Salinity Damage to Norfolk Island Pines Caused by Surfactants. III. Evidence for Stomatal Penetration as the Pathway of Salt Entry to Leaves

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Grieve ◽  
MG Pitman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Contact Angle ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Water Spray ◽  
Araucaria Heterophylla ◽  
Norfolk Island ◽  
Advancing Contact Angle ◽  
Sea Coast

The paper describes the effect of varied surfactant concentrations on penetration of NaCl into leaves of Norfolk Island Pine, Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco. It confirms that the damage observed along the sea-coast in Sydney is similar to that produced by high NaCl levels in the foliage. The effect of surfactant in increasing NaCl uptake from sea-water spray is related to the reduction in surface tension and to the advancing contact angle of the spray on the leaf surface. It is suggested that sea-spray enters A. heterophylla needles through the stomata, and that the cuticle is particularly resistant to NaCI, compared with other plant species. Similar penetration and damage was found with sprays of CaCl2, MgCl2 and KCl showing that the damage was not due specifically to NaCI.

scholarly journals Leaf surface structures enable the endemic Namib desert grass Stipagrostis sabulicola to irrigate itself with fog water

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (73) ◽  
pp. 1965-1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Roth-Nebelsick ◽  
M. Ebner ◽  
T. Miranda ◽  
V. Gottschalk ◽  
D. Voigt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Contact Angle Hysteresis ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Namib Desert ◽  
Fog Water ◽  
Water Conduction ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Advancing Contact Angle

The Namib grass Stipagrostis sabulicola relies, to a large degree, upon fog for its water supply and is able to guide collected water towards the plant base. This directed irrigation of the plant base allows an efficient and rapid uptake of the fog water by the shallow roots. In this contribution, the mechanisms for this directed water flow are analysed. Stipagrostis sabulicola has a highly irregular surface. Advancing contact angle is 98° ± 5° and the receding angle is 56° ± 9°, with a mean of both values of approximately 77°. The surface is thus not hydrophobic, shows a substantial contact angle hysteresis and therefore, allows the development of pinned drops of a substantial size. The key factor for the water conduction is the presence of grooves within the leaf surface that run parallel to the long axis of the plant. These grooves provide a guided downslide of drops that have exceeded the maximum size for attachment. It also leads to a minimum of inefficient drop scattering around the plant. The combination of these surface traits together with the tall and upright stature of S. sabulicola contributes to a highly efficient natural fog-collecting system that enables this species to thrive in a hyperarid environment.

scholarly journals Quantitative studies on the wetting of leaves by water

1947 ◽  
Vol 134 (877) ◽  
pp. 503-522 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Diurnal Fluctuation ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Triticum Vulgare ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Stomatal Behaviour ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Advancing Contact Angle

Quantitative studies on the wetting by water of the exterior surfaces of leaves of Sinapis arvensis, Triticum vulgare , and other plants, have been made, using advancing contact angle as a measure of the extent to which wetting takes place. The magnitude of the contact angle of water on a leaf surface has been found to vary regularly with the position of the leaf on the plant and to show also a characteristic diurnal fluctuation through a range which may be as much as 30°. The diurnal variations in contact angle are shown to be correlated with changes in leaf water content. On detached leaves contact angle varies markedly as wilting proceeds, this change being reversible on recovery of turgor. Evidence is presented to show that these variations in the behaviour of water on leaves are caused by changes in the degree of corrugation of the leaf surface produced by changes in the water content of the tissues. The events in the diurnal cycle are explained on this basis. The significance of the observed phenomena in connexion with the retention of water by leaves, the exchange of water and dissolved substances between leaf and water, and stomatal behaviour, is discussed.

scholarly journals KAJI EKSPERIMENTAL HIDROFOBISITAS DAUN DENGAN VARIASI VOLUME DAN BAHAN DROPLET

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-125
Author(s):  
Rachmat Subagyo ◽  
Dedi Muliadi
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Mineral Water ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
The Difference

Based on the measurement of droplet contact angle on the surface of taro leaf, droplet measurement using mineral water volume 1-5 ml respectively that is 159,325°, 154,628°, 152,430°, 151,833°, 150,199°, while in sea water that is 154,011°, 152,266°, 149,265°, 149,290°, 144,345°, and on cooking oil that is 35,407°, 40,206°, 42,825°, 46,997°, 49,807°. Based on the measurement of droplet contact angle on the surface of serai leaf, droplet measurement using mineral water volume 1-5 ml respectively that is 132,791°, 130,539°, 126,367°, 124,409°, 122,005°, while at sea water that is 126,319°, 121,409° , 118,856°, 109,273°, 106,950° and on cooking oil that is 34,683°, 36,760°, 39,739°, 43,603°, 52,837°. Based on the measurement of droplet contact angle on papaya leaf surface, droplet measurements using mineral water are 87,766°, 83,538°, 82,248°, 74,157°, 71,079°, while in sea water 84,523°, 83,059°, 80,017° , 71,346°, 70,167°, and on cooking oil are 34,367°, 38,086°, 40,597°, 43,933°, 47,339°. With the difference in fluid in each leaf, it can be seen the nature of the leaf, different leaves and different fluids in droplet droplets become related to the surface causing a decrease in contact angle.

Salinity Damage to Norfolk Island Pines Caused by Surfactants. II. Effects of Sea Water and Surfactant Mixtures on the Health of Whole Plants

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
HGM Dowden ◽  
MJ Lambert ◽  
R Truman
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Surfactant Mixtures ◽  
Araucaria Heterophylla ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Water Effects ◽  
Norfolk Island ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Shoot Necrosis

A disorder of Norfolk Island pines, Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco, has occurred on certain urbanized parts of the coast of New South Wales. Observation and survey work suggested that the disorder was due to excessive foliar uptake of salt, induced by surfactants derived from sewage discharged into the sea. The work described in this paper was part of a programme of studies designed to test this hypothesis. Glasshouse experiments were carried out to test the effects of distilled water and deep-sea water both with and without added surfactants sprayed onto the foliage of young potted Norfolk Island pines. Whereas the distilled water effects were minimal, some needle and shoot necrosis occurred in all plants sprayed with sea water and this effect was markedly accentuated when surfactant was present. Shoot necrosis was highly significantly correlated with the concentration of sodium and chloride taken up by the foliage, and the foliar salt levels were very similar to those found in deteriorating trees located by the seaside. The results showed that a commonly used surfactant, when sprayed in a sea-water solution onto Norfolk Island pine foliage, caused damage similar to that observed in affected seaside trees.

scholarly journals Influence of moisture content on the contact angle and surface tension measured on birch wood surfaces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rami Benkreif ◽  
Fatima Zohra Brahmia ◽  
Csilla Csiha
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Contact Angle ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Surface Moisture ◽  
Wood Coatings ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wood Surfaces

AbstractSurface tension of solid wood surfaces affects the wettability and thus the adhesion of various adhesives and wood coatings. By measuring the contact angle of the wood, the surface tension can be calculated based on the Young-Dupré equation. Several publications have reported on contact angle measured with different test liquids, under different conditions. Results can only be compared if the test conditions are similar. While the roles of the drop volume, image shooting time etc., are widely recognized, the role of the wood surface moisture content (MC) is not evaluated in detail. In this study, the effect of wood moisture content on contact angle values, measured with distilled water and diiodomethane, on sanded birch (Betula pendula) surfaces was investigated, in order to find the relationship between them. With increasing MC from approximately 6% to 30%, increasing contact angle (decreasing surface tension) values were measured according to a logarithmic function. The function makes possible the calculation of contact angles that correspond to different MCs.

Increasing Storage Modulus, Contact Angle and Surface Tension of Airway Mucus Increases Clearance by Simulated Cough Through a Model Trachea

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anpalaki J. Ragavan ◽  
Cahit A. Evrensel ◽  
Peter Krumpe
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Contact Angle ◽  
Storage Modulus ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Altered Surface ◽  
Human Trachea ◽  
Tension Increase ◽  
And Storage

Altered surface and viscoelastic material properties of mucus during respiratory diseases have a strong influence on its clearance by cilia and cough. Combined effects of the surface properties (contact angle and surface tension) and storage modulus with relatively unchanged viscosity on displacement of the simulated mucus aliquot during simulated cough through a model adult human trachea is investigated. For the mucus simulants used in this study contact angle and surface tension increase significantly as storage modulus increase while viscosity remains practically unchanged. Displacement of mucus simulant aliquots increased significantly with increasing storage modulus (and contact angle) at a given cough velocity in the range between 5 meters/second (m/s) and 30 m/s with duration 0.3 s. Results suggest that the interactive effects of elasticity and surface properties may help facilitate mucus displacement at low cough velocities.

The influence and importance of daily weather conditions in the supply of chloride, sulphate and other ions to fresh waters from atmospheric precipitation

1958 ◽  
Vol 244 (1236) ◽  
pp. 140-140
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Atmospheric Pollution ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Lake District ◽  
The South ◽  
Soil Weathering

This paper deals with chemical analyses for hydrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, sulphate and nitrate ions in daily precipitation samples collected in the English Lake District, and examines the correlations of these analyses with ( a ) one another, ( b ) the amount of precipitation, ( c ) wind direction, ( d ) wind velocity, and ( e ) temperature. Highly significant correlations are found between estimates for H, K, Ca, NO 3 and SO 4 ions, and atmospheric pollution appears to supply much of the sulphate in Lake District rain, since it comes largely as sulphuric acid from the south-east. The correlation between Na and Cl is also extremely close, with the proportion between the two ions very similar to that in sea water. Since these two ions are supplied mainly from the south-west, in amounts which are greatly increased by high winds, sea spray may be inferred as the principal source. Nevertheless, evidence is presented for some small supply from atmospheric pollution, and it is furthermore suggested that mixed droplets of sea salt and sulphuric acid may, upon abstraction of moisture by freezing or evaporation, release gaseous hydrogen chloride to the air and so alter the balance of Na and Cl in precipitation. The supply of Na and Cl is also considerably higher in cold than in warm weather, a phenomenon possibly connected with stormier conditions and greater evaporation over the Atlantic Ocean. The atmospheric contribution of ions to natural waters via precipitation is shown to be of great importance, in particular to bog pools, to upland tarns on hard rocks, and to the soil solution in highly organic mor humus layers overlying heavily leached hillside soils. Sodium and chloride in most surface waters appears to be almost wholly supplied by sea spray, while calcium and magnesium bicarbonates are the main products of soil weathering. A net loss of rain acids is evident in all soil waters, although some may be more acid than normal rain water owing to considerable concentration by evaporation. The soil waters are relatively rich in potassium, presumably supplied from decaying vegetation.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation of Coal Dust Wettability Based on Surface Contact Angle

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Zhou ◽  
Han Qiu ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Mao Xu ◽  
Jiayuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Contact Angle ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Coal Dust ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Critical Surface ◽  
Volume Percentage ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Specific Surface Areas

Wettability is one of the key chemical properties of coal dust, which is very important to dedusting. In this paper, the theory of liquid wetting solid was presented firstly; then, taking the gas coal of Xinglongzhuang coal mine in China as an example, by determination of critical surface tension of coal piece, it can be concluded that only when the surface tension of surfactant solution is less than 45 mN/m can the coal sample be fully wetted. Due to the effect of particle dispersity, compared with the contact angle of milled coal particle, not all the contact angles of screened coal powder with different sizes have a tendency to increase. Furthermore, by the experiments of coal samples’ specific surface areas and porosities, it can be achieved that the volume of single-point total pore decreases with the gradual decreasing of coal’s porosity, while the ultramicropores’ dispersities and multipoint BET specific surface areas increase. Besides, by a series of contact angle experiments with different surfactants, it can be found that with the increasing of porosity and the decreasing of volume percentage of ultramicropore, the contact angle tends to reduce gradually and the coal dust is much easier to get wetted.

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