Natural and Ethephon-Stimulated Ripening of F1 Hybrids of the Ripening Inhibitor (rin) and Non-Ripening (nor) Mutants of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
EC Tigchelaar ◽  
WB Mcglasson ◽  
MJ Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Double Mutant ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Genetic Event ◽  
Endogenous Ethylene ◽  
Ripening Inhibitor ◽  
Ethephon Treatment ◽  
Polygalacturonase Activity ◽  
Rin Mutant

The ripening inhibitor (rin) and non-ripening (nor) mutants each contribute additively as heterozygotes to delay ripening as measured by time from anthesis to the respiratory peak. The rin mutant as a heterozygote has no effect on the magnitude of the respiratory rise, whereas nor reduces the respiratory peak to about 50% of normal. The respiratory rise is further reduced to about 25% of normal in the double mutant hybrid (+ rin, + nor). Peak ethylene and fruit carotene production is reduced about 50% in single mutant hybrids and to 25% of normal in the double mutant hybrid. Polygalacturonase activity 5 days after the respiratory peak in heterozygotes of rin and nor and the double mutant hybrid was 35, 25 and 10% of normal, respectively. Ethephon treatment hastened ripening in all genotypes, but the magnitude of specific ripening events was determined by genotype. The mode of action of these mutants is not directly through endogenous ethylene but probably via a slow change which precedes the ethylene rise and other concomitant ripening changes. It is proposed that polygalacturonase synthesis or activation may represent the primary genetic event which is inhibited in the mutants and attenuated in mutant hybrids.

Characterization of tomato fruit ripening and analysis of gene expression in F1 hybrids of the ripening inhibitor (rin) mutant

2005 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamiko Kitagawa ◽  
Hirotaka Ito ◽  
Takeo Shiina ◽  
Nobutaka Nakamura ◽  
Takahiro Inakuma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening ◽  
Ripening Inhibitor ◽  
Rin Mutant

Evaluation of Fsub(1) hybrids incorporating the rin (ripening inhibitor) gene to improve the storage life and fruit quality of fresh market tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
VQ Nguyen ◽  
WJ Ashcroft ◽  
KH Jones ◽  
WB McGlasson
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Storage Life ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Heterozygous Condition ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Ripening Inhibitor ◽  
Tomato Cultivars ◽  
Ripe Stage

Four new F1 hybrids which incorporate the ripening inhibitor (rin) tomato mutation were compared with standard commercial tomato cultivars, including Flora-Dade, for the fresh market in New South Wales and Victoria. The rin gene, in the heterozygous condition, delayed the start of ripening by a few days, increased the interval between breaker and full ripe from 5 to 7 days compared with commercial cultivars, and increased the storage life of ripe fruits from 28 to 40 days at 20�C. There were no significant differences between the level of red colour developed by the rin hybrids and reference tomatoes; however, the rin hybrid fruits took 4 days longer to reach full red colour. The fruits of rin hybrid were as firm as the reference tomatoes when picked at breaker and stored at 20�C for 6 days. However, rin hybrid fruits were significantly (P<0.05) firmer than those of reference tomatoes when harvested at a full ripe stage. Of the 4 rin hybrids tested, HRAS 87-70, which showed the most promise, was released in February 1990 as 'Red Centre'.

scholarly journals The murine H-2.7 specificity is an antigenic determinant of C4d, a fragment of the fourth component of the complement system.

1980 ◽  
Vol 151 (6) ◽  
pp. 1424-1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Ferreira ◽  
C S David ◽  
V Nussenzweig
Keyword(s):  
Complement System ◽  
Antigenic Determinant ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Gamma Chain ◽  
Genetic Event ◽  
Isoelectric Points ◽  
Edta Plasma ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Fourth Component ◽  
The Complement System

The S region of H-2 controls a polymorphism of the gamma-chain of C4 (gamma 1, gamma 2, and gamma 3) as shown by differences in their isoelectric points. The G region of H-2 was defined by the presence of an alloantigen (H-2.7) on erythrocytes and serum. We found that antisera to H-2.7 immunoprecipitated C4 and no other protein from mouse EDTA-plasma. Furthermore, all H-2.7-positive strains bear C4-gamma 1, and conversely, H-2.7-negative mice bear C4-gamma 2 or gamma 3 (with one exception; see below). The H-2.7 specificity resides on C4d, a 45,000-mol wt fragment generated from the cleavage of the alpha'-chain of C4b by serum control proteins. Because the C4d fragment bears the labile binding site of C4 for cell membranes, it is likely that the erythrocyte alloantigen is acquired from serum as a result of the activation of C4. On the basis of these findings, the existence of a separate G locus is unlikely. Our results also show that C4-gamma 1 and C4-gamma 2 differ from each other at least in their alpha- and gamma-chains, and may represent complex allotypes. No trans effects were observed in F1 hybrids between H-2.7-positive and -negative mice. Mice that bear the k allele in the S region are exceptional in two respects: they are C4-deficient and their C4 molecules bear gamma 2 chains and the H-2.7 alloantigen. Perhaps the low levels of C4 are a consequence of the genetic event leading to this unusual alpha-gamma-chain combination.

scholarly journals 573 Enhancing Red Color Development Without Over-ripening Apples by AVG (Aminoethoxyvinylglycine) Followed by Ethephon Treatment

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 495A-495
Author(s):  
Zhenyong Wang ◽  
David R. Dilley
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Life Evaluation ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Endogenous Ethylene ◽  
Ethephon Treatment ◽  
And Control

AVG applied alone to `Gala' and `Jonagold' apples delayed maturity and the onset of the ethylene climacteric and delayed red color development. AVG followed by ethephon delayed maturity and the onset of the ethylene climacteric, but promoted red color development of both cultivars. Ethephon applied alone advanced maturity, ethylene production, ripening, and red color development compared to AVG alone. In other studies, the ripening-related effects of these treatments were reflected in the storability of fruit in CA storage. AVG - and AVG + ethephon-treated fruit were still at preclimacteric ethylene levels after 6 months in CA storage, with excellent retention of flesh firmness and shelf-life, while ethephon and control fruits had significantly higher ethylene levels and softened more during storage and shelf-life evaluation. Collectively, our results indicate that an ethephon application following AVG treatment may be useful to overcome the delay of red color development of apples treated with AVG only and that this can be achieved without overly stimulating fruit ripening. Thus, a once-over harvest of `Gala' and `Jonagold' apples may be achieved with a significant reduction in harvest costs. We attribute the promotion of red color development of apples receiving AVG treatment with a follow-up application of ethephon to the action of ethylene temporally-released from ethephon stimulating the development of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, while AVG inhibits the development of the endogenous ethylene climacteric. Inhibiting endogenous ethylene production delays fruit from producing their own ethylene. We attribute maturation uniformity to the action of AVG allowing the less mature fruits to gain maturity while slowing maturity development of the more mature fruits. Improved storability of AVG + ethephon-treated fruit is attributed to the same ethylene-related phenomena.

scholarly journals Chitosan Effects on Blackmold Rot and Pathogenic Factors Produced by Alternaria alternata in Postharvest Tomatoes

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (6) ◽  
pp. 742-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.V. Bhaskara Reddy ◽  
Paul Angers ◽  
Francois Castaigne ◽  
Joseph Arul
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Chelating Agents ◽  
Pectate Lyase ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Pathogenic Factors ◽  
Host Specific Toxins ◽  
Polygalacturonase Activity

Stem scar application of chitosan inhibited growth and production of pathogenic factors by blackmold rot [Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl.] in challenged tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit stored at 20 °C for 28 days. Blackmold lesions were visible within 4 days of inoculation in control fruit, compared with >7 days in chitosantreated fruit. Macerating enzyme activity (polygalacturonase, pectate lyase, and cellulase) in the tissue in the vicinity of the lesions was <50% in chitosan-treated fruit compared with control fruit. Chitosan also inhibited production of oxalic and fumaric acids (chelating agents) and host-specific toxins such as alternariol and alternariol monomethylether by the fungus. The pH of the infected tissue decreased from 4.7 to 4.0 in the control fruit, the optimum for polygalacturonase activity, while the pH of chitosan-treated fruit remained at 4.6. In addition, chitosan also induced production of rishitin (a phytoalexin) in tomato tissue. Such chitosan-pathogen-host interactions may be exploited in the control of postharvest pathogens of fresh fruit and vegetables.

scholarly journals A Study of Triploid Tomato Fruit Attributes

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Kagan-Zur ◽  
D. Yaron-Miron ◽  
Y. Mizrahi
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Polygalacturonase Activity

A spontaneous tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) triploid was studied with a view to its commercialization. Fruits induced by auxin contained 50% more DNA and 30% more protein than their diploid counterpart. The fruits were 50% larger than those of the diploid counterpart and were juicy but seedless. All fruit quality characteristics checked (polygalacturonase activity, reducing sugars content, electrical conductivity, pH, titratable acidity, pigment content, and shelf life) were comparable to the diploid except for ethylene evolution rate, which was lower than that of the diploid counterpart, and flavor, which was superior. The line seems suitable for agricultural cultivation.

A Genetic Map of Tomato Based on BC1 Lycopersicon esculentum × Solanum lycopersicoides Reveals Overall Synteny but Suppressed Recombination Between These Homeologous Genomes

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 154 (2) ◽  
pp. 857-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger T Chetelat ◽  
Vladimir Meglic ◽  
Pedro Cisneros
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Chiasma Formation ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Recombination Suppression ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicoides ◽  
Marker Loci ◽  
Homeologous Recombination

Abstract F1 hybrids between the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and the wild nightshade Solanum lycopersicoides are male sterile and unilaterally incompatible, breeding barriers that impede further crosses to tomato. Meiosis is disrupted in 2× hybrids, with reduced chiasma formation and frequent univalents, but is normal in allotetraploid hybrids, indicating the genomes are homeologous. In this study, a partially male-fertile F1 was backcrossed to tomato, producing the first BC1 population suitable for genetic mapping from this cross. BC1 plants were genotyped at marker loci to study the transmission of wild alleles and to measure rates of homeologous recombination. The pattern of segregation distortion, in favor of homozygotes on chromosomes 2 and 5 and heterozygotes on chromosomes 6 and 9, suggested linkage to a small number of loci under selection on each chromosome. Genome ratios nonetheless fit Mendelian expectations. Resulting genetic maps were essentially colinear with existing tomato maps but showed an overall reduction in recombination of ~27%. Recombination suppression was observed for all chromosomes except 9 and 12, affected both proximal and distal regions, and was most severe on chromosome 10 (70% reduction). Recombination between markers on the long arm of this chromosome was completely eliminated, suggesting a lack of colinearity between S. lycopersicoides and L. esculentum homeologues in this region. Results are discussed with respect to phylogenetic relationships between the species and their potential use for studies of homeologous pairing and recombination in a diploid plant genome.

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