrations (1000, 1250, or 1500 nl l<sup>-1</sup>) and three fumigation periods (12, 18, or 24 h), compared with the control fruit. After treating, all treatments were stored under ambient temperature (27 °C, 80%R.H.). The following determinations were made every two days for assessment of fruit weight loss, firmness, chlorophyll content, decay incidence, and storage life. The results showed that fruit treated with 1500 nl l<sup>-1</sup><strong> </strong>1-MCP for 24 h had the maximal fruit firmness. For chlorophyll content, the results showed that fruit-treated with 1500 nl l<sup>-1</sup><strong> </strong>1-MCP for 12 h could effectively retain the highest chlorophyll contents. Furthermore, both the lowest fruit decay and the longest storage life of 12 days were achieved from the fruit treated with 1000 nl l<sup>-1</sup><strong> </strong>1-MCP for 12 h.</p>

Effect of preharvest bagging on fruit calcium levels, and storage and ripening characteristics of ‘Sensation’ mangoes

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Shorter ◽  
D. R. Beasley ◽  
D. C. Joyce
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Mango Fruit ◽  
Calcium Accumulation ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Apparent Influence ◽  
Fruit Bagging

Mango fruit may be bagged during their development on the tree in order to reduce disease incidence and skin blemish. However, the influence of fruit bagging on calcium accumulation and their storage and ripening characteristics has not been reported. ‘Sensation’ mango fruit were bagged with commercially available plastic or paper bags 7 weeks before normal harvest. No significant differences in calcium concentrations between bagged (plastic or paper) and unbagged fruit were recorded for either skin or flesh tissue. Plastic bags resulted in increased fruit water (weight) loss after harvest. Softening and colouring of fruit which had been bagged with plastic were both hastened. Paper bags had no apparent influence, compared with unbagged control fruit, on weight loss or ripening characteristics of ‘Sensation’ mango fruit.

scholarly journals Water Influx through the Wetted Surface of a Sweet Cherry Fruit: Evidence for an Associated Solute Efflux

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 440
Author(s):  
Andreas Winkler ◽  
Deborah Riedel ◽  
Daniel Alexandre Neuwald ◽  
Moritz Knoche
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Bathing Solution ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
And Storage

Sweet cherries are susceptible to rain-cracking. The fruit skin is permeable to water, but also to solutes. The objectives of this study were to (1) establish whether a solute efflux occurs when a sweet cherry fruit is incubated in water; (2) identify the solutes involved; (3) identify the mechanism(s) of efflux; and (4) quantify any changes in solute efflux occurring during development and storage. Solute efflux was gravimetrically measured in wetted fruit as the increasing dry mass of the bathing solution, and anthocyanin efflux was measured spectrophotometrically. Solute and anthocyanin effluxes from a wetted fruit and water influx increased with time. All fluxes were higher for the cracked than for the non-cracked fruit. The effluxes of osmolytes and anthocyanins were positively correlated. Solute efflux depended on the stage of development and on the cultivar. In ‘Regina’, the solute efflux was lowest during stage II (25 days after full bloom (DAFB)), highest for mid-stage III (55 DAFB), and slightly lower at maturity (77 DAFB). In contrast with ‘Regina’, solute efflux in ‘Burlat’ increased continuously towards maturity, being 4.8-fold higher than in ‘Regina’. Results showed that solute efflux occurred from wetted fruit. The gravimetrically determined water uptake represents a net mass change—the result of an influx minus a solute efflux.

Relationship Between Meniscal Sample Swelling and the Compressive Properties of Bovine Menisci

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen H. J. Andrews ◽  
Nigel G. Shrive ◽  
Janet L. Ronsky
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
Solid Matrix ◽  
Compressive Properties ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

The menisci are anisotropic hydrated connective tissues, situated in the tibiofemoral joint. The menisci transmit approximately 50% of the load across this joint [1, 2]. In this tissue, compression would only be experienced in the axial (vertical) direction, and as such, many studies have tested samples in the axial direction to determine the compressive properties [3–5]. The material behaviour of the menisci has been described as biphasic, meaning the response of the tissue to applied load is time dependent and determined by both the solid constituents and their interaction with the fluid component [3]. Due to the low permeability of the tissue, deformation results in relative movement of the solid matrix and the fluid it contains, resulting in the creation of drag forces between the two phases. Fluid exudation from the matrix governs the viscoelastic behaviour of the tissue, including stress relaxation and creep [6]. The swelling behaviour of meniscal samples in varying osmotic environments was evaluated in our lab (unpublished data), where they swelled significantly, approximately 30% volumetrically in iso-osmotic phosphate buffered saline (PBS). It was hypothesized that the material properties of the tissue would be affected by this significant swelling. To date, no study has evaluated the effect of sample swelling, due to sample preparation and storage, on the behaviour of the menisci in compression. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate this relationship. We hypothesized that meniscal samples would be less stiff and more permeable in a swollen state than when they are compressed to the ‘fresh’, non-swollen, thickness prior to initiation of the protocol.

scholarly journals Keefektifan Bahan Pencuci dan Pencegah Penyakit Terhadap Kualitas Buah Mangga CV. Gedong Gincu dan Arumanis

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Sutopo ◽  
Roedhy Poerwanto ◽  
Suryo Wiyono
Keyword(s):  
Burn Injury ◽  
Cryptococcus Albidus ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Mango Fruit ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Skin Damages

<p>Mangga merupakan salah satu komoditas buah tropis di Indonesia yang mempunyai peluang besar untuk pasar domestik dan juga ekspor. Namun, kualitas buah mangga masih memiliki banyak permasalahan. Salah satunya adalah getah yang mengotori kulit buah mangga. Pada saat tangkai buah mangga rusak, getah menyebar pada kulit buah yang menyebabkan kerusakan kulit dan serangan penyakit. Penelitian bertujuan mendapatkan bahan pencuci dan pencegah penyakit yang efektif terhadap kualitas buah mangga cv. Gedong Gincu dan Arumanis. Buah mangga dipanen di kebun petani di Cirebon, Jawa Barat dan Probolinggo, Jawa Timur. Pengamatan dilakukan di Laboratorium Pascapanen Institut Pertanian Bogor pada bulan November 2013 sampai Januari 2014. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap nonfaktorial yang terdiri atas sembilan perlakuan, yaitu air (kontrol) (P0T0), air (kontrol) + fungisida (P0T1), air (kontrol) + khamir Cryptococcus albidus dengan konsentrasi 5 x 104 sel/ml (P0T2), deterjen 1% + air (kontrol) (P1T0), deterjen 1% + fungisida (P1T1), deterjen 1% + khamir C. albidus (P1T2), deterjen 1% + Ca(OH)2 0,5% + air (kontrol) (P2T0), deterjen 1% + Ca(OH)2 0,5% + fungisida (P2T1), dan deterjen 1% + Ca(OH)2 0,5% + khamir C. albidus (P2T2). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa deterjen 1% + Ca(OH)2 0,5% + khamir C. albidus 5 x 104 sel/ml, dan deterjen 1% + Ca(OH)2 0,5% + fungisida 0,025% yang paling efektif menghilangkan getah, mengurangi luka bakar, bintik lentisel, mencegah terjadinya kerusakan penyakit antraknosa dan busuk pangkal buah dibandingkan dengan perlakuan kontrol pada kultivar Gedong Gincu dan Arumanis.</p><p>Mango is one of the commodity of tropical fruit in Indonesia which has a great opportunities for domestic market and also export. However, quality of mango still has many problems in Indonesia. One of them is the sap contaminating the skin of mango fruit. When the stem of mango fruit is broken, the sap oozes out spreading over the fruit skin causes serious skin damages and attack of disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of washing materials and disease protecting agent on the quality of mango fruit cv. Gedong Gincu and Arumanis. Mango fruit was harvested in farmer garden in Cirebon, West Java and Probolinggo, East Java and observation was conducted in Postharvest Laboratory of Bogor Agricultural University in November 2013 to January 2014. The experiment was designed in a completely randomized design nonfactorial that consist of nine treatments: water (control) (P0T0), water (control) + fungicide (P0T1), water (control) + yeast Cryptococcus albidus with concentration 5 g/liter 5 x 104 cell/ml (P0T2), detergent 1% + water (control) (P1T0), detergent 1% + fungicide (P1T2), detergent 1% + yeast C. albidus (P1T0), detergent 1% + Ca(OH)2 0.5% + water (control) (P2T0), detergent 1% + Ca(OH)2 0.5% + fungicide (P2T1), and detergent 1% + Ca(OH)2 0.5% + yeast C. albidus (P2T1).The result showed that the treatment of detergent 1% + Ca(OH)2 0.5% + yeast C. albidus and detergent 1% + Ca(OH)2 0.5% + fungicides 0.025 was effective to removing of sap, less of sap burn injury, lenticel spoting, protecting agent of anthracnose disease and stem end rot as compared to control on mango fruit cv. Gedong Gincu and Arumanis.</p>

scholarly journals First Report of Postharvest Stem End Rot of mango fruit (Mangifera indica) caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae in China.

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanling Ma ◽  
Tanvir Ahmad ◽  
Yongquan Zheng ◽  
Nie Chengrong ◽  
Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Mango Fruit ◽  
Isolation Technique ◽  
Lasiodiplodia Theobromae ◽  
First Report ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Fruit Surface ◽  
Β Tubulin

China is the second largest producer of mango in the world, a fruit has high nutritive value and a rich source of fiber (Kuhn et al., 2017). In late June 2019, a postharvest stem-end rot disease was observed in different local fruit markets (39°48'42.1"N 116°20'17.0"E) of the Fengtai district of Beijing, China. Black rot symptomatic lesions were observed on the fruit surface which initially started from the stem end of the mango fruit (Fig. 1). Approximately 45 % of mango fruits were affected with the disease. Symptomatic portions from collected fruit samples (n=40) were cut into small pieces (2mm2), rinsed with 1% NaClO for 20s and then washed three times with sterilized distilled water (SDW) for surface disinfection. The disinfected pieces were then placed on sterilized filter paper for drying. Later, these pieces were placed on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plates and incubated at 28°C for seven days. The resulting fungal colonies were purified by the single spore isolation technique. The isolated fungal colonies were initially greenish to gray in color, later turning olive-black to black. Conidia were dark brown in color, oval-shaped, two-celled and measured 22.4 to 25.7 (24.06 ± 0.15) μm in length and 10.2 to 12.8 (11.3 ± 0.13) μm in width (n=36). Based on the symptoms, culture morphology and microscopic characters, Lasiodiplodia theobromae was suspected as the causal agent, and similar results were reported by Pavlic et al., 2004 and Burgess et al., 2006. For molecular identification, a multi-locus sequence analysis approach was used. The Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) region, elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1-α) and β-tubulin genes were amplified and sequenced using ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone and Kohn, 1999), and Bt2a/Bt2b (Glass and Donaldson, 1995) primers respectively. The sequences of isolate MFT9 were deposited to GenBank (MW115977 (ITS), (MW118595 (EF1-α) and MW118596 (β-tubulin). All sequences showed more than 99.5% similarity with reported sequences of Lasiodiplodia theobromae isolate IBL340 with accessions numbers KT247466 (ITS), KT247472 (EF1-α) and KT247475 (β-tubulin). Phylogenetic reconstruction based on Maximum Likelihood, using Mega X (Kumar et al., 2018), grouped isolate MFT9 with isolates representing L. theobromae. Pathogenicity testing was performed on 18 fresh, healthy, medium-sized mango fruits for each treatment to fulfill Koch’s postulate. The fruits were disinfested with 1% NaClO and punctured with a sterilized needle to create approximately 2mm2 wounds for inoculation. Fruits were inoculated with 15µL of fresh inoculum (107 spores/mL) from isolate MFT9. Control fruits were inoculated with 15µL of SDW and both the inoculated and control fruits were incubated at 28°C for seven days of post inoculation. The rot lesions appeared at the point of inoculation and gradually spread on the fruit surface. The symptoms were similar to the symptoms observed on the original fruit samples (Fig. 2). This experiment was conducted three times under the same conditions, with control fruits remaining asymptomatic each time. The re-isolated fungus was identified as L. theobromae based on symptoms and morpho-molecular analysis, described above. L. theobromae is also reported as a causal agent responsible for a postharvest stem-end rot on Coconut in China (Zhang, et al., 2019). To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. theobromae causing postharvest stem-end rot of mango fruit in China. This finding suggests that L. theobromae is a potential problem for mango fruit production in China.

INFLUENCE OF THE TYPE OF YEAST ON QUALITY OF GRAPE WINE MATERIAL

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
П.А. ЧАЛДАЕВ ◽  
А.Г. КАШАЕВ ◽  
А.Е. ЛЕУЧЕВ ◽  
С.С. МАЛЫШКИН
Keyword(s):  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Grape Wine ◽  
Fusel Oils ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Direct Distillation

Рассмотрена возможность повышения качества виноматериалов с помощью подбора штамма винных дрожжей. Исследовано 12 штаммов дрожжей различных производителей и ценовых категорий. Виноградное сусло получали из белого винограда технического сорта Цитронный Магарача, выращенного в Самарской области. Качество винограда соответствовало требованиям ГОСТ 31782–2012. Переработку винограда вели в полупромышленных условиях по «белому» способу. Дозировка дрожжей составляла 0,2 г/л. Брожение сусла и хранение полученных виноматериалов осуществляли при температуре 14–15°С. Показатели качества полученных сухих столовых виноматериалов удовлетворяли требованиям ГОСТ 32030–2013 по всем основным показателям. Из виноматериалов путем прямой перегонки получены винные дистилляты и подвергнуты газохроматографическому анализу. По содержанию летучих компонентов – метанола, сивушных масел, сложных эфиров, ацетальдегида, бензальдегида, кетонов все образцы соответствовали требованиям ГОСТ 31493–2012. Установлено, что по скорости сбраживания, флокулирующей способности и продуцированию летучих компонентов наилучшим для выбранного сорта винограда является штамм дрожжей Vitilevure DV10 (Danstar Ferment AG, Дания). Possibility of improvement of quality of wine materials by means of selection of a necessary strain of wine yeast is considered. 12 yeast strains of different producers and price categories were investigated. The grape mash was received from white grapes of a technical grade Tsitronnyy Magaracha who is grown up in the Samara region. The quality of grapes conformed to requirements of GOST 31782–2012. Processing of grapes was conducted in semi-industrial conditions on a white way. The dosage of yeast was 0,2 g/l. Fermentation of a mash and storage of the received wine materials carried out at a temperature of 14–15°C. Indicators of quality of the received dry table wine materials met requirements of GOST 32030–2013 for all key indicators of quality. From wine materials by direct distillation wine distillates was obtained and subjected to gas chromatographic analysis. According to the content of volatile components-methanol, fusel oils, esters, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, ketones, all samples met the requirements of GOST 31493–2012. It was found that the rate of fermentation, flocculating ability and production of volatile components is best for the selected grape variety strain Vitilevure DV10 (Danstar Ferment AG, Denmark).

Effects of phosphonate and salicylic acid treatments on anthracnose disease development and ripening of 'Kensington Pride' mango fruit

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zainuri ◽  
D. C. Joyce ◽  
H. Wearing ◽  
L. Coates ◽  
L. Terry
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Fruit Colour ◽  
Salicylic Acid Treatment ◽  
Mango Fruit ◽  
Anthracnose Disease ◽  
Fruit Skin

This study investigated treatment of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit with 2 host defence-promoting compounds for suppression of anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). Cultivar ‘Kensington Pride’ fruit were treated at concentrations of up to 1000 mg/L with either potassium phosphonate or salicylic acid. Applications were by various combinations of pre- and postharvest dips and vacuum infiltration. Postharvest treatments at up to 2000 mg/L salicylic acid were evaluated in a second fruiting season. Fruit were either uninoculated or inoculated with the fungal pathogen. Colour, firmness and disease-severity were assessed during shelf life at 23°C. There were no significant (P&gt;0.05) effects of potassium phosphonate or salicylic acid on anthracnose disease severity in the first season. Moreover, phosphonate or salicylic acid treatment did not significantly affect fruit colour or firmness changes. There were significant (P&lt;0.05) reductions in anthracnose severity in the second season, especially at the highest concentration of 2000 mg/L salicylic acid. Mango fruit skin colour and firmness changes were also slowed down significantly (P<0.05). These effects of salicylic acid were attributed to inhibition of mango fruit skin ripening (senescence).

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