Evaluation of Maize Inbreds for Vegetative Nitrate Uptake and Assimilation

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
RT Weiland
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Uptake ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Maize Inbreds ◽  
Hydroponic Conditions

Twelve maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines were cultured under hydroponic conditions in a controlled environment room for evaluation of NO3--N uptake, subsequent translocation patterns and utilisation. Prior to harvest (8-10-leaf stage), inbred roots were exposed to 24 h of 10 atom % 15NO3--N. Differences for N contents and biomass were determined. Root dry weight (RDW) was significantly correlated (r = 0.93) with root surface area. Significant inbred differences were found when N content in the plant was based on RDW. When based on 15N during the 24 h, the amount of N absorbed varied between 30 and 71 mg per plant for the inbreds. Uptake rates ranged between 8.7 and 14.4 mg g-1 day-1 RDW. Nitrogen uptake over the 24 h based on RDW and total plant-N contents based on RDW were significantly (P< 0.001) correlated, implying that uptake rates were constant up to mid-vegetative stages for these genotypes. Of the 15N absorbed, between 30 and 61% was reduced by the inbreds and the amount reduced varied with plant tissue. The total amount reduced ranged between 0.72 and 1.25 mg g-1 dry weight.

scholarly journals Effect of incubation time and substrate concentration on N-uptake rates by phytoplankton in the Bay of Bengal

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 1331-1352
Author(s):  
S. Kumar ◽  
R. Ramesh ◽  
S. Sardesai ◽  
M. S. Sheshshayee
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Nitrate Uptake ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Total Production ◽  
New Production ◽  
Urea Uptake ◽  
Uptake Rates

Abstract. We report here the results of three experiments, which are slight variations of the 15N method (JGOFS protocol) for determination of new production. The first two test the effect of (i) duration of incubation time and (ii) concentration of tracer added on the uptake rates of various N-species (nitrate, ammonium and urea) by marine phytoplankton; while the third compares in situ and deck incubations from dawn to dusk. Results indicate that nitrate uptake can be underestimated by experiments where incubation times shorter than 4h or when more than 10% of the ambient concentration of nitrate is added prior to incubation. The f-ratio increases from 0.28 to 0.42 when the incubation time increases from two to four hours. This may be due to the observed increase in the uptake rate of nitrate and decrease in the urea uptake rate. Unlike ammonium [y{=}2.07x{-}0.002\\, (r2=0.55)] and urea uptakes [y{=}1.88x{+}0.004 (r2=0.88)], the nitrate uptake decreases as the concentration of the substrate (x) increases, showing a negative correlation [y{=}-0.76x+0.05 (r2=0.86)], possibly due to production of glutamine, which might suppress nitrate uptake. This leads to decline in the f-ratio from 0.47 to 0.10, when concentration of tracer varies from 0.01 to 0.04μ M. The column integrated total productions are 519 mg C m-2 d-1 and 251 mg C m-2 d-1 for in situ and deck incubations, respectively. The 14C based production at the same location is ~200 mg C m-2 d-1, which is in closer agreement to the 15N based total production measured by deck incubation.

scholarly journals Comparison of Root System Morphology of Cucurbit Rootstocks for Use in Watermelon Grafting

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew B. Bertucci ◽  
David H. Suchoff ◽  
Katherine M. Jennings ◽  
David W. Monks ◽  
Christopher C. Gunter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Main Effect

Grafting of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is an established production practice that provides resistance to soilborne diseases or tolerance to abiotic stresses. Watermelon may be grafted on several cucurbit species (interspecific grafting); however, little research exists to describe root systems of these diverse rootstocks. A greenhouse study was conducted to compare root system morphology of nine commercially available cucurbit rootstocks, representing four species: pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), squash (Cucurbita pepo), bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), and an interspecific hybrid squash (C. maxima × C. moschata). Rootstocks were grafted with a triploid watermelon scion (‘Exclamation’), and root systems were compared with nongrafted (NG) and self-grafted (SG) ‘Exclamation’. Plants were harvested destructively at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after transplant (WAT), and data were collected on scion dry weight, total root length (TRL), average root diameter, root surface area, root:shoot dry-weight ratio, root diameter class proportions, and specific root length. For all response variables, the main effect of rootstock and rootstock species was significant (P < 0.05). The main effect of harvest was significant (P < 0.05) for all response variables, with the exception of TRL proportion in diameter class 2. ‘Ferro’ rootstock produced the largest TRL and root surface area, with observed values 122% and 120% greater than the smallest root system (‘Exclamation’ SG), respectively. Among rootstock species, pumpkin produced the largest TRL and root surface area, with observed values 100% and 82% greater than those of watermelon, respectively. These results demonstrate that substantial differences exist during the initial 3 WAT in root system morphology of rootstocks and rootstock species available for watermelon grafting and that morphologic differences of root systems can be characterized using image analysis.

scholarly journals Effect of Transplanting Practices on Growth and Water Relations of ‘Colt’ Cherry Trees During Reestablishment

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.G. Ranney ◽  
N.L. Bassuk ◽  
T.H. Whitlow
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Cherry Trees

Abstract Dormant pruning, a film antitranspirant, and soil-applied paclobutrazol were evaluated as transplanting treatments in newly transplanted ‘Colt’ cherry trees under irrigated and water-stressed conditions. Under irrigated conditions all three treatments were effective in reducing plant water loss. However, all three treatments resulted in large reductions in mean growth rate, mean relative growth rate, root dry weight, and root surface area. The pruning treatment had no effect on the leaf area:root area ratio whereas the antitranspirant treatment resulted in an increased leaf area:root area ratio, a response considered undesirable. Paclobutrazol decreased the leaf area:root area ratio but also induced abnormal radial enlargement of plant roots. Under water-stressed conditions all three treatments were effective in reducing plant water loss and were successful in delaying plant water stress. Both pruned and antitranspirant treated plants had improved relative growth rates as compared to the controls.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Uptake and Use Efficiency in Sweet Basil Production under Low Tunnels

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tej P. Acharya ◽  
Mark S. Reiter ◽  
Greg Welbaum ◽  
Ramón A. Arancibia
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Plant N Uptake ◽  
Available N ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Low Tunnels

Low tunnels (LTs) enhance vegetative growth and production in comparison with open field, but it is not known whether nitrogen (N) requirements and use efficiency increase or decrease for optimal crop performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine differences in N requirement, uptake, and use efficiency in basil grown under LTs compared with open field. The experimental design each year was a split plot with four replications. The main effect (plots) was N fertilizer application rate (0, 37, 74, 111, 148, and 185 kg·ha−1) and the secondary effect (subplots) was production system (LTs covered with spun-bonded rowcover vs. open field). Plant height and stem diameter were greater under LT than open field; however, they were unaffected by N fertilizer rate. Total fresh and dry weight increased with LT by 61% and 58% and by 50% and 48% in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Optimum N rates for fresh weight (98% of peak yield) were 124 and 104 kg·ha−1 N under LT and open field, respectively. Leaf N concentration decreased under LT, but total plant N uptake increased because of increased dry weight. Without fertilization, soil available N use efficiency (SNUE) for dry weight increased by 45% and 66% in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Mixed results were obtained for N fertilizer use efficiency (NFUE) in response to N rate. In conclusion, LT increased summer production of sweet basil, total plant N uptake, and SNUE.

scholarly journals Isotopic and Nonisotopic Estimation of Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency in Container-grown Woody Ornamentals

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 665-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Sandrock ◽  
Timothy L. Righetti ◽  
Anita N. Azarenko
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Tracer Method ◽  
Total N ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
N Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Fertilizer N Uptake

Cornus sericea L., Weigela florida (Bunge) A. DC., and Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb were grown outside in 3.8-L plastic containers for 345 days (1 Apr. 2001 to 11 Mar. 2002). Nitrogen (N) was applied at rates (NAR) of 25, 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg·L–1 and delivered as aqueous double-labeled 15N depleted NH4NO3 (min 99.95% atom 14N). In all species, root, shoot, and total plant dry weight increased with increasing NARs while root to shoot ratios decreased. Similarly, root, shoot, and total plant N increased with NAR for each species, and at each NAR more N was stored in the roots than in the shoots. Estimation of fertilizer N uptake determined by the total N method was higher for all species and at each NAR than estimation of N uptake determined by the fertilizer 15N tracer method. Fertilizer N uptake efficiency determined by the total N method was highest at 25 mg·L–1 and decreased as NARs increased. In contrast fertilizer N uptake efficiency determined by the fertilizer 15N tracer method was lowest at 25 mg·L–1 and increased or remained relatively constant as NARs increased. Differences in N uptake and N uptake efficiency can be attributed to overestimation by the total N method due to the inclusion of nonfertilizer N and underestimation by the fertilizer 15N tracer method due to pool substitution. Corrected N uptake efficiency values can be calculated by adjusting the original data (total N or 15N uptake) by the distance between the origin and the y intercept of the regression line representing the data.

scholarly journals The growth of three varieties of black pepper (Piper nigrum) under different light intensities related to indigenous hormones role

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Issukindarsyah Issukindarsyah ◽  
Endang Sulistyaningsih ◽  
Didik Indradewa ◽  
Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Root Surface Area

Abstract. Issukindarsyah, Sulistyaningsih E, Indradewa D, Putra ETS. 2020. The growth of three varieties of black pepper (Piper nigrum) under different light intensities related to indigenous hormones role. Biodiversitas 21: 1778-1785. Low light intensity causes the alteration of plant biochemical and morphological as the mechanism of adaptation. The experiment used split-plot design with three replications. The main plots were three light intensity levels, i.e. 100%, 75%, and 50% radiation; while subplots were three varieties namely Nyelungkup, Petaling 1 and Petaling 2. This research was conducted to figure out the effect of shadings on hormones and the growth of three varieties of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). The results showed that in initial vegetative growth, varieties of Nyelungkup and Petaling 1 had higher growth of both ortotroph and plagiotroph branches, leaf number, leaf area, length of root, root surface area, plant dry weight, nett assimilation rate, and plant growth rate than the variety of Petaling 2. The light intensity of 50% and 75% increased the auxin and gibberellin contents of the leaf but they did not affect the zeatin. The maximum gibberellin and auxin contents of leaf were recorded at 75% light intensity. The 50% and 75% light intensity raised the length, diameter, and internode of ortotroph branch; number, length, and internode of plagiotroph branch; leaf number; leaf area; leaf area ratio; length of root; root surface area; plant growth rate and plant dry weight related to indigenous hormones role.

Tropical Bacillus Strains Inoculation Enhances Maize Root Surface Area, Dry Weight, Nutrient Uptake and Grain Yield

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Morais de Sousa ◽  
Christiane Abreu de Oliveira ◽  
Daniele Luiz Andrade ◽  
Chainheny Gomes de Carvalho ◽  
Vitória Palhares Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Maize Root ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Bacillus Strains

scholarly journals Metabolite Profile of Xylem Sap in Cotton Seedlings Is Changed by K Deficiency

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Guo Wang ◽  
Huiyun Xue ◽  
Jinbao Zhang ◽  
Qinglian Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Metabolite Profile ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Kegg Pathways ◽  
K Deficiency

Xylem sap, belonging to the plant apoplast, not only provides plant tissues with inorganic and organic substances but also facilitates communication between the roots and the leaves and coordinates their development. This study investigated the effects of potassium (K) deficiency on the morphology and the physiology of cotton seedlings as well as pH, mineral nutrient contents, and metabolites of xylem sap. In particular, we compared changes in root–shoot communication under low K (LK) and normal K (NK, control) levels. Compared to control, LK stress significantly decreased seedling biomass (leaf, stem, and root dry weight; stem and root length; root surface area and root volume) and the levels of K, Na (sodium), Mg (magnesium), Fe (iron), and Zn (zinc) in xylem sap. A total of 82 metabolites in sap analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) showed significant differences between the two conditions; among these, 38 were up-regulated more than 2-fold, while the others were down-regulated less than 0.5-fold. In particular, several metabolites found in the cell membrane including three cholines (glycerophosphatecholine, 2-hexenylcholine, and caproylcholine) and desglucocoroloside and others such as malondialdehyde, α-amino acids and derivatives, sucrose, and sugar alcohol significantly increased under LK stress, indicating that cell membranes were damaged and protein metabolism was abnormal. It is worth noting that glycerophosphocholine was up-regulated 29-fold under LK stress, indicating that it can be used as an important signal of root–shoot communication. Furthermore, in pathway analyses, 26 metabolites were matched to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways; L-aspartic acid, which was associated with 10 KEGG pathways, was the most involved metabolite. Overall, K deficiency reduced the antioxidant capacity of cotton seedlings and led to a metabolic disorder including elevated levels of primary metabolites and inhibited production of secondary metabolites. This eventually resulted in decreased biomass of cotton seedlings under LK stress. This study lays a solid foundation for further research on targeted metabolites and signal substances in the xylem sap of cotton plants exposed to K deficiency.

scholarly journals The Response of Spring Wheat Cultivars to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization under Salinity Stresses

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daishu Yi ◽  
Timothy Schwinghamer ◽  
Yolande Dalpé ◽  
Jaswinder Singh ◽  
Shahrokh Khanizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Mutualistic Symbiosis ◽  
Root Dry Weight

Wheat is an important crop, playing inevitable roles in human life, ranging from major food resource to raw material for biofuel. However, due to the dramatically reduced available arable areas and increasingly severe abiotic and biotic stresses, wheat production nowadays faces extreme challenges.. Many approaches have been explored to increase wheat yield including development of new cultivars. One of the most promising approaches is the application of the naturally existent arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), a mutualistic symbiosis originated over 400 million years ago. AM have long been known to form mutualistic symbiosis with various plants to enhance yield production and to improve stress tolerance, especially drought and salinity. But the benefits vary among AM strains and plant species. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate the influence of four AM strains colonized on four selected spring wheat varieties under three salt concentrations (0, 50, 100 mmol/L). The results demonstrated that wheat inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal strains Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizoglomusirregulare mitigated yield losses caused by increased salinity stresses as well as strengthened root growth in comparison with non-inoculated plant controls. Salinity stress, however, had non-significant negative effects on most variables, except for grain yield, root surface area and root dry weight, in which a significant decrease was observed in root surface area and root dry weight with the increasing of saline concentration.

scholarly journals Improving maize’s N uptake and N use efficiency by strengthening roots’ absorption capacity when intercropped with legumes

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11658
Author(s):  
Benchuan Zheng ◽  
Xiaona Zhang ◽  
Ping Chen ◽  
Qing Du ◽  
Ying Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Root Uptake ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Uptake Capacity ◽  
Root Senescence ◽  
Strip Intercropping ◽  
Uptake Mechanisms

Maize’s nitrogen (N) uptake can be improved through maize-legume intercropping. N uptake mechanisms require further study to better understand how legumes affect root growth and to determine maize’s absorptive capacity in maize-legume intercropping. We conducted a two-year field experiment with two N treatments (zero N (N0) and conventional N (N1)) and three planting patterns (monoculture maize (Zea mays L.) (MM), maize-soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) strip intercropping (IMS), and maize-peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) strip intercropping (IMP)). We sought to understand maize’s N uptake mechanisms by investigating root growth and distribution, root uptake capacity, antioxidant enzyme activity, and the antioxidant content in different maize-legume strip intercropping systems. Our results showed that on average, the N uptake of maize was significantly greater by 52.5% in IMS and by 62.4% in IMP than that in MM. The average agronomic efficiency (AE) of maize was increased by 110.5 % in IMS and by 163.4 % in IMP, compared to MM. The apparent recovery efficiency (RE) of maize was increased by 22.3% in IMS. The roots of intercropped maize were extended into soybean and peanut stands underneath the space and even between the inter-rows of legume, resulting in significantly increased root surface area density (RSAD) and total root biomass. The root-bleeding sap intensity of maize was significantly increased by 22.7–49.3% in IMS and 37.9–66.7% in IMP, compared with the MM. The nitrate-N content of maize bleeding sap was significantly greater in IMS and IMP than in MM during the 2018 crop season. The glutathione (GSH) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the root significantly increased in IMS and IMP compared to MM. Strip intercropping using legumes increases maize’s aboveground N uptake by promoting root growth and spatial distribution, delaying root senescence, and strengthening root uptake capacity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document