Accumulation of Glycinebetaine in Chloroplasts Provides Osmotic Adjustment During Salt Stress

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 659 ◽  
Author(s):  
SP Robinson ◽  
GP Jones
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Leaf Osmotic Potential ◽  
Cellular Compartments ◽  
Isolated Chloroplasts

Glycinebetaine was determined in leaves and in isolated chloroplasts of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Some leakage of glycinebetaine from the chloroplasts occurred during the isolation so the concentration in chloroplasts in vivo could be up to 1.5 times higher than that measured in isolated chloroplasts. It was demonstrated that any contamination of the chloroplast preparations by glycinebetaine originating from other cellular compartments or from broken chloroplasts would have amounted to less than 10% of the measured values. Leaf osmotic potential of salt-stressed plants was -2.09 MPa compared to -0.91 MPa in non-stressed controls. This was accompanied by a sixfold increase in glycinebetaine content in the leaf but the levels of choline and proline were not increased. In chloroplasts isolated from control leaves the calculated glycinebetaine concentration was 26 mM which was 10-fold higher than the concentration in the leaf as a whole but only contributed 7% of the osmotic potential of the chloroplast. Chloroplasts from salt-stressed plants contained up to 300 mM glycinebetaine which was 20 times the concentration in the leaf as a whole. The glycinebetaine concentration in chloroplasts from salt-stressed leaves was equivalent to an osmotic potential of -0.75 MPa and this contributed 36% of the osmotic potential of the chloroplast and 64% of the decrease in osmotic potential induced by salt stress. At least 30-40% of the total leaf glycinebetaine was localized in the chloroplast. The results demonstrate that glycinebetaine accumulates in chloroplasts to provide osmotic adjustment during salt stress and provide support for the hypothesis that glycinebetaine is a compatible cytoplasmic solute which may be preferentially located in the cytoplasm of cells.

Biological NMR Spectroscopy

1997 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Structure Of Proteins

This book presents a critical assessment of progress on the use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine the structure of proteins, including brief reviews of the history of the field along with coverage of current clinical and in vivo applications. The book, in honor of Oleg Jardetsky, one of the pioneers of the field, is edited by two of the most highly respected investigators using NMR, and features contributions by most of the leading workers in the field. It will be valued as a landmark publication that presents the state-of-the-art perspectives regarding one of today's most important technologies.

scholarly journals Interactions between Pyruvate and Lactate Metabolism in Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp.shermanii: In Vivo 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 2012-2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Deborde ◽  
Patrick Boyaval
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Propionibacterium Freudenreichii ◽  
Pyruvate Metabolism ◽  
13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic

ABSTRACT In vivo 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to elucidate the pathways and the regulation of pyruvate metabolism and pyruvate-lactate cometabolism noninvasively in living-cell suspensions of Propionibacterium freudenreichiisubsp. shermanii. The most important result of this work concerns the modification of fluxes of pyruvate metabolism induced by the presence of lactate. Pyruvate was temporarily converted to lactate and alanine; the flux to acetate synthesis was maintained, but the flux to propionate synthesis was increased; and the reverse flux of the first part of the Wood-Werkman cycle, up to acetate synthesis, was decreased. Pyruvate was consumed at apparent initial rates of 148 and 90 μmol · min−1 · g−1 (cell dry weight) when it was the sole substrate or cometabolized with lactate, respectively. Lactate was consumed at an apparent initial rate of 157 μmol · min−1 · g−1when it was cometabolized with pyruvate. P. shermanii used several pathways, namely, the Wood-Werkman cycle, synthesis of acetate and CO2, succinate synthesis, gluconeogenesis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and alanine synthesis, to manage its pyruvate pool sharply. In both types of experiments, acetate synthesis and the Wood-Werkman cycle were the metabolic pathways used most.

Proline Analogues in Melaleuca Species: Response of Melaleuca lanceolata and M. uncinata to Water Stress and Salinity

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 669 ◽  
Author(s):  
BP Naidu ◽  
GP Jones ◽  
LG Paleg ◽  
A Poljakoff-Mayber
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Species Response ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
First Time

Fifteen species of Melaleuca and two species of Callistemon from the field were examined to determine whether they accumulated nitrogen-containing compatible solutes and, if so, which. In addition to L-proline, N-methyl-L-proline (MP) (isolated for the first time from plants), trans-4-hydroxy-N-methyl- L-proline (MHP), and N, N'-dimethyl-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (DHP) were found in various combinations in the 15 Melaleuca species. M. lanceolata seedlings were subjected to water or salinity stress and M. uncinata to water stress under laboratory conditions. In both species significant reductions in leaf water potential (Ψw), osmotic potential (Ψs), turgor potential (Ψp), and relative water content (RWC) were observed in response to water stress. Salinised M. lanceolata plants showed considerable osmotic adjustment and maintained Ψp comparable to that of control plants; salinity, however, decreased RWC. In response to the imposed stresses under laboratory conditions, proline and MHP levels in M. lanceolata, and MHP and DHP levels in M. uncinata, increased. In addition to possible protective or osmotic roles in vivo, these proline analogues may be useful in chemotaxonomic investigations of Melaleuca species.

Determination of intracellular calcium in vivo via fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (2) ◽  
pp. C318-C322 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Song ◽  
R. S. Hotchkiss ◽  
J. Neil ◽  
P. E. Morris ◽  
C. Y. Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
19F Nmr ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Acetoxymethyl Ester ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Change In Mean ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic

Fluorine-19-nuclear magnetic resonance (19F-NMR) spectroscopic detection of the NMR-active Ca2+ indicator 5-fluoro-1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (5F-BAPTA) is one method for measuring cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and has been used previously to measure [Ca2+]i in isolated cells and perfused organs. The aim of the present investigation was to demonstrate the feasibility of determining [Ca2+]i in vivo and in situ using 19F-NMR and 5F-BAPTA. Experiments were performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats with a surface-coil antenna employed for NMR interrogation. The Ca2+ indicator, 5F-BAPTA, was infused either intravenously (kidney, spleen) or intraventricularly (brain) as a 100 mg/ml solution of the cell-permeant acetoxymethyl ester (5F-BAPTA-AM) in dimethyl sulfoxide. Rats tolerated intravenous infusion without evident change in mean arterial blood pressure. In all tissues examined, kidney, spleen, and brain, [Ca2+]i was approximately 200 nM. To our knowledge, these results represent the first in vivo and in situ determinations of [Ca2+]i employing 19F-NMR.

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