Photon flux density dependence of carbon acquisition and demand in relation to shoot growth of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines grown in controlled environments

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis H. Greer
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Actinidia Deliciosa ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
C Balance

Kiwifruit [Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson] vines were grown in four controlled photon flux densities (PFDs) from 250 to 1100 µmol m –2 s –1 for 130 d starting from pre-budbreak to measure relationships between shoot growth and carbon (C) demand and to assess the effect of PFD on these processes. Leaf area, stem length, photosynthesis and respiration rates were measured on the same leaves at regular intervals. From daily C acquisition and accumulation in biomass, the net C balance per cane was determined throughout the experiment. High-PFD-grown vines had 13% more leaf area, 250% more leaf biomass and 30% more stem biomass than low-PFD-grown vines. High-PFD-grown vines also partitioned relatively more biomass to photosynthetic tissue than to supporting stem tissue compared with low-PFD-grown vines. Rates of net photosynthesis were highest on vines grown at 800 µmol m –2 s –1 , but respiration rates were highest in high-PFD-grown vines. Vines grown at 1100 µmol m –2 s –1 had a net gain of 119 g sh –1 and 53 g sh – at 250 µmol m –2 s –1 , of which 46 and 58%, respectively, was used in shoot biomass growth. Net C balance was negative for 30 d after budbreak. Over 130 d, high-PFD-grown vines produced a total surplus of 64 g sh –1 , while low-PFD-grown vines produced 22 g sh –1 . Results demonstrate that irradiance has no effects on developmental processes but has marked effects on vegetative growth rates of kiwifruit vines. Underlining this, the C economy of these shoots is highly and quantitatively dependent on the PFD during growth.

Effects of Density and Species Proportion on Competition between Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata) and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Mixed Culture ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Biomass Plant ◽  
The Impact

Spurred anoda and velvetleaf were grown for 40 days in controlled-environment chambers in monocultures at densities of 2, 4, 8, and 12 plants per 20-cm-diam pot and in mixed culture with all combinations of 2, 4, 8, and 12 plants of each species per pot. The day/night temperature was 29/23 C, and the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was 1000 μE m–2s–1. Shoot dry weights and leaf areas of the two species were similar when they were grown in monoculture. However, in mixed culture spurred anoda exceeded velvetleaf in leaf area/plant and shoot weight/plant in 15 out of 16 treatments. Multiple linear regression equations relating shoot biomass/plant to the density of both species in mixed culture were calculated. Comparison of competition coefficients from these equations indicated that the competitive impact of a single spurred anoda plant was equivalent to the impact of 2.5 velvetleaf plants. In mixed culture, spurred anoda always contributed a greater proportion of the total shoot weight and total leaf area per pot than would be predicted from its proportion of the total plant population. These results indicate spurred anoda is competitively superior to velvetleaf.

scholarly journals Green light reduces elongation when partially replacing sole blue light independently from cryptochrome 1a

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Zhang ◽  
Mehdi bisbis ◽  
Ep Heuvelink ◽  
Weijie Jiang ◽  
Leo F. M Marcelis
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density

Abstract Although green light is often neglected it can have several effects on plant growth and development. Green light is probably sensed by cryptochromes (crys), one of the blue light photoreceptor families. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible interaction between green and blue light and the involvement of crys in the green light response of plant photomorphogenesis. We hypothesize that green light effects on morphology only occur when crys are activated by the presence of blue light. Wild-type Moneymaker (MM), cry1a mutant (cry1a) and two CRY2 overexpressing transgenic lines (CRY2-OX3 and CRY2-OX8) of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) were grown in a climate chamber without or with green light (30 µmol m− 2 s− 1) on backgrounds of sole red, sole blue and red/blue mixture, with all treatments having the same photosynthetic photon flux density of 150 µmol m− 2 s− 1. Green light showed no significant effect on biomass accumulation, nor on leaf photosynthesis and leaf characteristics such as leaf area, specific leaf area, and chlorophyll content. However, in all genotypes, green light significantly decreased stem length on a sole blue background, whereas green light did not affect stem length on sole red and red/blue mixture background. MM, cry1a and CRY2-OX3/8 plants all exhibited similar responses of stem elongation to green light, indicating that cry1a, and probably cry2, is not involved in this green light effect. We conclude that partially replacing blue light by green light reduces elongation and that this is independent of cry1a.

Temperature-dependence of carbon acquisition and demand in relation to shoot growth of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines grown in controlled environments

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis H. Greer ◽  
Daniel Jeffares
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Actinidia Deliciosa ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Total Surplus ◽  
Carbon Demand ◽  
Temperature Regimes

Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson) vines were grown at day/night temperature regimes of 28/22 and 17/12˚C for 5 months starting from budbreak to measure the relationship between shoot growth and carbon demand and to determine the temperature-sensitivity of these processes. Leaf area, internode length, photosynthesis and respiration were measured on the same leaves at regular intervals in both growth temperatures. From daily net carbon acquisition of the shoots and carbon accumulation in biomass, daily net carbon balance per shoot was determined. High temperature-grown shoots had 100% more leaf area and 20% longer stems than low temperature-grown shoots and, although photosynthetic and respiration rates were only slightly affected by temperature, shoots at 17/12˚C acquired a net gain of 35 g carbon and 182 g at 28/22˚C, of which 94% and 54%, respectively, were used in shoot biomass growth. Net carbon balance was negative for 35–57 days after budbreak, but shoots at 17/12˚C had a total surplus of 1.4 g over 5 months whereas shoots at 28/22˚C accumulated 46 g of carbon in this time. Results suggest potential for growth of fruit from surplus carbon is likely to be highly dependent on temperatures in early summer.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Pepper Growth and Yield Response to Copper Application

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 2132-2134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youbin Zheng ◽  
Linping Wang ◽  
Mike Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Cupric Sulfate ◽  
Drinking Water Standard ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Copper (electrolytically generated or from cupric sulfate) is increasingly used to control diseases and algae in the greenhouse industry. However, there is a shortage of information regarding appropriate management strategies for Cu2+ (Cu) in greenhouse hydroponic production. Three greenhouse studies were conducted to examine the growth and yield responses of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L., Triple 4, red) to the application of Cu in hydroponic production systems. In the first two experiments, plants were grown on rockwool and irrigated with nutrient solutions containing Cu at concentrations of 0.05, 0.55, 1.05, 1.55, and 2.05 mg·L–1. Copper treatments were started either when plants were 32 days old and continued for 4 weeks, or when plants were 11 weeks old and continued for 18 weeks, respectively. In the third experiment, roots of solution cultured pepper seedlings were exposed to Cu (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg·L–1) containing nutrient solutions for 2 hours per day for 3 weeks. Higher Cu treatment initialized when plants were 32 days old significantly reduced plant leaf number, leaf area, leaf biomass, specific leaf area, stem length and shoot biomass. The calculated Cu toxicity threshold was 0.19 mg·L–1. However, when treatment initialized at plants were 11 weeks old, Cu did not have significant effects on leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area or specific leaf area. Copper started to show significant negative effects on leaf biomass and shoot biomass at 1.05 mg·L–1 or higher levels. Copper treatments did not have any significant effect on fruit number, fresh weight or dry weight. Under all the Cu levels, fresh fruit copper contents were lower than 0.95 mg·kg–1 which is below the drinking water standard of 1.3 mg·kg–1. Seedling growth was significantly reduced by exposing roots to Cu (≥1.0 mg·L–1) containing solutions even for only 2 h·d–1.

scholarly journals Biofertlizer Lumbrical improves the growth and ex vitro acclimatization of micropropagated pear plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
Nataliya Dimitrova ◽  
Lilyana Nacheva ◽  
Małgorzata Berova ◽  
Danuta Kulpa
Keyword(s):  
Woody Species ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Ex Vitro ◽  
Fluorescent Lamps ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Number Of Leaves

In vitro micropropagation of plants is highly useful for obtaining large quantities of planting material with valuable economic qualities. However, plantlets grow in vitro in a specific environment and the adaptation after the transfer to ex vitro conditions is difficult. Therefore, the acclimatization is a key step, which mostly determines the success of micropropagation. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of the biofertlizer Lumbrical on ex vitro acclimatization of micropropagated pear rootstock OHF 333 (Pyrus communis L.). Micropropagated and rooted plantlets were potted in peat and perlite (2:1) mixture with or without Lumbrical. They were grown in a growth chamber at a temperature of 22±2 °C and photoperiod of 16/8 hours supplied by cool-white fluorescent lamps (150 µmol m-2 s-1 Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density, PPFD). The plants were covered with transparent foil to maintain the high humidity, and ten days later, the humidity was gradually decreased. Biometric parameters, anatomic-morphological analyses, net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll a fluorescence (JIP test) were measured 21 days after transplanting the plants to ex vitro conditions. The obtained results showed that the plants, acclimatized ex vitro in the substrate with Lumbrical, presented better growth (stem length, number of leaves, leaf area and fresh mass) and photosynthetic characteristics as compared to the control plants. This biostimulator could also be used to improve acclimatization in other woody species

Response of Sonia roses to continuous daytime CO2 supplementation under controlled environment conditions

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 863 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Zeroni ◽  
J Gale
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Flower Yield ◽  
Co2 Concentrations ◽  
Water Vapour Diffusion ◽  
Flower Quality

Rose plants (Rosa hybrida cv. Sonia, Syn. Sweet Promise) were placed in growth chambers under conditions resembling winter in a controlled environment greenhouse in the desert: mild temperatures, high incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), high air humidity and 10.5 h daylenght. Concentrations of CO2 in the air were maintained throughout the day at 320, 600 or 1200 8l l-1 with approximately 350 8l l-1 at night. Plant growth (length, fresh and gry weight), development (breaks, blindness), flower yield and flower quality (flower bud diameter, fresh weight and cane length) indices were monitored throughout three consecutive flowering cycles. CO2 supplementation caused an increase in leaf resistance to water vapour diffusion, accompanied by a reduction in the rate of transpiration per unit leaf area, Total leaf area increased at higher CO2 concentrations. Water use per plant did not change. Plant water potentials increased with rising CO2 concentrations. Growth, development, flower yield and flower quality were greatly enahnced in the CO2-enriched atmosphere. The response of growth and development to CO2 supplementation tended to decrease slightly with time when calculated per branch, but increased when calculated per plant. Flower yield and qualtiy did not change with time. The highest CO2 treatment resulted in a sustained, approximately 50% increase in yield, and doubling of the above quality indices throughout the three growth cycles.

scholarly journals Improving the Predictive Value of Phytochrome Photoequilibrium: Consideration of Spectral Distortion Within a Leaf

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Kusuma ◽  
Bruce Bugbee
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Value ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Spectral Distortion ◽  
Weighting Factors ◽  
Distortion Functions ◽  
Morphological Responses

The ratio of active phytochrome (Pfr) to total phytochrome (Pr + Pfr), called phytochrome photo-equilibrium (PPE; also called phytochrome photostationary state, PSS) has been used to explain shade avoidance responses in both natural and controlled environments. PPE is commonly estimated using measurements of the spectral photon distribution (SPD) above the canopy and photoconversion coefficients. This approach has effectively predicted morphological responses when only red and far-red (FR) photon fluxes have varied, but controlled environment research often utilizes unique ratios of wavelengths so a more rigorous evaluation of the predictive ability of PPE on morphology is warranted. Estimations of PPE have rarely incorporated the optical effects of spectral distortion within a leaf caused by pigment absorbance and photon scattering. We studied stem elongation rate in the model plant cucumber under diverse spectral backgrounds over a range of one to 45% FR (total photon flux density, 400–750 nm, of 400 μmol m–2 s–1) and found that PPE was not predictive when blue and green varied. Preferential absorption of red and blue photons by chlorophyll results in an SPD that is relatively enriched in green and FR at the phytochrome molecule within a cell. This can be described by spectral distortion functions for specific layers of a leaf. Multiplying the photoconversion coefficients by these distortion functions yields photoconversion weighting factors that predict phytochrome conversion at the site of photon perception within leaf tissue. Incorporating spectral distortion improved the predictive value of PPE when phytochrome was assumed to be homogeneously distributed within the whole leaf. In a supporting study, the herbicide norflurazon was used to remove chlorophyll in seedlings. Using distortion functions unique to either green or white cotyledons, we came to the same conclusions as with whole plants in the longer-term study. Leaves of most species have similar spectral absorbance so this approach for predicting PPE should be broadly applicable. We provide a table of the photoconversion weighting factors. Our analysis indicates that the simple, intuitive ratio of FR (700–750 nm) to total photon flux (far-red fraction) is also a reliable predictor of morphological responses like stem length.

scholarly journals Phytochrome contributes to blue-light-mediated stem elongation and associated shade-avoidance response in mature Arabidopsis plants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Kong ◽  
Youbin Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Growth Trait ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Avoidance Responses

AbstractOur recent studies on ornamental plants and microgreens indicate that blue-light-mediated stem elongation is related to phytochrome activity, which was based on the calculated phytochrome photoequilibrium. To examine whether phytochromes really contribute to the blue light’s effect, plant phenotypic responses were investigated in wild type Arabidopsis (Col-0), and its quintuple phytochrome (phyA phyB phyC phyD phyE) mutant plants under the following light treatments: (1) R, a pure red light from 660-nm LED; (2) B, a pure blue light from 455-nm LED; (3) BR, a impure blue light from LED combination of 94% B and 6% R; and (4) BRF, another impure blue light from LED combination of BR and 6 µmol m−2 s−1 of FR (735 nm). For all the light treatments, a photosynthetic photon flux density of ≈100 μmol m−2 s−1 were provided by 24-h lighting daily inside a walk-in growth chamber, which had an air temperature of ≈ 23 °C. The calculated phytochrome photoequilibrium was 0.89, 0.50, 0.69, and 0.60 for R, B, BR, and BRF, respectively, indicating a higher phytochrome activity under R and BR than B and BRF. After 18 days of light treatment, B or BRF increased main stem length in wild-type plants compared with R, but BR had an inhibition effect similar to R. Also, B and BRF relative to R or BR induced earlier flowering and reduced leaf size in wild type plants, showing typical shade-avoidance responses. In phytochrome-deficient mutant plants, the above shade-avoidance responses were inhibited under B or BRF, and induced under BR. However, as an exception, hypocotyl length, a growth trait during the de-etiolation stage, was reduced under B, BR and BRF vs. R regardless of phytochrome absence. It suggests that for mature Arabidopsis plants, phytochrome plays an active role in blue-light-mediated stem elongation and associated shade-avoidance response.

scholarly journals The Impact of Carbon Dioxide Concentrations and Low to Adequate Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density on Growth, Physiology and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Juvenile Cacao Genotypes

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virupax C. Baligar ◽  
Marshall K. Elson ◽  
Alex-Alan F. Almeida ◽  
Quintino R. de Araujo ◽  
Dario Ahnert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Growth Physiology ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) was grown as an understory tree in agroforestry systems where it received inadequate to adequate levels of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). As atmospheric carbon dioxide steadily increased, it was unclear what impact this would have on cacao growth and development at low PPFD. This research evaluated the effects of ambient and elevated levels carbon dioxide under inadequate to adequate levels of PPFD on growth, physiological and nutrient use efficiency traits of seven genetically contrasting juvenile cacao genotypes. Growth parameters (total and root dry weight, root length, stem height, leaf area, relative growth rate and net assimilation rates increased, and specific leaf area decreased significantly in response to increasing carbon dioxide and PPFD. Increasing carbon dioxide and PPFD levels significantly increased net photosynthesis and water-use efficiency traits but significantly reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration. With few exceptions, increasing carbon dioxide and PPFD reduced macro–micro nutrient concentrations but increased uptake, influx, transport and nutrient use efficiency in all cacao genotypes. Irrespective of levels of carbon dioxide and PPFD, intraspecific differences were observed for growth, physiology and nutrient use efficiency of cacao genotypes.

scholarly journals Morphological and Physiological Responses in Basil and Brassica Species to Different Proportions of Red, Blue, and Green Wavelengths in Indoor Vertical Farming

2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haijie Dou ◽  
Genhua Niu ◽  
Mengmeng Gu ◽  
Joseph Masabni
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
White Light ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Leafy Greens ◽  
Culinary Herbs

Understanding the responses of plant growth and secondary metabolite synthesis to different light wavelengths is important for optimizing lighting conditions for vegetable production in indoor vertical farms. Basil (Ocimum basilicum) ‘Improved Genovese Compact’ (green leaf) and ‘Red Rubin’ (purple leaf), green mustard ‘Amara’ (Brassica carinata), red mustard ‘Red Giant’ (Brassica juncea), green kale ‘Siberian’ (Brassica napus var. pabularia), and red kale ‘Scarlet’ (Brassica oleracea), which are high-value and multifunctional culinary herbs and leafy greens, were used to characterize the effects of red (R), blue (B), and green (G) wavelengths on plant photosynthesis, morphology, biomass production, and secondary metabolites accumulation. Light quality treatments consisted of three R and B light combinations, R88B12 (the proportions of R and B wavelengths were 88% and 12%, respectively), R76B24, and R51B49, and two white light combinations, R44B12G44 (the proportions of R, B, and G wavelengths were 44%, 12%, and 44%, respectively) and R35B24G41. Experiments were conducted in a walk-in growth room with a photosynthetic photon flux density set at 224 μmol·m−2·s−1 and a 16-hour photoperiod. Results indicated that the net photosynthesis in purple basil and green kale were positively correlated with B proportions (BP), and that higher BP increased the relative chlorophyll concentration in purple basil and red kale. In contrast, higher BP suppressed stem elongation and leaf expansion and reduced shoot biomass in all tested species except red mustard. Higher BP increased phytochemical concentrations but decreased the total amounts of phytochemicals per plant. For all basil and brassica (Brassica sp.) cultivars, the inclusion of G wavelengths decreased shoot biomass compared with that of plants grown under R and B light combinations with similar BP. Inclusion of G wavelengths stimulated stem elongation in green basil and green mustard under 12% BP; whereas it suppressed stem elongation in purple basil, green kale, red kale, and green mustard under 24% BP. The effects on phytochemical accumulation were species-specific for the inclusion of G wavelengths. Considering biomass production, nutritional values, and working environment for growers, a white light with lower BP and G proportions is recommended for culinary herbs and Brassica leafy greens production at vertical farms.

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