Accumulation of Solutes in Leaves of Sorghum and Sunflower in Response to Water Deficits

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Jones ◽  
CB Osmond ◽  
NC Turner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Predawn Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Osmotic Potential

The influence of water deficits on the concentrations of major solutes in fully expanded sorghum leaves and fully expanded and partly expanded sunflower leaves was studied in order to assess their contribution to osmotic adjustment. The decreased osmotic potential at full turgor in fully expanded sorghum leaves at a moderate level of stress (predawn leaf water potential of -0.85 MPa) was fully accounted for by increases in sugars, potassium and chloride. The contributions of total inorganic ions and sugars (glucose and sucrose) were approximately equal. In fully expanded sunflower leaves stressed to a predawn leaf water potential of - 1.4 MPa, only half of the decrease in leaf osmotic potential was accounted for by changes in the concentrations of the solutes studied: increases in the concentrations of the inorganic ions, potassium, magnesium, calcium and nitrate, together with free amino acids were approximately equal to the decrease in leaf osmotic potential at full turgor, but the contributions of these solutes were offset by a decrease in the concentration of total carboxylic acids. Sugars did not contribute to the decrease in leaf osmotic potential at full turgor in fully expanded sunflower leaves. The major solutes responsible for the changes in leaf osmotic potential at full turgor in partly expanded sunflower leaves exposed to severe stress treatment (predawn leaf water potential of -2.3 MPa) were the inorganic anions, chloride and nitrate, and to a lesser extent carboxylic acids (principally aconitate). Free amino acids made a significant contribution (18%) to the decrease in leaf osmotic potential at full turgor, but there was a decrease in the level of soluble sugars.

Osmotic Adjustment in Expanding and Fully Expanded Leaves of Sunflower in Response to Water Deficits

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Jones ◽  
NC Turner
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Predawn Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Osmotic Potential ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

Sunflower plants were grown in large volumes of soil and slowly water-stressed by withholding water. The tissue water relationships of leaves at various stages of stress and of leaves of equivalent well watered controls were studied by the pressure chamber technique. Plants were stressed either when leaf 17 was expanding or when it was fully expanded. When expanding leaves reached a moderate level of stress (predawn leaf water potential of -0.9 MPa), the osmotic potentials at full turgor and zero turgor were lower than the control values by 0.1 MPa and 0.2 MPa, respectively. When fully expanded leaves were stressed to a similar degree (predawn leaf water potential of - 1.1 MPa), the osmotic potentials at full turgor and zero turgor were lower than the control values by 0.2 MPa and 0.3 MPa, respectively. The development of more severe stress in the fully expanded leaves was not accompanied by any further osmotic adjustment. However, when the expanding leaves reached a predawn leaf water potential of -2.3 MPa, the values of leaf osmotic potential at full turgor and zero turgor were lower than the values for the well watered plants by 0.4 MPa and 0.6 MPa, respectively. In expanding leaves prestressed to a predawn leaf water potential of -2.3 MPa, the osmotic potential at full turgor was significantly less than the control values for at least 7 days after rewatering. Stress had no effect on the bulk modulus of elasticity. It is concluded that both expanding and fully expanded sunflower leaves show osmotic adjustment.

Osmotic Adjustment of Sorghum and Sunflower Crops in Response to Water Deficits and Its Influence on the Water Potential at Which Stomata Close

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 597 ◽  
Author(s):  
NC Turner ◽  
JE Begg ◽  
ML Tonnet
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Leaf Osmotic Potential ◽  
Response To Water

The soil and plant water status of irrigated and unirrigated sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. TX610] and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Hysun 30) crops were compared on several days from the late vegetative to the early grain-filling stages of development. Additionally, the stems of plants from the irrigated and unirrigated plots of both species were cut near their base; this caused the plants to quickly dry until the stomata closed. The leaf water potential and leaf osmotic potential were measured when the stomatal resistance reached 6 s cm-� to give the water potential for stomatal closure and to provide osmotic potentials at equal turgor. Carbohydrate and potassium levels of leaves were also monitored. The mean daily minimum leaf water potentials in the irrigated sorghum and sunflower did not decrease below - 1 7 MPa and - 2.0 MPa, respectively, but decreased to - 2.1 MPa in the unirrigated sorghum and -2.6 MPa in the unirrigated sunflower. The osmotic potential at stomatal closure in the rapidly dried plants decreased with increasing leaf water deficit in both sunflower and sorghum: in both species the osmotic potential decreased approximately 0.6 MPa for each megapascal decrease in leaf water potential. The results indicate that both sorghum and sunflower adjusted osmotically in response to water deficits and that adjustment occurred at a rate of at least 0.1 MPa per day. The lowering of osmotic potential persisted less than 9 days after the relief of stress in both sunflower and sorghum. The soluble sugar concentration increased linearly in both sunflower and sorghum with osmotic adjustment: the rate of increase of soluble sugars was significantly greater in sunflower than sorghum. No changes in potassium concentration were observed during osmotic adjustment. The water potential at which the stomata closed varied from - 1.5 to -2.6 MPa in sorghum and - 1.7 to -2.7 MPa in sunflower: the water potential that induced stomatal closure decreased as the osmotic potential decreased. Stomatal closure occurred at a mean turgor of -0-5 MPa in both species: systematic error in the measurement of osmotic potential on frozen and thawed leaf tissue is considered the reason for the low turgor potentials at stomatal closure. The adaxial stomatal closed before the abaxial stomata in the sorghum and unirrigated sunflower but, since the leaf water potential initially fell rapidly and then became stable before the adaxial stomata closed, both the adaxial and abaxial stomata closed at the same leaf water potential.

Response of the components of sugar beet leaf water potential to a drying soil profile

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kay F. Brown ◽  
M. McGowan ◽  
M. J. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Leaf Osmotic Potential

SummaryFor many field-grown crops, including sugar beet, there is little information on the seasonal changes in leaf water potential and its components as the soil dries. Therefore, seasonal changes in leaf water, osmotic and turgor potentials of sugar beet were measured in two seasons, in crops that experienced differing degrees of soil moisture stress. In 1983 potentials of crops exposed to early and late droughts were compared with those of irrigated crops, and in 1984 measurements were made in a non-irrigated crop. In the irrigated crop the midday leaf water potential changed little during the season, except in response to fluctuating evaporative demand. In the drought and non-irrigated treatments there was a sharp fall in leaf water potential as soon as the soil water potential decreased. The size of the midday leaf water potential was primarily determined by soil dryness. However, the leaf water potential did not decrease below about — 1·5 MPa in either year. The leaf osmotic potential declined at the same time as the leaf water potential, but the extent to which this happened differed in the two years. Only in the 1984 non-irrigated crop did the osmotic potential continue to decrease as the soil dried, suggesting that osmotic adjustment had taken place in 1984 but not in 1983. Thus higher turgor was maintained in the 1984 crop than in the 1983 drought-affected crops. Some turgors were recorded as apparently negative in 1983.Since the leaf water potential declined to a minimum of about — 1·5 MPa, the soil water potential minima were also about — 1·5 MPa. However, deeper soil was not dried to this extent, suggesting that the extra resistance for water uptake from deep soil was limiting or the rooting density was too low.The pattern of recovery of leaf water potential overnight suggested that the rhizosphere resistance to water movement was small, even as the soil dried. However, measurement of stem water potentials in 1984 indicated that a significant resistance to water flow existed within the aerial part of sugar beet plants. This shows that the use of the water potential in leaves as an estimate of that in stems or roots can be misleading.

scholarly journals Physiological and Growth Responses of St. Augustinegrass Cultivars to Salinity

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.E. Dudeck ◽  
C.H. Peacock ◽  
J.C. Wildmon
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Salt Level ◽  
Leaf Osmotic Potential ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Half Strength

Salt tolerance in grasses is needed due to increased restrictions on limited fresh water resources and to saltwater intrusion into groundwater. St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] is used widely as a lawngrass in states bordering the Gulf of Mexico. We describe the response of four St. Augustinegrass cultivars to solution cultures differentially salinized with synthetic seawater. A sea salt mixture was added to half-strength Hoagland's No. 2 nutrient solution to provide six salinity treatments ranging from 1.1 to 41.5 dS·m-1. Adjustments in leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, and leaf turgor potential were measured as salt levels were increased gradually at 2-day intervals over 10 days. Salinity effects on growth of top, crown, and root of each cultivar were measured over 3 months. Turfgrasses differed in their response, but were consistent in adjustment in leaf water potential and in leaf turgor potential as salinity increased. Leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, and leaf turgor potential decreased linearly with increased salinity, but a positive turgor of 0.1 MPa was maintained at a salt concentration equal to that of seawater. `Seville', the most salt-tolerant St. Augustinegrass cultivar, exhibited a 50% reduction in top growth at 28.1 dS·m-1, while `Floratam', `Floratine', and `Floralawn' St. Augustinegrasses showed the same reduction in top growth at 22.8 dS·m-1. Differences between cultivars were greatest at salinity levels <10 dS·m-1, where `Seville' was twice as salt-tolerant compared to other cultivars. The grasses did not die, although top growth of all cultivars was severely reduced at a salt level equal to seawater.

Photosynthesis Response of Sunlit and Shade Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Leaves at Different Positions in the Canopy Under Two Water Regimes

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Alvino ◽  
M Centritto ◽  
FD Lorenzi
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Co2 Exchange ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Predawn Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Shade Leaves

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants were grown in 1 m2 lysimeters under two different water regimes in order to investigate differences in the spatial arrangements of the leaves and to relate this to daily assimilation rates of leaves of the canopy. The control regime (well-watered (W) treatment) was irrigated whenever the accumulated 'A' pan evaporation reached 4 cm, whereas the water-stressed (S) treatment was watered whenever the predawn leaf water potential fell below -1 MPa. During the growing cycle, equal numbers of sun and shade leaves were chosen from the apical, middle and basal parts of the canopy, corresponding to groups of leaves of increasing age. The CO2 exchange rate (CER) was measured at 0830, 1230 and 1530 hours on 8 days along the crop cycle, on leaves in their natural inclination and orientation. Leaf water potentials were measured on apical leaves before dawn and concurrently with gas exchange measurements. Control plants maintained predawn leaf water potential at -0.3 MPa, but S plants reached values lower than -1.2 MPa. Midday leaf water potentials were about twice as low in the S plants as in the controls. Water stress reduced LA1 during the period of crop growth, and dry matter production at harvest. Stressed apical leaves appeared to reduce stress by changing their inclination. They were paraheliotropic around midday and diaheliotropic at 0830 and 1530 hours. The CER values of the S treatment were significantly lower than those of the W treatment in apical and middle leaves, whereas the CER of basal leaves did not differ in either treatments. In the S treatment, reduction in the CER values of sunlit apical leaves was more evident in the afternoon than at midday or early in the morning, whereas basal leaves were less affected by water than basal stress leaves if sunlit, and negligibly in shaded conditions.

Predicting Predawn Leaf Water Potential up to Seven Days Using Machine Learning

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-50
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Fares ◽  
Fabio Vasconcelos ◽  
Joao Mendes-Moreira ◽  
Carlos Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Predawn Leaf Water Potential

The validity of predawn leaf water potential as an irrigation-timing indicator for field-grown wheat in northern Syria

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 223-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Sato ◽  
Osman S. Abdalla ◽  
Theib Y. Oweis ◽  
Tetsuo Sakuratani
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Predawn Leaf Water Potential

Carbon dioxide enrichment and water stress interaction on growth of two tomato cultivars

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Paez ◽  
H. Hellmers ◽  
B. R. Strain
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Total Leaf

SummaryIf atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration continues to increase, plant growth and crop yield could be affected. New Yorker and Better Boy cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were used to investigate possible intraspecific variation in the response of crop species to increased CO2. Because precipitation and temperature are predicted to change with the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, the response of the two cultivars to the interaction between CO2 and water stress was also examined. Seeds of the two cultivars were germinated and grown under controlled environmental conditions, in either 350 or 675 μ1 CO2/1.The plant water status of the two cultivars was inherently different but was little affected by the CO2 concentration when the plants were well watered. When water was withheld for 5 days the total leaf water potential and osmotic potential decreased in both CO2 treatments but less rapidly in high CO2 than in low. Under low CO2 total leaf water potential decreased to a lower value than osmotic potential. The differences were due, at least in part, to the reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration rate under high CO2.Increased CO2 ameliorated the detrimental effects of drought stress on plant growth. The results indicate that increased CO2 could differentially affect the relative drought resistance of species cultivars.

Seasonal changes in leaf water potential components in two almond cultivars

1993 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Ruíz-Sánchez ◽  
M. J. Sánchez-Blanco ◽  
J. Planes ◽  
J. J. Alarcón ◽  
A. Torrecillas
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Volume Curve ◽  
Pressure Volume Curve ◽  
Leaf Osmotic Potential ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Almond Trees ◽  
Amygdalus Communis

SUMMARYAlmond trees (Amygdalus communis L. cvs Garrigues and Ramillete) were grown in the field under non-irrigated conditions in Murcia, Spain. Seasonal variations in leaf water potential components were studied in 1989. Predawn leaf water potential showed high values in both cultivars, due to the absence of soil water stress. Pressure-volume curve analysis indicated that the leaf osmotic potential at full saturation (Ψo(sat)) for cv. Garrigues remained fairly constant throughout the season. Bulk modulus of elasticity (E) showed, in both cultivars, a tendency to decrease as the season progressed. E values were higher in Ramillete than in Garrigues. The relative water content at the turgor loss point (RWCtlp) seemed to be controlled by E values. The larger relative apoplastic water content (RWCa found in Ramillete might have allowed it to retain more water at low leaf water potentials than Garrigues. These facts would support the suggestion that Ramillete is a more drought-resistant cultivar than Garrigues.

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