Effects of NaCl and Na2SO4 on Growth and Solute Composition of Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Muralitharan ◽  
S Chandler ◽  
Steveninck RFM Van
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Initial Solution ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Severe Reduction ◽  
Initial Solution Concentration ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
External Salinity ◽  
Solute Composition

Hardwood cuttings from the field-grown blueberry cultivar Blue Crop were grown in nutrient solution with added NaCl(0-200 mol m-3) or Na2S04 (0-50 mol m-3). After 5 weeks' growth, leaf fresh weight was greater on either salt than on no salt, and was maximal at 20 mol m-3 NaCl or 25 mol m-3 Na2SO4. Leaf dry weight increased in proportion to external salinity for both salts. Leaf damage was severe at concentrations greater than 75 mol m-3 NaCl or 50 mol m-3 Na2SO4. In the presence of NaCl, Na+ and Cl- concentrations in the leaves were 3-4 times greater than initial solution concentration. Growth in the presence of NaCl was accompanied by loss of K+ in leaves (from 94 to 36 μmol g FW-1), stems (from 48 to 20 μmol g FW-1) and roots (from 88 to 12 μmol g FW-1). In the presence of Na2SO4, leaf Na+ concentration increased to 2-3 times greater than initial solution concentration. Na+ uptake and loss of K+ were less in plants grown on Na2SO4 than on NaCl solutions containing equimolar concentrations of sodium. In Na2SO4 solutions, SO42- in stems and roots accumulated approximately to initial external concentration. SO42- concentration in leaves was 1.5-2.0 greater than initial external levels. In plants grown in 20-50 mol m-3 NaCl, non-significant slight increases in the foliar concentrations of glycinebetaine, choline and proline were measured (maximum total of 8 μmol g FW-1 for all metabolites). However, sucrose (2-fold), glucose (3-fold), fructose (4-fold), sorbitol (4-fold) and malate (7-fold) concentrations were significantly enhanced. The total increase in concentration of all measured sugars was approximately 100 μmol g FW-1, while malate concentrations increased by approximately 15 μmol g FW-1. Our data suggest that blueberries are poor Na+ and Cl- excluders and appear to accumulate these ions in leaves. Although growth is enhanced initially on the levels of salt tested, and accumulation of ions and sugars is presumably sufficient for osmotic adjustment, leaf damage eventually occurs. This is probably due to the toxic effects of accumulated Na+ and Cl- in leaves and/or to the severe reduction of K+ levels.

Ammonium Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using an Ammonium Ion-Exchange Material, the Equilibrium Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 322 ◽  
pp. 102-107
Author(s):  
Lu Hua You ◽  
Xin Tan ◽  
Qiong Qiong Liu ◽  
Lin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Initial Solution ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Initial Solution Concentration ◽  
Exchange Material

This article investigates the removal of ammonium from aqueous solutions using the ammonium ion-exchange material prepared by the modified kaolin. Batch tests were performed under a range of conditions to assess the effect of initial solution concentration, contact time and solution PH on the performance and capacity of the media for this application. The findings show that increasing initial solution concentration and contact time provide the best performance at an optimum PH of between 6 and 7 and the maximum ammonium adsorption capacity reaches at 79mgNH4+g-1 under the experimental conditions studied. Five isotherm models were used to describe the isotherm data. Three-parameter isotherm models (Redlich–Peterson and Langmuir–Freundlich) prove a better fit than two-parameter isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin). These results indicate that the ammonium ion-exchange material is a promising material for cost-effective removal of ammonium from wastewater.

scholarly journals Ion-specific Limitations of Sodium Chloride and Calcium Chloride on Growth, Nutrient Uptake, and Mycorrhizal Colonization in Northern and Southern Highbush Blueberry

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
David R. Bryla ◽  
Carolyn F. Scagel ◽  
Scott B. Lukas ◽  
Dan M. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Southern Highbush

Excess salinity is becoming a prevalent problem for production of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium L. section Cyanococcus Gray), but information on how and when it affects the plants is needed. Two experiments, including one on the northern highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivar, Bluecrop, and another on the southern highbush (V. corymbosum interspecific hybrid) cultivar, Springhigh, were conducted to investigate their response to salinity and assess whether any suppression in growth was ion specific or due primarily to osmotic stress. In both cases, the plants were grown in soilless media (calcined clay) and fertigated using a complete nutrient solution containing four levels of salinity [none (control), low (0.7–1.3 mmol·d−1), medium (1.4–3.4 mmol·d−1), and high (2.8–6.7 mmol·d−1)] from either NaCl or CaCl2. Drainage was minimized in each treatment except for periodic determination of electrical conductivity (EC) using the pour-through method, which, depending on the experiment, reached levels as high as 3.2 to 6.3 dS·m−1 with NaCl and 7.8 to 9.5 dS·m−1 with CaCl2. Total dry weight of the plants was negatively correlated to EC and, depending on source and duration of the salinity treatment, decreased linearly at a rate of 1.6 to 7.4 g·dS−1·m−1 in ‘Bluecrop’ and 0.4 to 12.5 g·dS−1·m−1 in ‘Springhigh’. Reductions in total dry weight were initially similar between the two salinity sources; however, by the end of the study, which occurred at 125 days in ‘Bluecrop’ and at 111 days in ‘Springhigh’, dry weight declined more so with NaCl than with CaCl2 in each part of the plant, including in the leaves, stems, and roots. The percentage of root length colonized by mycorrhizal fungi also declined with increasing levels of salinity in Bluecrop and was lower in both cultivars when the plants were treated with NaCl than with CaCl2. However, leaf damage, which included tip burn and marginal necrosis, was greater with CaCl2 than with NaCl. In general, CaCl2 had no effect on uptake or concentration of Na in the plant tissues, whereas NaCl reduced Ca uptake in both cultivars and reduced the concentration of Ca in the leaves and stems of Bluecrop and in each part of the plant in Springhigh. Salinity from NaCl also resulted in higher concentrations of Cl and lower concentrations of K in the plant tissues than CaCl2 in both cultivars. The concentration of other nutrients in the plants, including N, P, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn, was also affected by salinity, but in most cases, the response was similar between the two salts. These results point to ion-specific effects of different salts on the plants and indicate that source is an important consideration when managing salinity in highbush blueberry.

The Degradation of Organophosphorous Pesticide Wastewater by Sonophotocatalytic Oxidation Technology

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 2184-2188
Author(s):  
Zhao Yan Li ◽  
Wei Song ◽  
Li Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Reaction ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Initial Solution ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Initial Solution Concentration ◽  
Organophosphorous Pesticide ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Oxidation Technology

Organophosphosphous pesticides wastewater was degradated by sonophotocatalytic oxidation technology,and some factors affecting sonophotocatalytic oxidation reaction were studied in details such as different degradation modes,the time of degradationinitial solution concentration initial pH valuethe amount of catalyst and the effect of Fenton,etc.In the end the optimal conditons were determined.The conclusion we drawed was that the optimal time of degradation was 100min initial solution concentration was 100mg/Lthe amount of catalyst AgBr/TiO2 was 0.6g,moreover the adding of Fenton could greatly enhance the degradation rate.

scholarly journals Preparation of Graphene Oxide Composites and Assessment of Their Adsorption Properties for Lanthanum (III)

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1040
Author(s):  
Jie Zhou ◽  
Xiaosan Song ◽  
Boyang Shui ◽  
Sanfan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Initial Solution ◽  
Magnetic Chitosan ◽  
Adsorbent Dosage ◽  
Initial Solution Concentration ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was prepared using the improved Hummers’ method, and GO was carboxylated and modified into hydroxylated graphene oxide (GOH). Diatomaceous earth (DE), which exhibits stable chemical properties, a large specific surface area, and high porosity, as well as chitosan/magnetic chitosan, was loaded by solution blending. Subsequently, carboxylated graphene oxide/diatomite/chitosan (GOH/DCS) and carboxylated graphene oxide/diatomite/magnetic chitosan (GOH/DMCS) composites were prepared through simple solid–liquid separation. The results showed that the modified GOH/DCS and GOH/DMCS composites could be used to remove lanthanum La(III)), which is a rare earth element. Different factors, such as initial solution concentration, pH of the solution, adsorbent dosage, adsorption contact time, and adsorption reaction temperature, on adsorption, were studied, and the adsorption mechanism was explored. An adsorption–desorption recycling experiment was also used to evaluate the recycling performance of the composite material. The results show that at the initial solution concentration of 50 mg·g−1, pH = 8.0, 3 g·L−1 adsorbent dosage, reaction temperature of 45 °C, and adsorption time of 50 min, the adsorption effect is the best. The adsorption process is more in line with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model, and the internal diffusion is not the only controlling effect. The adsorption process is an endothermic and spontaneous chemical adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity of GOH/DMCS for La(III) at 308K is 302.51 mg/g through model simulation. After four adsorption–desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity of the GOH/DMCS composite for La(III) initially exceeded 74%. So, GOH/DMCS can be used as a reusable and efficient adsorbent.

scholarly journals Immobilization of Lead and Nickel Ions from Polluted Yam Peels Biomass Using Cement-Based Solidification/Stabilization Technique

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángel Villabona-Ortiz ◽  
Candelaria Tejada-Tovar ◽  
Ángel Gonzalez-Delgado ◽  
Adriana Herrera-Barros ◽  
Gina Cantillo-Arroyo
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Initial Solution ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Lead Removal ◽  
Physicochemical Interaction ◽  
Nickel Ions ◽  
Initial Solution Concentration

Nowadays, biomass has been employed to prepare biosorbents for heavy metals uptake; however, further disposal of polluted material has limited its application. In this work, nickel and lead removal was performed using yam peels and the resulting polluted biomass was mixed with concrete to produce bricks. The biomass was characterized by FT-IR analysis for testing functional groups diversification before and after adsorption process. The effect of adsorbent dosage, temperature, and initial solution concentration was evaluated to select suitable values of these parameters. Adsorption results were adjusted to kinetic and isotherm models to determine adsorption mechanism. Desorption experiments were also performed to determine the appropriate desorbing agent as well as its concentration. Immobilization technique of cement-based solidification/stabilization was applied and the polluted biomass was incorporated to concrete bricks at 5 and 10%. Mechanical resistance and leaching tests were carried out to analyze the suitability of heavy metals immobilization. The suitable values for dosage, temperature, and initial solution concentration were 0.5 g/L, 40°C and 100 ppm, respectively. The kinetic model that best fitted experimental results was pseudo-second order indicating a dominant physicochemical interaction between the two phases. The highest desorption yields were found in 52.47 and 74.84% for nickel and lead ions. The concrete bricks exhibited compression resistance above 5 MPa and all the leachate reported concentrations below the environmental limit. These results suggested that nickel and lead immobilization using concrete bricks is a good alternative to meet disposal problems of contaminated biomass.

Degradating Organophosphosphous Pesticides Wastewater by Sonophotocatalytic Oxidation Technology

2013 ◽  
Vol 634-638 ◽  
pp. 338-344
Author(s):  
Xue Li Xu ◽  
Wei Song ◽  
Li Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Reaction ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Initial Solution ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Initial Solution Concentration ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Oxidation Technology

Organophosphosphous pesticides wastewater was degradated by sonophotocatalytic oxidation technology,and some factors affecting sonophotocatalytic oxidation reaction were studied in details such as different degradation modes,the time of degradation、initial solution concentration 、initial pH value、the amount of catalyst and the effect of Fenton,etc.In the end the optimal conditons were determined.The conclusion we drawed was that the optimal time of degradation was 100min 、initial solution concentration was 100mg／L、initial pH value was 7、the amount of catalyst was 0.6g,moreover the adding of Fenton could greatly enhance the degradation rate.

Autumnal nutrient transfers by retranslocation, leaching, and litter fall in a chestnut oak forest in southern Illinois

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy L. Ostman ◽  
George T. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Southern Illinois ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Free Falling ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Retranslocation from leaves was investigated as a means of retaining nutrients in stands of Quercusprinus L. on two sites in southern Illinois, where wind rapidly moves litter downslope. Foliage samples were collected from late summer until leaf fall to describe the trends of leaf dry weight and nutrient concentration (N, K, P, Ca) changes. Free-falling rain and throughfall were collected to estimate foliar leaching. Foliar concentrations of N, K, and P decreased markedly during senescence while Ca concentrations increased. The pattern of concentration change was unique for each element, and the change in N concentration was closely correlated with change in leaf color. For the study sites as a whole, leaf dry weight decreased to 70% of the original value. Of 84.2 kg N/ha in green foliage, only 22.6% was returned to the site as litter. The canopy gained 0.3 kg N/ha (0.4%) from rainfall. The 78.5% N unaccounted for is attributed to retranslocation. Similarly, from 51.4 kg K/ha; 8.2, P; and 47.8, Ca in green foliage, 9.8, 1.3, and 3.3%, respectively, were removed by leaching; 27.4, 43.7, and 85.1% were returned to the site in litter. The remaining 63.0% K, 55.0% P, and 11.5% Ca unaccounted for is attributed to retranslocation. Retranslocation and leaching of nutrients was greater on the site of higher quality. But on both sites it appears that retranslocation is an important means of retaining and conserving N, K, and P countering the effect of annual litter removal.

scholarly journals Allometric Equations for the Aboveground Biomass of Selected Common Eastern Hardwood Understory Species

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 160-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvette L. Dickinson ◽  
Eric K. Zenner
Keyword(s):  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Allometric Equations ◽  
Forest Understory ◽  
Rosa Multiflora ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Understory Species ◽  
Elaeagnus Umbellata ◽  
Fit Index

Abstract Allometric equations were formulated for predicting the aboveground biomass of six groups of forest understory species (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.], blueberry [Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton, Vaccinium corymbosum L., and Vaccinium pallidum Aiton], hawthorn [Crataegus spp.], honeysuckle [Lonicera spp.], multiflora rose [Rosa multiflora Thunb.], and viburnum [Viburnum acerifolium L. and Viburnum dentatum L.]) common to Eastern hardwoods using basal diameter and/or height. As measured by fit index, basal diameter or height alone explained between 51 and 93% of the variation in oven-dry weight; this increased to 75‐96% when both basal diameter and height were used as predictors. Data were collected at four sites throughout Pennsylvania, but an evaluation of the importance of site as a blocking factor found site not to be statistically significant; therefore, the equations presented here may be used in a variety of forested sites within the greater mid-Atlantic region.

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