Effects of Water Deficit on Endosperm Starch Granules and on Grain Physiology of Wheat and Barley.

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Brooks ◽  
CF Jenner ◽  
D Aspinall
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Barley Grains ◽  
Endosperm Starch

Wheat (cv. Sun 9E) and barley (cv. Clipper) plants were subjected to water deficit after anthesis. In both species grain dry matter accumulation was initially unaffected by water deficit but terminated earlier in stressed plants than in controls. Water deficit did not affect endosperm cell number. In water stressed wheat plants the number of B-type starch granules per endosperm and the size of the largest A-type granules were significantly less than in control plants but A-type granule number was unaffected. Water potentials of wheat flag leaves and bracts were reduced by water deficit but this treatment did not affect grain water potential or osmotic potential during the first 29 days after anthesis. During these 29 days, neither grain nor bract water potential of barley was affected by stress and the water potential of bracts was relatively low even in control plants. Maturing grains eventually lost water and endosperm volume declined. This water loss occurred earlier in stressed plants. Stress significantly reduced the amount of sucrose per wheat grain but not the amount of sucrose per unit of grain dry matter or water content. In barley grains, stress did not reduce the relative or absolute sucrose contents. It was considered unlikely that the earlier cessation of grain growth on stressed plants was caused by insufficient assimilate. Although protein as a proportion of grain dry weight was higher in stressed plants than in controls, protein and amino acid content per grain were unaffected by water deficit.

Effects of Drought and High Temperature on Grain Growth in Wheat

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 553 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Nicolas ◽  
RM Gleadow ◽  
MJ Dalling
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Maximum Cell ◽  
Effects Of Drought

The effects of two levels of temperature and of water supply on grain development of wheat (cv. Warigal) were studied by imposing treatments during the early or late period of cell division. High temperature (28°C day/20°C night) accelerated development of the grain. Dry matter accumulation and cell division proceeded at a higher rate but had a shorter duration in the high temperature treatments. Maximum cell number, final cell size and the number of large starch granules per cell were not significantly reduced by high temperature. Drought and drought × high temperature reduced the storage capacity of the grain, with a decrease in number of cells and starch granules in the endosperm. Cell size was also reduced when treatments were imposed late during cell division. Duration of dry matter accumulation and cell division was reduced in the drought and drought × high temperature treatments. The combined effects of drought and high temperature were much more severe than those of each separate treatment. The amount of sucrose per cell was similar in all treatments. It appears unlikely that the supply of sucrose to the endosperm cells is the main limiting factor of dry matter accumulation in both drought and high temperature treatments.

Dry matter accumulation into zygotic seed; a model and its application to artificial seeds

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvon Le Deunff ◽  
Jacques Loiseau
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Elementary Model ◽  
Pea Seed

AbstractPea seed development on the mother plant consists of three phases, all limited by water concentration (WC). The first (P1) or embryogenesis sensu stricto takes place at constant WC (stable at 80%). During the phase P2, cotyledon filling or maturation, WC decreases linearly from 80 to 55% (physiological desiccation) but the water content stays constant while the dry weight increases until it stops abruptly (at 55% WC), at this time, the seed has almost reached its final dry weight, its maturity mass or physiological maturity. The third phase, P3, consists of a fast desiccation which leads to a WC of 18–14%, where the seed is mature and ready to harvest. Similar events occur in other grain legumes, in cereals where mass maturity is attained at a lower WC (close to 40%) and in other species including crop or weed species. An elementary model of pea seed dry-matter accumulation, based on the constancy of water content (P1) and the linear decrease of WC from 80 to 55% (P2), allows us to define a coefficient α linked to WC and to calculate dry matter changes versus α. This model, taking account of WC in other species, can be generalized easily. Maturation of the somatic embryo, occurring under conditions very close to those present in vivo around the zygotic embryo, follows a pattern of decrease of WC similar to that of the zygotic embryo. We expect that if cell number is similar in the somatic and the zygotic embryo, synseeds will be ready for trade in the near future since control of all the processes that lead to zygotic-like embryoids is now available.

The study of important agronomic traits by multivariate analysis in winter rapeseed cultivars

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Gader Ghaffari ◽  
Farhad Baghbani ◽  
Behnam Tahmasebpour
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Variance ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
The Third ◽  
High Eigenvalue ◽  
Winter Rapeseed

In order to group winter rapeseed cultivars according to evaluated traits, an experiment was conducted in the Research Greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty, University of Tabriz - IRAN. In the experiment were included 12 cultivars of winter rapeseed and 3 levels of water deficit stress. Gypsum blocks were used to monitor soil moisture. Water deficit stress was imposed from stem elongation to physiological maturity. According to the principal component analysis, five principal components were chosen with greater eigenvalue (more than 0.7) that are including 81.34% of the primeval variance of variables. The first component that explained the 48.02% of total variance had the high eigenvalue. The second component could justify about 13.64% of total variance and had positive association with leaf water potential and proline content and had negative relationship with leaf stomatal conductivity. The third, fourth and fifth components expressed around, 10.18, 4.83 and 4.68% of the total variance respectively. The third component had the high eigenvalue for plant dry weight. The fourth component put 1000-seed weight, seed yield, Silique per Plant and root dry weight against plant dry weight, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf water potential. The fifth component had the high eigenvalue for root dry weight, root volume and 1000-seed weight.

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON RATE AND DURATION OF KERNEL DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION OF MAIZE

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 935-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. TOLLENAAR ◽  
T. W. BRUULSEMA
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Linear Kernel ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Kernel Growth

The response of rate and duration of kernel dry matter accumulation to temperatures in the range 10–25 °C was studied for two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids grown under controlled-environment conditions. Kernel growth rates during the period of linear kernel growth increased linearly with temperature (b = 0.3 mg kernel−1 d−1 °C−1). Kernel dry weight at physiological maturity varied little among temperature treatments because the increase in kernel growth rate with increase in temperature was associated with a decline in the duration of kernel growth proportional to the increase in kernel growth rate.Key words: Zea mays L, period of linear kernel dry matter accumulation, controlled-environment conditions, kernel growth rate

scholarly journals Seasonal Partitioning of Leaf and Fruit Potassium and Fruit Dry Matter in French Prune Trees at Various Potassium Levels

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 981-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.J.A. Niederholzer ◽  
R.M. Carlson ◽  
K. Uriu ◽  
N.H. Willits ◽  
J.P. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
High K

A study was undertaken to determine the seasonal dynamics of leaf and fruit K content and the influence of tree K status and fruit growth on leaf and fruit K accumulation rates in French prune (Prunus domestics L. cv. d'Agen). Mature trees in a commercial orchard were treated with various rates of K2 SO4. (O to ≈20 kg/tree) in the fall. Fruit dry weight yield per tree at harvest and fruit K content were higher for high-K trees, but fruit percent K (by dry weight) was ≈1.0% for all trees. Leaf scorch and subsequent abscission severely reduced the canopy of K-deficient trees. Significant positive linear relationships between leaf and fruit K accumulation rates existed for the periods of 28 Apr.-28 May (May) and 28 May-7 July (June). A significant negative linear relationship existed between these two criteria from 7 July-3 Aug. (July). May (0.237 mg K per fruit-day) and July (0.267 mg K per fruit-day) mean fruit K accumulation rates were similar, but both were significantly higher (P = 0.001) than those for June (0.140 mg K per fruit-day). Mean leaf K accumulation rates for May (- 0.007 mg K per leaf-day) and July (-0.010 mg K per leaf-day) were similar, but both were significantly (P = 0.001) less than for June (0.005 mg K per leaf-day). Potassium per fruit accumulation was highest in trees with highest K status. Periods of net leaf K efflux and influx did not precisely correlate with fruit growth stages measured by fruit dry weight. The period of lowest fruit K accumulation (28 May-7 July) coincided with the period of maximum dry matter accumulation by the kernel. After 7 July, all increases in fruit dry weight and K content were due to mesocarp growth.

Dry Matter, Nodulation and Nutrient Uptake in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) as Influenced by Irrigation and Phosphorus

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Parihar ◽  
R. S. Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Eastern India

SUMMARYThe response of chickpea to irrigation and phosphorus was studied at Kharagpur in Eastern India. Irrigation scheduling was based on the ratio between irrigation water applied and cumulative pan evaporation (ID/CPE), and had little effect on dry matter accumulation. Increasing the frequency and amount of irrigation reduced the number and dry weight of nodules per plant, which increased to a maximum 70 days after sowing and then declined. Irrigation significantly reduced grain yield as a result of excessive vegetative growth at the expense of pod formation. Application of phosphorus promoted nodulation and increased both nodule dry weight and the concentration of N, P and K in grain and stover. Uptake of N, P and K by the crop was also increased.

scholarly journals Primed Acclimation of Papaya Increases Short-term Water Use But Does Not Confer Long-term Drought Tolerance

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Vincent ◽  
Diane Rowland ◽  
Bruce Schaffer
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Soil Water Tension

Primed acclimation (PA) is a regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategy designed to improve or maintain yield under subsequent drought stress. A previous study showed photosynthetic increases in papaya in response to a PA treatment. The present study was undertaken to test the duration of the PA effect when papaya plants were challenged with severe drought stress. Potted plants were stressed at 1, 2, and 3 months after conclusion of a PA treatment consisting of 3 weeks at soil water tension (SWT) of −20 kPa. Measurements included leaf gas exchange, root growth, and organ dry mass partitioning. PA did not reduce net CO2 assimilation (A) during the deficit period. At the end of the PA period, total dry matter accumulation per plant and for each organ was unaffected, but proportional dry matter partitioning to roots was favored. After resuming full irrigation, A increased and whole plant water use was more than doubled in PA-treated plants. However, water use and A of PA-treated plants decreased to reconverge with those of control plants by 6 weeks after the PA treatment. Over the course of the study, PA plants maintained lower stem height to stem diameter ratios, and shorter internode lengths. However, these changes did not improve photosynthetic response to any of the water-deficit treatments. We conclude that papaya exhibits some signs of stress memory, but that rapid short-term acclimation responses dominate papaya responses to soil water deficit.

SUCROSE AND SUCROSE SYNTHASE ACTIVITY DURING KERNEL DEVELOPMENT IN TRITICALE, WHEAT AND RYE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 867-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEONARD SAARI ◽  
SEPPO O. SALMINEN ◽  
ROBERT D. HILL
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Synthase ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Kernel Development ◽  
Hexokinase Activity ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
Substantial Decline ◽  
Sucrose Level

Developing triticale, wheat and rye grains were studied from 6 to 42 days postanthesis with respect to levels of sucrose and sucrose synthase activity. These were compared with levels of glucose and hexokinase activity as well as changes in dry weight and water content. Dry matter accumulation was linear in all cultivars and ceased at 26–34 days postanthesis, depending on the cultivar. Sucrose synthase activity was low in all tested cultivars at 3 days postanthesis and increased to near maximum levels by 15 days postanthesis. With the exception of triticale 6A190, maximum sucrose synthase activities were approximately 12 m units per seed and did not vary between cultivars. Triticale 6A190 had a maximum sucrose synthase activity of 16.5 m units per seed which occurred at about 21 days postanthesis. Sucrose synthase activity declined at maturity. Sucrose levels varied throughout kernel development. The extent of the variation differed amongst the tested cultivars. Triticale 6A190 had large fluctuations in sucrose level. Sucrose content changed from 1 mg per seed at day 12 to less than 0.1 mg/seed at day 18 to greater than 1 mg per seed at day 28. Hexokinase activity increased throughout kernel development with no substantial decline of activity at maturity. Glucose levels were highest during early kernel development and declined toward maturity. The variations in sucrose and sucrose synthase in triticale 6A190 suggest a malfunction in the metabolism of the line during kernel development. No direct relationship could be established, however, between these abnormalities and kernel shrivelling in 6A190.Key words: Sucrose, sucrose synthase, kernel development, triticale, wheat, rye, hexokinase

Tiller production and dry matter accumulation in six creeping bentgrass genotypes grown in Manitoba

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 595-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Cattani ◽  
M. H. Entz ◽  
K. C. Bamford
Keyword(s):  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Green Core ◽  
Tiller Density

Tiller production and dry matter accumulation were monitored in six creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Hud.) genotypes maintained as a putting green. Core samples for tiller density and aboveground biomass determinations were collected at intervals between October 1987 and October 1989. Two experimental lines, UM84-01 and UM86-01, produced more (P < 0.05) tillers and higher (P < 0.05) aboveground biomass than the commercial cultivars Penneagle, National, Emerald and Seaside. Both tiller density and aboveground biomass rankings among genotypes were consistent over the study period. Although lower tillering genotypes had a significantly higher aboveground biomass per tiller, total aboveground biomass was influenced more by tiller density than by biomass per tiller. The relationship between tiller density and tiller dry weight was expressed mathematically to determine potential wear stress resistance among genotypes. Key words: Creeping bentgrass, tillering, biomass accumulation

DRY WEIGHT, SOLUBLE SUGAR CONTENT, AND STARCH CONTENT OF MAIZE KERNELS DURING THE EARLY POSTSILKING PERIOD

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. TOLLENAAR ◽  
T. B. DAYNARD
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Soluble Sugar Content ◽  
Maize Kernels

Kernel development was studied in the maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids United-H106 and Funk’s G-4444, grown in a controlled-environment growth room. A method was employed in which husks were excised, and kernels were removed from the same set of ears at several subsequent sampling dates. This method did not affect the dry matter accumulation of the remaining kernels. Basal kernels (kernel numbers 6–15 in the row) and tip kernels (kernel numbers 31–40) were removed at 2-day intervals during the period from 10 to 20 days postsilking. Dry weight, ethanol-soluble sugar content, and starch content were determined for each sample. Accumulation of dry matter in the tip kernels ceased in a fraction of the United-H106 ears at the onset of the period of linear tip-kernel dry matter accumulation. Only small differences were observed in sugar content between growing and non-growing tip kernels of ears of United-H106. Starch appeared to continue to accumulate in kernels in which dry matter had ceased to accumulate. Except for a delay of approximately 2 days, the pattern of development of tip kernels in Funk’s G-4444 was similar to that of kernels at the base.

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