Grain-Filling in Wheat Plants Shaded for Brief Periods After Anthesis

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 629 ◽  
Author(s):  
CF Jenner
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Early Stages

Plants of wheat (grown in a controlled environment) were subjected to brief (5-10 days) periods of shading just after the ears showed the first signs of anthesis, and afterwards were grown to maturity in full illumination. Shading resulted in smaller grains, slower rates of accumulation of dry matter in the grains, and lower final grain weights. Shading cut down contemporaneously the provision of sucrose to the developing grain but, soon after return to full illumination, the supply of sucrose was restored to levels observed in ears that had not been shaded. Moreover, the estimated concentrations of sucrose in the endosperm of grains that accumulated less dry matter as a result of shading were higher than in endosperm filling on the unshaded plants. Although shading resulted in lighter grains, the grains contained just as much protein as the unshaded ones. Trimming the ears (by removing some spikelets) of shaded plants did not influence grain weight. These responses to shading are taken as evidence for the existence of a mechanism operating during the early stages of grain development, before grain-filling begins, which can influence the capacity of the endosperm to accumulate starch. Capacity to accumulate protein is evidently not subject to the same kind of control.

Starch Synthesis in the Kernel of Wheat Under High Temperature Conditions

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 791 ◽  
Author(s):  
CF Jenner
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Temperature Responses

As temperature rises above 18-22�C, the observed decrease in the duration of deposition of dry matter in the kernel is not accompanied by a compensating increase in the rate of grain filling with the result that grain weight (and yield) is diminished at high temperature. Reduced starch content accounts for most of the reduction in grain dry matter at high temperature. Responses to temperature in the low temperature range, 20-30�C (the LTR), could possibly be ascribed to the temperature response characteristics of the reaction catalysed by soluble starch synthase (SSS), the enzyme synthesising starch. However, the rate of cell enlargement and the rate of accumulation of nitrogen in the grain also do not increase much as temperature rises, so other explanations are conceivable for the temperature responses in the LTR. Variation amongst cultivars of wheat in tolerance of high temperature is evident in the LTR. At temperatures above 30�C (in the high temperature range (HTR) between 30 and 40�C), even for short periods, the rate of starch deposition is slower than that observed at lower temperatures, an effect which is carried over after transfer from high to lower temperatures. This response is attributable to a reduction in the activity, possibly due to thermal denaturation, of SSS. Several forms of SSS are found in cereal endosperm, and some forms may be more tolerant of high temperature than others. Loss of enzyme activity at high temperature is swift, but is partly restored some time after transfer from hot to cool conditions. There appear to be two distinct mechanisms of response to elevated temperature, both resulting in a reduced grain weight through reduced starch deposition, but one of them is important only in the range of temperature above 30�C.

Effects of a period of high temperature during grain filling on the grain growth characteristics and malting quality of three Australian malting barleys

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. B. Wallwork ◽  
S. J. Logue ◽  
L. C. MacLeod ◽  
C. F. Jenner
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Modification ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Heat Treated

Short periods of high temperatures (up to 35°C) during mid grain filling appear to reduce yield and quality in barley. Plants of 3 malting barley varieties, Schooner, Arapiles, and Sloop (a new South Australian malting variety), were grown under constant environment conditions from germination to maturity and exposed to 5 days of high temperatures (up to 35°C) during mid grain filling. Schooner and Sloop showed similar patterns of accumulation of dry matter under control conditions (21°C/16°C, day/night temperature) and in response to high temperatures. In all varieties, the reduction in starch accumulation represented the most significant detrimental effect of high temperature and made the greatest contribution to the reduction in final grain weight. The reduction in absolute grain nitrogen (N) in heat-treated Arapiles grains represents a potentially important response under high temperature conditions. In this study, water loss did not have a decisive role in the termination of grain filling. Continued accumulation of endosperm dry matter at low moisture levels suggested that water distribution and/or components of water potential may be more important than overall water content in the cessation of grain filling. Final grain composition depended not only on the amount of endosperm storage component present in the grain but also on the contribution of the non-endosperm components (including the embryo and husk) to final grain dry weight. In some cases, changes in the contribution made by the non-endosperm components of the grain to final grain weight masked important high temperature effects on key endosperm storage components. Hot water extract (HWE) values were similar within treatments and ranged from 73% to 78%. High temperature exposure reduced HWE for all varieties. Malt b-glucan was lower in heat-treated grains than in control grains. Despite relatively high malt protein levels in all varieties, higher free amino N levels in heat-treated grains indicated a higher protein modification than in control grains.

Genotypic variation in osmotic adjustment in grain sorghum. II. Relation with some growth attributes

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 759 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Tangpremsri ◽  
S Fukai ◽  
KS Fischer ◽  
RG Henzell
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Positive Effect

Two sets containing large numbers (23 and 47 entries) of sorghum genotypes were grown in the glasshouse to examine the effect of osmotic adjustment on water extraction, dry matter growth and grain yield. Water stress was developed in two periods, one before and one after anthesis. The results were similar in the two experiments despite a large difference in the genetic background of the plant material. Since osmotic potential did not differ significantly among genotypes before water stress was induced, osmotic potential obtained under stress was used directly to indicate the genotype's ability to adjust osmotically. Osmotic adjustment was positively associated with green leaf area retention during grain filling and to root length density at 70 cm depth. Genotypes with high osmotic adjustment used more water during the second drying period. As a result, total dry matter was well related to osmotic adjustment during grain filling, but grain yield was negatively associated with osmotic adjustment in one experiment and not significantly related in the other. When comparison was made for lines which had similar leaf water potential during early stages of growth but which differed in osmotic adjustment during grain filling, there was still a positive effect of osmotic adjustment on total dry matter. This suggests that the positive effect was not caused by large plants extracting more water during early stages of growth, but was due to the difference in line's ability to extract water during grain filling.

scholarly journals Pericarp growth dynamics associate with final grain weight in wheat under contrasting plant densities and increased night temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (6) ◽  
pp. 1063-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Herrera ◽  
Daniel F Calderini
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Density Control ◽  
Plant Densities

Abstract Background and Aims The pericarp weight comprises <17 % of wheat grain weight at harvest. The pericarp supports the hydration and nutrition of both the embryo and endosperm during early grain filling. However, studies of the pericarp and its association with final grain weight have been scarce. This research studied the growth dynamics of wheat pericarp from anthesis onwards and its relationship to final grain weight under contrasting plant densities and night warming. Methods Two spring wheat cultivars contrasting in kernel weight (Bacanora and Kambara) were sown in field conditions during seasons 2012–13 and 2014–15. Both genotypes were grown under contrasting plant density (control, 370 plants m–2; and low plant density, 44 plants m–2) and night temperatures, i.e. at ambient and increased (>6 °C) temperature for short periods before and after anthesis. From anthesis onward, grains were harvested every 3 or 4 d. Grain samples were measured and the pericarp was removed with a scalpel. Whole grain and pericarp fresh and dry weight were weighed with a precision balance. At harvest, 20 grains from ten spikes were weighed and grain dimensions were measured. Key Results Fresh weight, dry matter and water content of pericarp dynamics showed a maximum between 110 and 235 °Cd. Maximum dry matter of the pericarp ranged between 4.3 and 5.7 mg, while water content achieved values of up to 12.5 mg. Maximum values and their timings were affected by the genotype, environmental condition and grain position. Final grain weight was closely associated with maximum dry matter and water content of the pericarp. Conclusions Maximum pericarp weight is a determinant of grain weight and size in wheat, which is earlier than other traits considered as key determinants of grain weight during grain filling. Better growing conditions increased maximum pericarp weight, while higher temperature negatively affected this trait.

scholarly journals Diethyl Aminoethyl Hexanoate Increase Relay Strip Intercropping Soybean Grain by Optimizing Photosynthesis Aera and Delaying Leaf Senescence

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Luo ◽  
Xiaoting Yuan ◽  
Chen Xie ◽  
Shanshan Liu ◽  
Ping Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Strip Intercropping ◽  
Pod Number

Insufficient and unbalanced biomass supply inhibited soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield formation in the maize-soybean relay strip intercropping (IS) and monoculture soybean (SS). A field experiment was conducted to explore the soybean yield increase mechanism of DA-6 in IS and SS treatments. In this 2-year experiment, compact maize “Denghai 605” and shade-tolerant soybean “Nandou 25” were selected as cultivated materials. DA-6 with four concentrations, i.e., 0 mg/L (CK), 40 mg/L (D40), 60 mg/L (D60), and 80 mg/L (D80), were sprayed on soybean leaves at the beginning of flowering stage of soybean. Results showed that DA-6 treatments significantly (p < 0.05) increased soybean grain yield, and the yield increase ratio was higher in IS than SS. The leaf area index values and net photosynthesis rate of IS peaked at D60 and were increased by 32.2–49.3% and 24.1–27.2% compared with the corresponding CK. Similarly, DA-6 treatments increased the aboveground dry matter and the amount of soybean dry matter accumulation from the R1 stage to the R8 stage (VDMT) and highest at D60 both in IS and SS. D60 increased the VDMT by 29.0–47.1% in IS and 20.7–29.2% in SS. The TRG at D60 ranged 72.4–77.6% in IS and 61.4–62.5% in SS. The MDA content at D60 treatment was decreased by 38.3% in IS and 25.8% in SS. The active grain-filling day in IS was about 7 days longer than in SS. In D60 treatment, the Vmean and Vmax increased by 6.5% and 6.5% in IS and 5.7% and 4.3% in SS compared with the corresponding CK. Although the pod number and hundred-grain weight were significantly (p < 0.05) increased by DA-6 treatments, the grains per pod were maintained stable. The pod number and hundred-grain weight were increased by 30.1–36.8% and 4.5–6.7% in IS and 6.3–13% and 3.6–5.6% in SS. Thus, the grain yield at D60 was increased by 36.7–38.4% in IS and 21.7–26.6% in SS. DA-6 treatments significantly (p < 0.05) increased soybean grain yield and peaked D60 treatments both in IS and SS.

Responses to Brief Periods of Elevated Temperature in Ears and Grains of Wheat

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 549 ◽  
Author(s):  
SS Bhullar ◽  
CF Jenner
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Low Humidity

Brief warming of wheat ears reduced total grain weight, due mainly to a reduction in individual grain weight but also to a small reduction (2.6-12.8%) in grain number. Warming of ears reduced the water content of the grain, independently of humidity of the air with which the ears were warmed. Warming ears at high humidity accelerated the rate of dry matter accumulation as compared to warming at low humidity but both treatments resulted in a reduction of final weight per grain. The effect of temperature, and interaction with humidity, on grain dry matter accumulation are not due to changes in the water or osmotic potential of the grain. Warming the ears reduced temporarily the amount of sucrose and other soluble sugars in the grain, but not in the rachis or the floral organs. It seems unlikely that the supply of sugars available for distribution to the grain is depressed by elevated temperature, nor were reduced rates of grain- filling at elevated temperature simpiy related to apparent concentrations of sucrose within the grain: ripening and senescence of the pericarp were hastened by warming the ears, and these responses were not accompanied by reductions in the levels of sugars in the grain.

Grain yield, dry matter, and nitrogen accumulation in the grains of durum wheat and spring triticale cultivars grown in a Mediterranean environment

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Giunta ◽  
Rosella Motzo
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Unit Surface ◽  
Lower Protein

Comparisons among species can be a valuable approach to identifying traits important for plant breeding. Differences between 2 durum wheat (Duilio and Creso) and 1 triticale (Antares) cultivar have been analysed in a 2-year field trial in Sardinia (Italy), in order to define a more productive durum wheat ideotype for Mediterranean-type environments. The greater grain yield (569 v. 447 g/m2) and the lower protein percentage (9.2 v. 10.6%) of triticale cv. Antares compared with the durum wheat cultivars, at a similar level of biomass produced at heading, were analysed in terms of number of grains per unit surface and rate and duration of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) accumulation, calculated from a logistic curve. When the single grains were considered, Antares showed a lower rate but a longer duration of DM and N accumulation in the more favourable season, resulting in lower DM (40 v. 54 mg) and N (0.7 v. 1.0 mg) contents in the grain. On the other hand, when data were expressed on a per unit surface basis, the greater spike fertility of Antares (53 v. 39 grains per spike) and its longer duration of accumulation, were responsible for similar or even greater amounts of DM and N accumulated in the grains per m2. Growth rate of single grains, although able to explain differences in single grain weight, cannot explain differences in grain weight per m2 and hence in yield, which mainly result from variation in the number of grains per spike. Nitrogen percentage of the grains decreased from the maximum values observed at the beginning of grain filling, until a constant final value attained before the end of DM and N accumulation. Rate is more important than duration in determining the quality characteristics of grains, as higher grain weights and protein percentages correspond to higher rates of DM and N accumulation.

Photosynthetic Characteristics, Dry Matter Accumulation and Translocation, Grain Filling Parameter of Three Main Maize Varieties in Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian-Jun XU ◽  
Tian-Fang LYU ◽  
Jiu-Ran ZHAO ◽  
Rong-Huan WANG ◽  
Chuan-Yong CHEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Photosynthetic Characteristics ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Maize Varieties

N Deprivation in Maize During Grain‐Filling. I. Accumulation of Dry Matter, Nitrate‐N, and Sulfate‐S 1

1979 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Friedrich ◽  
L. E. Schrader ◽  
E. V. Nordheim
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Nitrate N

scholarly journals Genome Wide Analysis of the Transcriptional Profiles in Different Regions of the Developing Rice Grains

Rice ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting-Ying Wu ◽  
Marlen Müller ◽  
Wilhelm Gruissem ◽  
Navreet K. Bhullar
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Aleurone Layer ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Sequence Motifs ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Dna Sequence Motifs

Abstract Background Rice is an important food source for humans worldwide. Because of its nutritional and agricultural significance, a number of studies addressed various aspects of rice grain development and grain filling. Nevertheless, the molecular processes underlying grain filling and development, and in particular the contributions of different grain tissues to these processes, are not understood. Main Text Using RNA-sequencing, we profiled gene expression activity in grain tissues comprised of cross cells (CC), the nucellar epidermis (NE), ovular vascular trace (OVT), endosperm (EN) and the aleurone layer (AL). These tissues were dissected using laser capture microdissection (LCM) at three distinct grain development stages. The mRNA expression datasets offer comprehensive and new insights into the gene expression patterns in different rice grain tissues and their contributions to grain development. Comparative analysis of the different tissues revealed their similar and/or unique functions, as well as the spatio-temporal regulation of common and tissue-specific genes. The expression patterns of genes encoding hormones and transporters indicate an important role of the OVT tissue in metabolite transport during grain development. Gene co-expression network prediction on OVT-specific genes identified several distinct and common development-specific transcription factors. Further analysis of enriched DNA sequence motifs proximal to OVT-specific genes revealed known and novel DNA sequence motifs relevant to rice grain development. Conclusion Together, the dataset of gene expression in rice grain tissues is a novel and useful resource for further work to dissect the molecular and metabolic processes during rice grain development.

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