Culture of Detached Ears of Wheat in Liquid Culture: Modification and Extension of the Method

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
BK Singh ◽  
CF Jenner
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Liquid Medium ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Prolonged Culture ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Reduced Light ◽  
Days After Anthesis

The method of culturing detached ears of wheat in a liquid medium has been modified to provide for the culture of ears from anthesis to maturity. For prolonged culture of ears, the presence of the peduncular node was beneficial. Grains developing in ears cultured from 2 days after anthesis until they had ripened germinated normally. By comparison with ammonium or nitrate, glutamine was the better source of nitrogen particularly at low levels of sucrose in the medium; inorganic forms of nitrogen inhibited grain-filling. Setting of grains was apparently dependent upon the availability of carbohydrate and there was no evidence from treatments involving shading for a photomorphogenetic response to reduced light intensity. While grain-filling was sustained by the provision of sucrose supplied artificially, light did nevertheless affect the accumulation of dry matter in the grains.

Growth of Amaranthus Hybridus (African Spinach) under diffferent Daylight Intensities in the Dry Season in Southern Nigeria

1987 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. O. Eze
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Amaranthus Hybridus ◽  
Maximum Accumulation ◽  
Southern Nigeria ◽  
Reduced Light

SummaryThe growth of Amaranthus hybridus under different daylight intensities was assessed in terms of physical, morphological and biochemical parameters. Maximum growth in many respects was achieved at about 70% of full daylight. However, full daylight favoured chlorophyll stability and maximum accumulation of total dry matter, carbohydrate, chlorophyll and ascorbic acid. The leaf area ratio increased uniformly with decrease in light intensity. Ageing was accelerated by full daylight. Reduced light intensity reduced dry matter accumulation in the roots more than in the stems or leaves.

CHANGES IN ALPHA- AND BETA-AMYLASE ACTIVITIES DURING THE MATURATION OF DIFFERENT BARLEY CULTIVARS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 469-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. LaBERGE ◽  
A. W. MacGREGOR ◽  
W. O. S. MEREDITH
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Kernel Development ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Days After Anthesis ◽  
Unfavorable Weather

The percentage of dry matter, kernel weight, α-amylase activity and β-amylase activity, were determined at several stages of kernel development, from anthesis to harvest, in seven cultivars of Canadian barley. These included 6-row barleys (Conquest, Bonanza, and Keystone), 2-row barleys (Betzes and Centennial), and two 6-rowed selections from crosses between 2-row and 6-row barleys. The patterns for development of β-amylase enzymes were similar in all cultivars, and these activities were low initially, followed by a period of increasing activities commencing about 10 days after anthesis and reaching maximum values 20 days later; they then remained constant until the kernels were harvested. α-Amylase activity increased in all cultivars immediately after anthesis and then decreased to low levels after 10 days of kernel development. The α-amylase activities of Conquest, Bonanza, and Betzes increased again to quite high levels after maturity and just prior to delayed harvesting, owing to unfavorable weather that caused sprouting in these cultivars.

The Effect of Reduced Light Intensity on Grass Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 603-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Yasin ◽  
Eva Rosenqvist ◽  
Christian Andreasen
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Reduced Light

The effect of reduced light intensity on the growth and development of three common grass weeds, blackgrass, silky windgrass, and annual bluegrass, was studied. Two identical greenhouse experiments displaced in time were performed with six light levels aiming at 0%, 20%, 50%, 80%, 90%, and 95% shade corresponding to a mean daily light integral (DLI) of 12.4, 9.63, 7.13, 2.74, 0.95, and 0.69 mol m−2d−1in experiment 1 and 21.2, 18.0, 10.7, 3.71, 1.64, 1.20 mol m−2d−1in experiment 2. Climate screens of acrylic fabric were used to create the light levels. A DLI of 0.69 to 3.71 mol m−2d−1substantially reduced the plant height, the number of leaves, leaf chlorophyll content index, stomatal conductance, maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, and dry matter of blackgrass. It also reduced plant height, the number of leaves, and dry matter and delayed flowering of windgrass and annual bluegrass. Annual bluegrass reacted most rapidly when light levels increased from the lowest levels by producing more leaves. DLI thresholds for blooming were estimated to be about 7.13 mol m−2d−1for windgrass and 1.64 mol m−2d−1for annual bluegrass. Annual bluegrass was able to bloom and sustain biomass even at a DLI of 1.64 mol m−2d−1. This ability may contribute to an explanation of why annual bluegrass is among the most common weed species in highly competitive and well-fertilized crops even though it is much smaller than the two other grass species.

Nitrogen Stress of Winter Wheat Changed the Determinants of Yield and the Distribution of Nitrogen and Total Dry Matter During Grain Filling

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Blacklow ◽  
LD Incoll
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Nitrogen Stress ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Days To Maturity ◽  
N Treatment ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Days After Anthesis

The yields of grain dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) of winter wheat (cv. Maris Huntsman) were decreased by 26% and 45% when no fertilizer-N was applied in the spring. Fewer ears per m� and less mass of N per grain were the major reasons for the decreased yields. The low-N treatment decreased the rate and duration of grain filling for N but not for DM. Net assimilation of DM and N by the shoots of the low-N crop ceased at 35 and 28 days after anthesis but both continued, at a declining rate, through to maturity for the high-N crop; rates of grain-filling of DM and N were sustained at a constant rate for 2 weeks more as vegetative DM and N were redistributed. From 28 days to maturity the potential contribution to grain yield of DM and N from mobilized sources was estimated at 65% for both for the high-N crop, and 96% and 87%, respectively, for the low-N crop.

Photosynthetic Characteristics, Dry Matter Accumulation and Translocation, Grain Filling Parameter of Three Main Maize Varieties in Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian-Jun XU ◽  
Tian-Fang LYU ◽  
Jiu-Ran ZHAO ◽  
Rong-Huan WANG ◽  
Chuan-Yong CHEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Photosynthetic Characteristics ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Maize Varieties

Influence of Light on Fruit Set of French Hybrid Grapes

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 510f-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Ferree ◽  
S.J. McArtney ◽  
D.M. Scurlock
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Reduced Light ◽  
Negative Linear Relationship ◽  
Grape Cultivars

Four French–American hybrid grape cultivars grown in a greenhouse were subjected to 5 days of 80% shade at four different times around bloom. Fruit set of `Seyval' was reduced by shade imposed before, during, or immediately after bloom. `Vidal' and `Chambourcin' were less sensitive, with fruit set reduced only by shade at bloom. Shade had little effect on fruit set of `DeChaunac'. In a second study, `Chambourcin' vines were exposed to ambient, ambient plus supplemental lights, and 30%, 50%, or 80% shade for 5 weeks beginning just prior to bloom. Fruit set was positively related to light intensity. At harvest, soluble solids, pH, and hue angle had a negative linear relationship to light level. Fruit color developed earliest and most rapidly with the reduced light treatments applied at bloom. Cluster weight was positively related to light intensity.

N Deprivation in Maize During Grain‐Filling. I. Accumulation of Dry Matter, Nitrate‐N, and Sulfate‐S 1

1979 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Friedrich ◽  
L. E. Schrader ◽  
E. V. Nordheim
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Nitrate N

scholarly journals Co-Occurrence of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Corn Silage: Relationships with Fermentation Quality and Bacterial Communities

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
Antonio Gallo ◽  
Francesca Ghilardelli ◽  
Alberto Stanislao Atzori ◽  
Severino Zara ◽  
Barbara Novak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Kojic Acid ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Fermentation Quality ◽  
Low Levels

Sixty-four corn silages were characterized for chemicals, bacterial community, and concentrations of several fungal metabolites. Silages were grouped in five clusters, based on detected mycotoxins, and they were characterized for being contaminated by (1) low levels of Aspergillus- and Penicillium-mycotoxins; (2) low levels of fumonisins and other Fusarium-mycotoxins; (3) high levels of Aspergillus-mycotoxins; (4) high levels of non-regulated Fusarium-mycotoxins; (5) high levels of fumonisins and their metabolites. Altersetin was detected in clusters 1, 3, and 5. Rugulusovin or brevianamide F were detected in several samples, with the highest concentration in cluster 3. Emodin was detected in more than 50.0% of samples of clusters 1, 3 and 5, respectively. Kojic acid occurred mainly in clusters 1 and 2 at very low concentrations. Regarding Fusarium mycotoxins, high occurrences were observed for FB3, FB4, FA1, whereas the average concentrations of FB6 and FA2 were lower than 12.4 µg/kg dry matter. Emerging Fusarium-produced mycotoxins, such as siccanol, moniliformin, equisetin, epiequisetin and bikaverin were detected in the majority of analyzed corn silages. Pestalotin, oxaline, phenopirrozin and questiomycin A were detected at high incidences. Concluding, this work highlighted that corn silages could be contaminated by a high number of regulated and emerging mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Inferring vascular architecture of the wheat spikelet based on resource allocation in the branched headt (bht-A1) near isogenic lines

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gizaw M. Wolde ◽  
Thorsten Schnurbusch
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Spikelet Fertility ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Network Systems ◽  
Vascular Architecture ◽  
Isogenic Lines ◽  
Rachis Node

Substantial genetic and physiological efforts were made to understand the causal factors of floral abortion and grain filling problem in wheat. However, the vascular architecture during wheat spikelet development is surprisingly under-researched. We used the branched headt near-isogenic lines, FL-bht-A1-NILs, to visualise the dynamics of spikelet fertility and dry matter accumulation in spikelets sharing the same rachis node (henceforth Primary Spikelet, PSt, and Secondary Spikelet, SSt). The experiment was conducted after grouping FL-bht-A1-NILs into two groups, where tillers were consistently removed from one group. Our results show differential spikelet fertility and dry matter accumulation between the PSt and SSt, but also showed a concomitant improvement after de-tillering. This suggests a tight regulation of assimilate supply and dry matter accumulation in wheat spikelets. Since PSt and SSt share the same rachis node, the main vascular bundle in the rachis/rachilla is expected to bifurcate to connect each spikelet/floret to the vascular system. We postulate that the vascular structure in the wheat spikelet might even follow Murray’s law, where the wide conduits assigned at the base of the spikelet feed the narrower conduits of the distal florets. We discuss our results based on the two modalities of the vascular network systems in plants.

Contribution of Stem Dry Matter to Grain Yield in Wheat Cultivars

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Pheloung ◽  
KHM Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Percentage Reduction ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Field experiments were conducted in the eastern wheat belt of Western Australia in a dry year with and without irrigation (1987) and in a wet year (1988), comparing three cultivars of wheat differing in height and yield potential. The aim of the study was to determine the contribution of remobilisable stem dry matter to grain dry matter under different water regimes in old and modern wheats. Stem non-structural carbohydrate was labelled with 14C 1 day after anthesis and the activity and weight of this pool and the grain was measured at 2, 18 and 58 days after anthesis. Gutha and Kulin, modern tall and semi-dwarf cultivars respectively, yielded higher than Gamenya, a tall older cultivar in all conditions, but the percentage reduction in yield under water stress was greater for the modern cultivars (41, 34 and 23%). In the grain of Gamenya, the increase in 14C activity after the initial labelling was highest under water stress. Generally, loss of 14C activity from the non-structural stem dry matter was less than the increase in grain activity under water stress but similar to or greater than grain activity increase under well watered conditions. Averaged over environments and cultivars, non-structural dry matter stored in the stem contributed at least 20% of the grain dry matter.

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