Salinity Tolerance in the Mangroves Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina. I. Water Use in Relation to Growth, Carbon Partitioning, and Salt Balance

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC Ball
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Carbon Partitioning ◽  
Salt Flux ◽  
Salt Balance ◽  
Aegiceras Corniculatum ◽  
Increase With Increase ◽  
Salt Exclusion ◽  
Use Efficiency

The water use characteristics of two mangrove species, Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina, in salinities of 50, 250 and 500 mol m-3 NaCI and leaf-to-air vapour pressure differences of 6, 12 and 24 mbar were studied in relation to growth, carbon partitioning and salt balance. The net water use efficiency in A. corniculatum declined with increasing salinity and decreasing humidity. In contrast, water use was more conservative in A. marina, which maintained the net water use efficiency almost constant with variation in salinity. Aegiceras corniculatum maintained higher rates of water uptake and higher leaf area/plant mass ratios than A. marina. Growth of both species declined with increasing salinity, with A. corniculatum being the more sensitive species. Differences in growth rates between species and between treatments were consistent with differences in the assimilation rate and leaf areal plant mass ratio. Salt exclusion by both species increased from 90 to 97% with increase in salinity from 50 to 500 mol m-3 NaCl. The xylem Cl- concentrations increased with increase in salinity, but decreased with increase in shoot evaporation rates such that the salt flux to the leaves did not increase with increase in evaporation rates at a given salinity. Despite similarities in the salt fluxes to leaves, the transport of Cl- to the shoot per unit of shoot growth increased more with increasing salinity in A. corniculatum than in A. marina because the net water use efficiencies were lower in the former species. Thus, the amount of salt secreted per mole water transpired (and hence also per mole carbon gained) increased more with increasing salinity in A. corniculatum than in A. marina. These differences in salt balance may be associated with the greater sensitivity of A. corniculaturn to increasing salinity. The possible ecological significance of these findings is discussed.

Plant Responses to Salinity Under Elevated Atmospheric Concentrations of CO2

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 515 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC Ball ◽  
R Munns
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Salt Flux ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Salt Balance ◽  
Salt Uptake ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Atmospheric Concentrations

This review explores effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on growth in relation to water use and salt balance of halophytic and non-halophytic species. Under saline conditions, the uptake and distribution of sodium and chloride must be regulated to protect sensitive metabolic sites from salt toxicity. Salt-tolerant species exclude most of the salt from the transpiration stream, but the salt flux from a highly saline soil is still considerable. To maintain internal ion concentrations within physiologically acceptable levels, the salt influx to leaves must match the capacities of leaves for salt storage and/or salt export by either retranslocation or secretion from glands. Hence the balance between carbon gain and the expenditure of water in association with salt uptake is critical to leaf longevity under saline conditions. Indeed, one of the striking features of halophytic vegetation, such as mangroves, is the maintenance of high water use efficiencies coupled with relatively low rates of water loss and growth. These low evaporation rates are further reduced under elevated CO2 conditions. This, with increased growth, leads to even higher water use efficiency. Leaves of plants grown under elevated CO2 conditions might be expected to contain lower salt concentrations than those grown under ambient CO2 if salt uptake is coupled with water uptake. However, salt concentrations in shoot tissues are similar in plants grown under ambient and elevated CO2 conditions despite major differences in water use efficiency. This phenomenon occurs in C3 halophytes and in both C3 and C2 non-halophytes. These results imply shoot/root communication in regulation of the salt balance to adjust to environmental factors affecting the availability of water and ions at the roots (salinity) and those affecting carbon gain in relation to water loss at the leaves (atmospheric concentrations of water vapour and carbon dioxide).

Increasing intrinsic water-use efficiency over the past 160 years does not stimulate tree growth in southeastern China

2018 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Guo ◽  
K Fang ◽  
J Li ◽  
HW Linderholm ◽  
D Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Southeastern China ◽  
The Past ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency

A comparative appraisal of urea super granule application in raised bed and prilled urea application in conventional planting for transplanted boro rice (Oryza sativa)

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 822-832
Author(s):  
Halim Mahmud Bhuyan ◽  
Most. Razina Ferdousi ◽  
Mohammad Toufiq Iqbal ◽  
Ahmed Khairul Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Deep Placement ◽  
Prilled Urea ◽  
Planting Methods ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Raised Bed ◽  
Boro Rice

Utilization of urea super granule (USG) with raised bed cultivation system for transplanted boro (winter, irrigated) rice production is a major concern now days. A field experiment was conducted in the chuadanga district of Bangladesh to compare the two cultivation methods: deep placement of USG on raised bed with boro rice, and prilled urea (PU) broadcasting in conventional planting. Results showed that USG in raised bed planting increased grain yields of transplanted boro rice by up to 18.18% over PU in conventional planting. Deep placement of USG in raised bed planting increased the number of panicle m-2, number of grains panicle-1 and 1000-grains weight of boro rice than the PU in conventional planting. Better plant growth was observed by deep placement of USG in raised bed planting compared to PU in conventional planting. Sterility percentage and weed infestation were lower on USG in raised bed planting compared to the PU in conventional planting methods. Forty seven percent irrigation water and application time could be saved by USG in raised bed planting than PU in conventional planting. Deep placement of USG in bed saved N fertilizer consumption over conventional planting. Water use efficiency for grain and biomass production was higher with deep placement of USG in bed planting than the PU broadcasting in conventional planting methods. Similarly, agronomic efficiency of N fertilizer by USG in bed planting was significantly higher than the PU broadcasting in conventional planting. This study concluded that deep placement of USG in raised bed planting for transplanted boro rice is a new approach to achieve fertilizer and water use efficiency as well as higher yield and less water input compared to existing agronomic practices in Bangladesh.

Effects of Irrigation Amount on Grain Starch Content, Starch Synthase Activity, and Water Use Efficiency in Wheat

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng-Fei CHU ◽  
Zhen-Wen YU ◽  
Xiao-Yan WANG ◽  
Tong-Hua WU ◽  
Xi-Zhi WANG
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Synthase ◽  
Irrigation Amount ◽  
Grain Starch ◽  
Use Efficiency

Effects of Drip Irrigation Patterns on Wheat Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Heilonggang Region

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi-Jin NIE ◽  
Yuan-Quan CHEN ◽  
Jian-Sheng ZHANG ◽  
Jiang-Tao SHI ◽  
Chao LI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Patterns

Effect of Planting Density on the Growth, Water Use Efficiency and Yield of Dry-farming Potato under Different Rainfall Year Types

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1560
Author(s):  
Xian-Qing HOU ◽  
You-Wen NIU ◽  
Wen-Li WU ◽  
Jin-Peng XU ◽  
Long SHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Dry Farming
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