Effects on Casuarina and Allocasuarina Species of Increasing Sodium Chloride Concentrations in Solution Culture

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 471 ◽  
Author(s):  
EJ Luard ◽  
MH El-Lakany
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Osmotic Shock ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Ten species of Casuarina and Allocasuarina were exposed to increasing levels of NaCl (max 550 mM) in solution culture over a period of 5 months. Na+ and Cl- ion concentrations increased in the tissues of all species as the salinity increased and K+ was selectively accumulated. Those species which ultimately survived to the highest salinities tested had lower concentrations of Na+ and Cl- in both shoot and roots and lower Na+/K+ ratios than the more sensitive species at low external salinities. Osmotic adjustment of the Casuarina species was principally accounted for by Na+ and Cl- in the shoots. Turgor pressure was not lost until the plants were close to death, so that inhibition of height growth by NaCl was probably due to the high cellular ion concentrations. Plants were more sensitive to osmotic shock than to a gradual increase in salinity.

Effects of seedling age and size on chloride accumulation by juvenile citrus seedlings treated with sodium chloride under glasshouse conditions

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 943 ◽  
Author(s):  
SR Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Seedling Age ◽  
Seedling Size ◽  
Nutrient Solution Culture ◽  
Chloride Accumulation ◽  
Chloride Concentrations ◽  
Pot Culture

Chloride accumulation by juvenile citrus seedlings treated with sodium chloride for 56 days, using either nutrient solution culture (50 mM NaCl) or pot culture (75 mM NaCl) techniques under glasshouse conditions, was investigated in relation to seedling age. Ranking of cultivars on the basis of leaf chloride concentrations varied according to the age of seedlings examined. Leaf chloride concentrations of 6-, 5-, 4- and 3-month-old seedlings of eight cultivars examined in solution culture decreased with seedling age and were negatively correlated with seedling dry weight within some cultivars. Cultivar differences in leaf chloride concentrations, which occurred for all age groups, were negatively correlated with shoot growth and seedling dry weight for 5-month-old seedlings only. Leaf chloride concentrations of seedlings treated with NaCl in pot culture also changed with the age of seedlings (5, 17- and 29-monthsold) and varied between cultivars, with significant cultivar x age interactions. The effect of seedling size on chloride accumulation was investigated using nutrient solution culture. Six-month-old seedlings of four varieties were treated with NaCl (50 mM) for 56 days. Two size classes were obtained by growing seedlings at two densities before salt treatment. Small seedlings had greater shoot chloride concentrations than equivalent large seedlings and cultivar ranking, based on shoot chloride concentrations, changed with seedling size. Cultivar differences in leaf chloride concentrations were negatively correlated with seedling growth and dry weight for small seedlings but not for large seedlings. Seedling size had no effect on root chloride concentrations. The results suggest that screening very small seedlings for chloride exclusion is not feasible since rankings based on leaf chloride concentrations did not agree with documented data for grafted trees. There appeared to be a critical or threshold seedling age or size at or above which rankings for shoot chloride accumulation by good chloride excluders were consistent with documented field data. The results are discussed in relation to screening citrus hybrids for chloride exclusion under glasshouse conditions.

Ion Relations of Plants Under Drought and Salinity

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJ Flowers ◽  
AR Yeo
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Mature Leaf ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Ion Toxicity ◽  
Suaeda Maritima ◽  
Ion Relations ◽  
Sustained Rate

The review is primarily concerned with the ion relations of mature leaf cells of plants growing under saline conditions: during drought ions do not play such an important role in osmotic adjustment as in salinity. We conclude that, for succulent halophytes (Suaeda maritima), the demand for osmotic adjustment in the leaves matches closely (perhaps exceeds) the supply from the roots. Expanding leaves accumulate sodium at a greater rate than expanded leaves and apoplastic salt concentrations do not exceed those in the protoplast. For salt-sensitive species (Oryza sativa) supply exceeds demand, resulting in a sustained rate of xylem delivery of sodium to the expanded leaves. This in turn leads to either excessive apoplastic ion concentrations in the leaves and death through dehydration or excessive symplastic concentrations and death through ion toxicity.

scholarly journals Plant Response to Saline Substrates VIII. Regulation of Ion Concentrations in Salt-Sensitive and Halophytic Species

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 741 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Greenway ◽  
A Gunn ◽  
DA Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Plant Response ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
High Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Concurrent uptake and export of ions were measured in a very salt-sensitive species, Phaseolus vulgaris, and in a halophyte, Atriplex. In plants with high chloride and sodium � concentrations, the whole plants, shoots, and older leaves exported only a small percentage of previously absorbed ions. However, chloride retranslocation from older leaves was appreciable in plants of low chloride concentrations. Similar results were obtained previously for a salt-tolerant non-halophyte (Hordeum vulgare). Thus these halophytes and non-halophytes do not differ in the characteristics rneasured.

X-ray microanalysis of intracellular ions in the anaerobic halophilic eubacterium Haloanaerobium praevalens

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 588-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aharon Oren ◽  
Mikal Heldal ◽  
Svein Norland
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Major Cation ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Intracellular Ion Concentrations ◽  
Intracellular Ions ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

The intracellular concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl− of the anaerobic halophilic eubacterium Haloanaerobium praevalens were assayed by means of X-ray microanalysis with the transmission electron microscope. Apparent intracellular cation concentrations between 1.22 and 1.91 M and chloride concentrations of 0.93–1.57 M were measured in cells growing exponentially in 2.6 M total salts. In exponentially growing cells, K+ was the major cation (70% of the cation sum). Stationary phase cells showed a high variability among individual cells, some of the cells containing higher Na+ than K+ concentrations.Key words: Haloanaerobium praevalens, intracellular ion concentrations, sodium, potassium, X-ray microanalysis.

Ultrasonic Characterization of Unyeasted Bread Dough of Different Sodium Chloride Concentrations

2014 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filiz Koksel ◽  
Anatoliy Strybulevych ◽  
John H. Page ◽  
Martin G. Scanlon
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Bread Dough ◽  
Ultrasonic Characterization ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

scholarly journals The effect of organic osmoprotectors on Aeromonas trota and A. hydrophila grown under high sodium chloride concentrations

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 128-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula L. Delamare ◽  
Thais Dalcin ◽  
Gabriela Müller ◽  
Sergio Olavo Pinto da Costa ◽  
Sergio Echeverrigaray
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

scholarly journals Growth and Physiological Responses ofPhaseolusSpecies to Salinity Stress

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Bayuelo-Jiménez ◽  
N. Jasso-Plata ◽  
I. Ochoa
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Carbohydrate Accumulation ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Salt Level

This paper reports the changes on growth, photosynthesis, water relations, soluble carbohydrate, and ion accumulation, for two salt-tolerant and two salt-sensitivePhaseolusspecies grown under increasing salinity (0, 60 and 90 mM NaCl). After 20 days exposure to salt, biomass was reduced in all species to a similar extent (about 56%), with the effect of salinity on relative growth rate (RGR) confined largely to the first week. RGR of salt-tolerant species was reduced by salinity due to leaf area ratio (LAR) reduction rather than a decline in photosynthetic capacity, whereas unit leaf rate and LAR were the key factors in determining RGR on salt-sensitive species. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance decreased gradually with salinity, showing significant reductions only in salt-sensitive species at the highest salt level. There was little difference between species in the effect of salinity on water relations, as indicated by their positive turgor. Osmotic adjustment occurred in all species and depended on higher K+, Na+, and Cl−accumulation. Despite some changes in soluble carbohydrate accumulation induced by salt stress, no consistent contributions in osmotic adjustment could be found in this study. Therefore, we suggest that tolerance to salt stress is largely unrelated to carbohydrate accumulation inPhaseolusspecies.

scholarly journals THE RELATION OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES IN THE PNEUMONIC LUNG TO HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION. AN EXPLANATION OF RESOLUTION

1919 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick T. Lord
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Proteolytic Enzyme ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Cellular Material ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Acid Media ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Amino Acid Nitrogen

Evidence is given of the presence in the cellular material obtained from the pneumonic lung of a proteolytic enzyme digesting coagulated blood serum at hydrogen ion concentrations of 7.3 to 6.7 and inactive at higher; i.e., more acid concentrations. In addition, evidence is brought forward of the presence in the cellular material from the pneumonic lung of a proteolytic enzyme splitting peptone to amino-acid nitrogen. This enzyme is operative at hydrogen ion concentrations from 8.0 to 4.8, but most active at 6.3 or 5.2. These findings may be regarded as having a bearing on resolution in pneumonia. During the course of the disease a gradual increase in the hydrogen ion concentration of the exudate probably takes place. With the breaking down of cellular material an enzyme digesting protein (fibrin) in weakly alkaline and weakly acid media may be liberated. With a gradual increase in the hydrogen ion concentration of the pneumonic lung the action of this enzyme probably ceases. An enzyme capable of splitting peptone to amino-acid nitrogen is probably active during the proteolysis of the fibrin and further activated when the hydrogen ion concentration of the pneumonic lung is increased to within its range of optimum activity at a pH of 6.3 and 5.2. By this means it may be conceived that the exudate is dissolved and resolution takes place.

Turgor-Volume Regulation and Cellular Water Relations of Nicotiana tabacum Roots Grown in High Salinities

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
SD Tyerman ◽  
P Oats ◽  
J Gibbs ◽  
M Dracup ◽  
H Greenway
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Volume Regulation ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Pressure Probe ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Solute Permeability

Nicotiana tabacum plants were grown in solution culture with salinity treatments of 1, 100 and 200 mol m-3 [NaCl], in Hoagland solution. After several weeks, solute concentrations and osmotic pressure of cell sap from the roots were measured. Increases in cellular [Na+] and [Cl-] and a smaller reduction in [K+] accounted for the difference in sap osmotic pressure between the 200 mol m-3 and 1 mol m-3 treatments. Turgor pressure (P) of fully expanded cortex cells measured with the pressure probe were 0.48 MPa in 1 mol m-3, 0.24 MPa in 100 mol m-3, 0.20 MPa in 200 mol m-3, and these values agreed with those calculated by difference between internal and external osmotic pressure. Low values of volumetric elastic modulus (ε), ranging from 1.2 MPa to 3.0 MPa at P = 0.42 MPa were obtained, which accounted for long equilibration times to changes in water potential. There was no effect of high salinities on ε after accounting for the fact that ε was a function of P and neither was there an effect on hydraulic conductivity (Lp), which ranged between 1.9 × 10-8 and 24.1 × 10-8 m s-1 Mpa-1. At 200 mol m-3 [NaCl]o, and to a lesser degree at 100 mol m-3 [NaCl]o, root hairs became deformed to resemble spherical bladders (mean diameter = 88 �m) which displayed similar P and water relations to other epidermal cells and cortex cells. In other experiments the response to a sudden reduction in [NaCl], from 200 to 1 mol m-3 was studied. P of cortex cells first rapidly increased from about 0.15 MPa to 0.53 MPa and then slowly declined with a half time of about 35 min to a new steady state of 0.3 MPa. This level was maintained in intact roots for at least 48 h. The rate of the initial increase in P is limited by water flow into the cells while the slow decline is limited by solute efflux from the cells with water following osmotically. The efflux was mainly in response to reduced external osmotic pressure rather than [NaCl]o. Efflux of Na+, K+ and Cl- accounted for the decrease in internal osmotic pressure but it is possible that the membrane also became more permeable to sugars. With the exception of bladder hairs, the overall integrity of the cell membrane was maintained since Lp did not increase and P declined smoothly to the new level with no evidence of rupture and resealing of the membrane. It is argued that the loss of solutes after the step down in external osmotic pressure consists of turgor or volume regulation in which solute permeability increases steeply as turgor or volume goes above a threshold.

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