Respiratory Properties of Developing Bean and Pea Leaves

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 237 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Azcon-Bieto ◽  
H Lambers ◽  
DA Day
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Free Sugar ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
Alternative Path ◽  
Cytochrome Pathway ◽  
Carbonyl Cyanide ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Cyanide Resistance ◽  
Bean Leaves

The rate of O2 uptake in the dark in bean leaves and leaf slices decreased during development. The use of inhibitors of the cytochrome and alternative pathways and the uncoupier carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) indicated that this decline was largely due to a decline in the activity and capacity of the cytochrome path. However, the capacity of the alternative path remained more or less constant with leaf expansion, and thus percentage cyanide resistance of respiration increased with leaf expansion. The activity of the alternative path was small in bean leaves and leaf slices, and decreased during development. Respiration, mainly the cytochrome pathway, of bean leaf slices was stimulated by FCCP at all ages, the stimulation being more pronounced in young leaves. The rate of overall respiration, the activities of the cytochrome and alternative paths, and the extent to which FCCP stimulated respiration in bean leaf slices were positively correlated with endogenous free sugar levels during aging. Similar trends were observed with mitochondria isolated from pea leaves. Leaf mitochondria from older plants had lower cytochrome path capacity, but the capacity of the alternative path remained much the same as that in leaf mitochondria from seedlings.

Effects of sulfur dioxide and ozone on Ulmus americana seedlings. I. Visible injury and growth

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Constantinidou ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Intermediate Amount

The effects of SO2 (2 ppm for 6 h), O3 (0.9 ppm for 5 h), and SO2–O3 mixtures (2 ppm SO2 and 0.9 ppm O3 for 5 h followed by SO2 for 1 h) were studied on injury and growth of 4-month-old, actively growing and quiescent Ulmus americana L. seedlings. In actively growing seedlings visible injury to leaves from SO2–O3 mixtures was evident within 24 h; from O3 within 36 to 48 h; and from SO2 within 48 h after fumigation ceased. Sulfur dioxide and SO2–O3 treatments reduced expansion of new leaves (< 1 cm long at time of fumigation) within 1 week, but normal rates of leaf expansion were restored by the end of the 2nd week. Ozone had no significant effect on expansion of new leaves. Expansion of young leaves (> 1 cm long at time of fumigation) was markedly inhibited by all treatments; it was inhibited most by SO2–O3, an intermediate amount by SO2, and least by O3. Numbers of emerging leaves were significantly reduced by SO2, and by SO2–O3, but only at the end of the 1st week. After 5 weeks, stem dry weights were reduced by O3 and SO2–O3, and root dry weights were reduced by SO2 and SO2–O3. In quiescent plants pollution injury to leaves was similar to that in actively growing plants. However, all fumigation treatments induced severe defoliation in quiescent plants.

scholarly journals Contribution of minerals from fresh kidney bean leaves and grains in meals consumed in East, South and Central Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (53) ◽  
pp. 6479-6489
Author(s):  
PM Mamiro ◽  
◽  
M Nyagaya ◽  
DP Mamiro ◽  
T Jumbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Africa ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Dietary Minerals ◽  
Side Dishes ◽  
Bean Leaves

Varieties of legumes are recognized as an important source of protein and dietary minerals by a number of ethnic groups in East, South and Central Africa. Among the legume that is preferred b y most Africans are the bean varieties . Beans are consumed in many forms: the young leaves, green pods, and fresh bean grains are used as vegetables; dry bean grains are used in various food preparations, and both are used as relish or side dishes together with the staple food. Apart from alleviating food insecurity, the bean leaves , green bean pods and fresh bean grains are good sources of micronutrients especially iron and zinc . Thirty eight varieties of beans deemed to be rich in minerals iron and zinc collected from a n umber of locations in East and Central Africa were brought from University of Nairobi and multiplied at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro. Bean leaves and fresh beans grains were picked for analysis after the plants reached three weeks and two months, respectively. Iron and zinc content was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer after ashing the samples. Analysis showed that leaves had significantly (P<0.05) more iron than the fresh bean grains. For bean leaves, Maharagi soja had the highest level of iron (1653.9 mg/100g) followed by Nain De Kiondo (1061.1 mg/100g). Similarly, Maharagi soja had the highest level of zinc (40.8 mg/100g), followed by Kiangara (40.5 mg/100g). Variety HRS 545 fresh bean grains , had the highest level of iron(1114.0 mg/100g) followed by Ituri Matata (983.4 g/100g) while highest zinc content was found in HRS 545 (41.1 mg/100g) followed by RWR 10 (41.1 mg/100g). These levels of minerals are significantly higher than the average amount found in dry bean grains (Fe 5.6 – 8.0 mg/100g) and (Zn 1.7 - 2.0 mg/100g). Creating more awareness and encouraging the utilization of bean leaves and fresh bean grains will contribute in alleviating micronutrient deficiencies especially among the vulnerable groups such as children, pregnant and lactating women, and resource-poor families.

scholarly journals Herbivory and leaf expansion of Cyathea phalerata Mart. (Cyatheaceae) in subtropical Atlantic Forest, southern Brazil

2023 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Cunha ◽  
D. Endres Júnior ◽  
V. L. Silva ◽  
A. Droste ◽  
J. L. Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Young Leaves

Abstract Herbivory is an interaction with great impact on plant communities since relationships between herbivores and plants are fundamental to the distribution and abundance of species over time and space. The aim of this study was to monitor the rate of leaf expansion in the tree fern Cyathea phalerata and evaluate the damage caused by herbivores to leaves of different ages and whether such damage is related to temperature and precipitation. The study was performed in a subtropical Atlantic Forest fragment located in the municipality of Caraá, in the northeast hillside of Rio Grande do Sul state, in southern Brazil. We monitored 24 mature individuals of C. phalerata with croziers in a population of approximately 50 plants. Leaf expansion rate, percentage of damaged leaves and leaf blade consumption rate by herbivory were calculated. Monthly means for temperature and accumulated rainfall were calculated from daily data. Croziers of C. phalerata were found to expand rapidly during the first and second months after emergence (3.98 cm day-1; 2.91 cm day-1, respectively). Damage caused by herbivory was observed in all of the monitored leaves, but none of the plants experienced complete defoliation. The highest percentage (57%) of damaged leaves was recorded at 60 days of monitoring, and also the highest monthly consumption rate of the blade (6.04%) occurred with young, newly-expanded leaves, while this rate remained between 1.50 and 2.21% for mature leaves. Rates of monthly leaf consumption and damaged leaves showed positive and strong relationship with each other and with temperature. The rapid leaf expansion observed for C. phalerata can be considered a phenological strategy to reduce damage to young leaves by shortening the developmental period and accelerating the increase of defenses in mature leaves.

Photosynthetic Development in Relation to Leaf Expansion in Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) Vines During Growth in a Controlled Environment

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
DH Greer
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Actinidia Deliciosa ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Young Leaves

Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson) vines were grown in constant conditions for 3 months starting from budbreak to measure relationships between leaf development and photosynthesis during leaf expansion. Leaf area, net photosynthesis and fluorescence were repeatedly measured on the same leaves at regular intervals. At the growth conditions, the vines produced 0.5 leaves per day, with the earliest expanding leaves taking about 40 days and later emerging leaves up to 70 days to expand fully. Maximum leaf area increased up to leaf 9 then declined with later emerging leaves. Photosynthesis and photochemical efficiency depended on nodal position but were both highest in the earliest emerging leaves. Maximum photosynthetic capacity of individual leaves generally occurred in concert with leaves reaching full expansion but high rates of photosynthesis were observed within 10 days after budbreak. The early expanding leaves (positions 4 to 9) contributed up to 50% of the total net shoot carbon acquisition over the study period. Young leaves were also resistant to imposed photoinhibitory stresses. Early emerging leaves on kiwifruit vines appear physiologically well adapted to provide carbon in spring, when the plants are in a negative carbon balance.

Association between udder inflammation and glycosidase activities and free sugar levels in bovine milk

2021 ◽  
pp. 105093
Author(s):  
Anne Vuholm Sunds ◽  
Ulrik Kræmer Sundekilde ◽  
Nina Aagaard Poulsen ◽  
Lotte Bach Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Free Sugar ◽  
Sugar Levels

A malate dehydrogenase of high molecular weight, from bean leaves

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 719-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Habig ◽  
David Racusen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Malate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Bean Leaves

Two forms of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) of widely differing molecular weight were found in primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris. Their molecular weights were estimated as 69 000 and 275 000 by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The ratio of these two forms followed an orderly course in which the high molecular weight MDH increased from near zero in very young leaves to about 35% of the total MDH activity in leaves older than 2 weeks. Conditions which cause the high molecular weight MDH to dissociate to active normal molecular weight enzyme are discussed.

scholarly journals Sink-source Transition in Peach Leaves during Shoot Development

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
pp. 928-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Marchi ◽  
Luca Sebastiani ◽  
Riccardo Gucci ◽  
Roberto Tognetti
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Leaf Node ◽  
Young Leaves

Net photosynthesis, dark respiration, chlorophyll and carbohydrate content, and leaf and shoot growth of deciduous peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] saplings, grown in greenhouse conditions, were measured to assess changes in carbon balance during leaf development. The 6th, 12th, and 16th leaf node were measured from the first flush at the base through expansion to maturity (the first node being the oldest). Shoot and leaves expanded following a sigmoid pattern in all nodes. The shape of the logistic curve did not vary between the 6th and the 16th leaf node, while the 12th leaf node showed a steeper response, suggesting that the latter reached 50% expansion relatively earlier. Photosynthesis varied with leaf development as young leaves had low CO2 assimilation rates that were reflected in their chlorophyll concentration. Net daily CO2 assimilation was negative in young expanding leaves. The sink-source transition, defined to be the time when the increase in daily carbohydrate exchange rate exceeded the daily increase in leaf carbohydrate content, occurred before full leaf expansion. The transition from import to export was attained 11-12 days after budbreak (corresponding to 41% to 45% of full leaf expansion) for the 6th leaf, about 7-9 days after (38% to 52% of full expansion) for the 12th leaf and after 9-10 days (32% to 38% of full expansion) for the 16th leaf. Below 30% to 50% of full expansion leaves might not respond to assimilate requirements from sinks, being sinks themselves.

scholarly journals Leaf Age Affects Gas Exchange in Okra

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 1017-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.F. Whitehead ◽  
B.P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Abelmoschus Esculentus ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Leaf Aging ◽  
Young Leaves

Two studies were conducted to assess the effects of leaf aging on gas exchange in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] leaves. Gas exchange was measured at 6- to 10-day intervals starting 15 days after leaf emergence (DFE) and continuing until senescence at 50 DFE. Rates of transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs) and CO2 exchange (CER) increased as leaves matured up to ≈25 DFE, about full leaf expansion. Transpiration rate, gs, and CER declined after 25 DFE and as leaves aged further. Internal leaf CO2 concentration (Ci) was higher in old than young leaves. This study suggests that the most efficient okra canopy would maximize exposure of 25-day-old leaves to sunlight.

The catechol oxidase of bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris)

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1029-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Racusen
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Density Gradient ◽  
Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Assay System ◽  
Catechol Oxidase ◽  
Gradient Electrophoresis ◽  
Bean Leaves

Bean leaf catechol oxidase was studied with a new colorimetric assay system. The enzyme, though specific for o-diphenols, had a relatively low affinity for catechol. Borate, which complexes with catechol, inhibited the enzyme. Results obtained with DEAE chromatography and sucrose density gradient electrophoresis indicated that the enzyme consisted of a group of isozymes whose assay was independent of contaminating peroxidase. Both catechol oxidase and peroxidase increased during leaf expansion.

scholarly journals Directional change in leaf dry matter δ 13C during leaf development is widespread in C3 plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (6) ◽  
pp. 981-990
Author(s):  
Nara O Vogado ◽  
Klaus Winter ◽  
Nerea Ubierna ◽  
Graham D Farquhar ◽  
Lucas A Cernusak
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Use Efficiency

Abstract Background and aims The stable carbon isotope ratio of leaf dry matter (δ 13Cp) is generally a reliable recorder of intrinsic water-use efficiency in C3 plants. Here, we investigated a previously reported pattern of developmental change in leaf δ 13Cp during leaf expansion, whereby emerging leaves are initially 13C-enriched compared to mature leaves on the same plant, with their δ 13Cp decreasing during leaf expansion until they eventually take on the δ 13Cp of other mature leaves. Methods We compiled data to test whether the difference between mature and young leaf δ 13Cp differs between temperate and tropical species, or between deciduous and evergreen species. We also tested whether the developmental change in δ 13Cp is indicative of a concomitant change in intrinsic water-use efficiency. To gain further insight, we made online measurements of 13C discrimination (∆ 13C) in young and mature leaves. Key Results We found that the δ 13Cp difference between mature and young leaves was significantly larger for deciduous than for evergreen species (−2.1 ‰ vs. −1.4 ‰, respectively). Counter to expectation based on the change in δ 13Cp, intrinsic water-use efficiency did not decrease between young and mature leaves; rather, it did the opposite. The ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 concentrations (ci/ca) was significantly higher in young than in mature leaves (0.86 vs. 0.72, respectively), corresponding to lower intrinsic water-use efficiency. Accordingly, instantaneous ∆ 13C was also higher in young than in mature leaves. Elevated ci/ca and ∆ 13C in young leaves resulted from a combination of low photosynthetic capacity and high day respiration rates. Conclusion The decline in leaf δ 13Cp during leaf expansion appears to reflect the addition of the expanding leaf’s own 13C-depleted photosynthetic carbon to that imported from outside the leaf as the leaf develops. This mixing of carbon sources results in an unusual case of isotopic deception: less negative δ 13Cp in young leaves belies their low intrinsic water-use efficiency.

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