Characterization and Localization of β-Lectins in Lower and Higher Plants

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 707 ◽  
Author(s):  
AE Clarke ◽  
PA Gleeson ◽  
MA Jermyn ◽  
RB Knox
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Arabinogalactan Proteins ◽  
Carbohydrate Composition ◽  
Hedera Helix ◽  
Specific Staining ◽  
Intense Staining ◽  
Secretory Canals ◽  
Lower Plants

The presence of a class of arabinogalactan proteins, known as β-lectins, as detected by their interaction with the Yariv antigen, has been extended from earlier work (Jermyn and Yeow 1975) to include a number of lower plants. A comparison is made of the amino acid and carbohydrate composition of β-lectins isolated from green leaves and seeds from a number of species. The protein content of the isolated β-lectins from leaves has a range of 3-8%, while those examined from seeds have a more variable protein content. The amino acid compositions of the β-lectins from both leaves and seeds are generally similar, usually with high levels of serine, glycine, alanine and hydroxyproline. The monosaccharide compositions are also similar with an overall range of galactose/arabinose values between 1.3 and 2.8. Trace amounts of fucose, rhamnose, mannose and xylose are often detected. The β-lectins were localized in various tissues using the Yariv antigen as a histochemical reagent. Intense staining was observed within the secretory canals of both the stem and leaves of Hedera helix. However, the staining of the leaves and petioles of Zantedeschia and Alocasia species was mainly associated with the plasma membrane and the cell wall of the aerenchyma. Specific staining is also reported in the reproductive tissues of Gladiolus and the possible function of the β-lectins is these highly specialised tissues is discussed.

scholarly journals Biosynthetis of phytoquinones. Biosynthetic origins of the nuclei and satellite methyl groups of plastoquinone, tocopherols and tocopherolquinones in maize shoots, bean shoots and ivy leaves

1968 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
G R Whistance ◽  
D R Threlfall
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Aromatic Ring ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Homogentisic Acid ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Hedera Helix ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Dilution Experiments

1. By using dl-[ring−14C]phenylalanine, dl-[β−14C]phenylalanine, dl-[α−14C]-tyrosine and dl-[β−14C]tyrosine it was shown that in maize shoots (Zea mays) the nucleus and one nuclear methyl group of each of the following compounds, plastoquinone, γ-tocopherol (aromatic nucleus) and α-tocopherolquinone, are formed from the nuclear carbon atoms and β-carbon atom respectively of either exogenous phenylalanine or exogenous tyrosine. With ubiquinone only the aromatic ring of the amino acid is used in the synthesis of the quinone nucleus. Chemical degradation of plastoquinone and γ-tocopherol molecules labelled from l-[U−14C]tyrosine established that a C6–C1 unit directly derived from the amino acid is involved in the synthesis of these compounds. Radioactivity from [β−14C]cinnamic acid is not incorporated into plastoquinone, tocopherols or tocopherolquinones, demonstrating that the C6–C1 unit is not formed from any of the C6–C1 phenolic acids associated with the metabolism of this compound. 2. The incorporation of radioactivity from l-[U−14C]tyrosine, dl-[β−14C]tyrosine and dl-[U−14C]phenylalanine into bean shoots (Phaseolus vulgaris) and dl-[β−14C]tyrosine and l-[Me−14C]methionine into ivy leaves (Hedera helix) was also investigated. Similar results were obtained to those reported for maize, except that in beans phenylalanine is only used for ubiquinone biosynthesis. This is attributed to the absence of phenylalanine hydroxylase from these tissues. In ivy leaves it is found that the β-carbon atom of tyrosine gives rise to the 8-methyl group of δ-tocopherol, and it is suggested that for all other compounds examined it will give rise to the nuclear methyl group meta to the polyprenyl unit. 3. Preliminary investigations with the alga Euglena gracilis showed that in this organism ring-opening of tyrosine occurs to such an extent that the incorporation data from radiochemical experiments are meaningless. 4. The above results, coupled with previous observations, are interpreted as showing that in higher plants the nucleus of ubiquinone can be formed from either phenylalanine or tyrosine by a pathway involving as intermediates p-coumaric acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Plastoquinone, tocopherols and α-tocopherolquinone are formed from p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate by a pathway in which the aromatic ring and C-3 of the side chain give rise respectively to the nucleus and to one nuclear methyl group. 5. Dilution experiments provided evidence that in maize shoots p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid and homogentisic acid (produced from p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid) are involved in plastoquinone biosynthesis, and presumably the biosynthesis of related compounds: however, other possible intermediates in the conversion including toluquinol (the aglycone of the proposed key intermediate) showed no dilution effects. Further, radioactivity from [Me−14C]toluquinol is not incorporated into any of the compounds examined. 6. Dilution experiments with 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and radioactive-labelling experiments with 3,4-dihydroxy[U−14C]benzoic acid demonstrated that these compounds are not involved in the biosynthesis of either ubiquinone or phylloquinone in maize shoots. 7. Evidence is also presented to show that in maize shoots ring-opening of the aromatic amino acids takes place. The suggestion is offered that this may take place via homogentisic acid, as in animals and some micro-organisms.

scholarly journals Effects of urban atmospheric particulate matter on higher plants using Lycopersicon esculentum as model species

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Hubai ◽  
Nora Kováts ◽  
Gábor Teke
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Atmospheric Particulate Matter ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Atmospheric Particulate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Treatment Experiment

AbstractAtmospheric particulate matter (PM) is one of the major environmental concerns in Europe. A wide range of studies has proved the ecotoxic potential of atmospheric particles. PM exerts chemical stress on vegetation by its potentially toxic constituents; however, relatively few studies are available on assessing phytotoxic effects under laboratory conditions. In our study, aqueous extract of particulate matter was prepared and used for treatment. Experiment was following the procedure defined by the No. 227 OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals: Terrestrial Plant Test. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were used; elucidated toxicity was assessed based on morphological and biochemical endpoints such as biomass, chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b, carotenoids, and protein content. Biomass reduction and protein content showed a clear dose–effect relationship; the biomass decreased in comparison with the control (100%) in all test groups (TG) at a steady rate (TG1: 87.73%; TG2: 71.77%; TG3: 67.01%; TG4: 63.63%). The tendency in protein concentrations compared to the control was TG1: 113.61%; TG2: 148.21% TG3: 160.52%; TG4: 157.31%. However, pigments showed a ‘Janus-faced’ effect: nutrient content of the sample caused slight increase at lower doses; actual toxicity became apparent only at higher doses (chlorophyll-a concentration decrease was 84.47% in TG4, chlorophyll-b was 77.17%, and finally, carotene showed 83.60% decrease in TG4).

scholarly journals Comprehensive analysis of SSRs and database construction using all complete gene-coding sequences in major horticultural and representative plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Song ◽  
Qihang Yang ◽  
Yun Bai ◽  
Ke Gong ◽  
Tong Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Flowering Genes ◽  
Database Construction ◽  
Myb Gene ◽  
Gene Coding ◽  
Lower Plants

AbstractSimple sequence repeats (SSRs) are one of the most important genetic markers and widely exist in most species. Here, we identified 249,822 SSRs from 3,951,919 genes in 112 plants. Then, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of these SSRs and constructed a plant SSR database (PSSRD). Interestingly, more SSRs were found in lower plants than in higher plants, showing that lower plants needed to adapt to early extreme environments. Four specific enriched functional terms in the lower plant Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were detected when it was compared with seven other higher plants. In addition, Guanylate_cyc existed in more genes of lower plants than of higher plants. In our PSSRD, we constructed an interactive plotting function in the chart interface, and users can easily view the detailed information of SSRs. All SSR information, including sequences, primers, and annotations, can be downloaded from our database. Moreover, we developed Web SSR Finder and Batch SSR Finder tools, which can be easily used for identifying SSRs. Our database was developed using PHP, HTML, JavaScript, and MySQL, which are freely available at http://www.pssrd.info/. We conducted an analysis of the Myb gene families and flowering genes as two applications of the PSSRD. Further analysis indicated that whole-genome duplication and whole-genome triplication played a major role in the expansion of the Myb gene families. These SSR markers in our database will greatly facilitate comparative genomics and functional genomics studies in the future.

An avian serum .alpha.1-glycoprotein, hemopexin, differing significantly in both amino acid and carbohydrate composition from mammalian (.beta.-glycoprotein) counterparts

Biochemistry ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 6555-6562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Goldfarb ◽  
Robert B. Trimble ◽  
Maria De Falco ◽  
Heng Liem ◽  
Sylvia A. Metcalfe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Carbohydrate Composition

Inter-annual and seasonal dynamics of amino acid, mineral and vitamin composition of silver belly Leiognathus splendens

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kajal Chakraborty ◽  
Deepu Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
The South ◽  
Post Monsoon ◽  
South West ◽  
South West Coast ◽  
Protein Amino Acids

Silver bellies, Leiognathus splendens were studied for their spatial (south-west and south-east coasts of India), annual (2008–2011) and seasonal (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon) variations of protein, amino acids, vitamins and minerals. The monthly mean Sea Viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor data for the period from January 2008 to December 2011 were taken into account to indicate the distribution of the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll-a to test the hypothesis that surface productivity might be related to nutritional biochemistry of this species. The four year average total protein content and chlorophyll-a showed good correlation during monsoon on the south-west coast and monsoon/post-monsoon on the south-east coast, suggesting that the protein content is prejudiced by the chlorophyll-a concentration. Amino acid scores observed monsoon maxima along the south-west and south-east coasts. Significant seasonal variations in vitamin content were observed at the study locations with high content of vitamins D3, E, K1 and C on the south-west coast. Na content was maximal during pre-monsoon on the south-west coast, while post-monsoon maxima of Ca and K content were observed. The Fe, Mn and Zn were abundant in the samples collected from the south-west coast. The concentration of Se exhibited maximum values post-monsoon along the south-west and south-east coasts. The present study demonstrated L. splendens as a valuable source of the protein, amino acids, minerals and vitamins, showing that this low-value species is a good source of well balanced proteins with high biological value to be qualified as a preferred healthy food for human consumption.

scholarly journals Tamm–Horsfall urinary glycoprotein. The chemical composition

1970 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Fletcher ◽  
A. Neuberger ◽  
Wendy A. Ratcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Performic Acid ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Carbohydrate Composition ◽  
Thiol Groups ◽  
Terminal Amino Acid ◽  
Cystine Content ◽  
Terminal Amino ◽  
Urinary Glycoprotein

1. A revised amino acid and carbohydrate composition of human Tamm–Horsfall glycoprotein is presented. 2. No significant differences were obtained in the amino acid composition of Tamm–Horsfall glycoprotein isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis. 3. The glycoprotein was shown to possess a high half-cystine content of 1 per 11–12 amino acid residues, which has been confirmed by performic acid oxidation and S-alkylation with iodoacetate and iodoacetamide. No thiol groups were detected in the glycoprotein. 4. Treatment of the glycoprotein with 0.5m-sodium hydroxide at 4°C for 2 days did not release heterosaccharide material, which suggests that the predominant carbohydrate–protein linkages present are not of the O-glycosidic type. 5. No N-terminal amino acid was detected in the glycoprotein.

scholarly journals Amino Acid Composition of Milk from Cow, Sheep and Goat Raised in Ailano and Valle Agricola, Two Localities of ‘Alto Casertano’ (Campania Region)

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2431
Author(s):  
Nicola Landi ◽  
Sara Ragucci ◽  
Antimo Di Maro
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Campania Region

Cow, sheep and goat raw milk raised in Ailano and Valle Agricola territories (‘Alto Casertano’, Italy) were characterized (raw proteins, free and total amino acids content) to assess milk quality. Raw milk with the highest total protein content is sheep milk followed by goat and cow milk from both localities. Total amino acid content in cow, goat and sheep raw milk is 4.58, 4.81 and 6.62 g per 100 g, respectively, in which the most abundant amino acid is glutamic acid (~20.36 g per 100 g of proteins). Vice versa, the free amino acids content characteristic profiles are different for each species. In particular, the most abundant free amino acid in cow, sheep and goat raw milk is glutamic acid (9.07 mg per 100 g), tyrosine (4.72 mg per 100 g) and glycine (4.54 mg per 100 g), respectively. In addition, goat raw milk is a source of taurine (14.92 mg per 100 g), retrieved in low amount in cow (1.38 mg per 100 g) and sheep (2.10 mg per 100 g) raw milk. Overall, raw milk from ‘Alto Casertano’ show a high total protein content and are a good source of essential amino acids.

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