Agronomic and Physiological Responses of Soybean and Sorghum Crops to Water Deficits I. Growth, Development and Yield

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
GA Constable ◽  
AB Hearn
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Area Development ◽  
Leaf Area Development

The aim of the work reported in this series of four papers was a better understanding of crop response to water deficits in an area where water available for irrigation is limited. In part I, data on the effect of frequency of irrigation, applied post-flowering, on the growth, leaf area development and yield of soybean, cvv. Bragg and Ruse, and sorghum, cv. TX610, are evaluated. Sorghum outyielded both irrigated and rainfed soybeans (5400 versus 2800 and 1800 kg ha-1, respectively). Soil water deficits during pod filling in soybeans caused early leaf death and cessation of pod filling, thus decreasing yield. Irrigation at approximately 90 mm and 135 mm soil water deficit resulted in similar yields. In sorghum and in Ruse soybeans, there was a significant (17-25%) loss in stem dry weight during grain filling, which may have been caused by the relocation of stored assimilates. In Bragg soybeans, only the rainfed plants had a loss in stem dry weight during grain filling. Differences in crop dry weight occurred later than predicted by photosynthesis measurements. Several factors could have contributed to this discrepancy, and we highlight the need for a greater understanding of the contribution from lower leaves and also of the factors affecting the storage and remobilization of reserve assimilates during grain filling.

scholarly journals Onion Response to Water Stress

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 837D-837
Author(s):  
Clinton C. Shock ◽  
Erik B.G. Feibert ◽  
Lamont D. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Granular Matrix ◽  
Response To Water

Six soil water potential irrigation criteria (–12.5 to –100 kPa) were examined to determine levels for maximum onion yield and quality. Soil water potential at 0.2-m depth was measured by tensiometers and granular matrix sensors (Watermark Model 20055, Irrometer Co., Riverside, Calif.). Onions are highly sensitive to small soil water deficits. The crop needs frequent irrigations to maintain small negative soil water potentials for maximum yields. In each of 3 years, yield and bulb size increased with wetter treatments. In 1994, a relatively warm year, onion yield and bulb size were maximized at –12.5 kPa. In 1993, a relatively cool year, onion marketable yield peaked at –37.5 kPa due to a significant increase in rot during storage following the wetter treatments.

Photosynthetic Physiology of Spur Pruned and Minimal Pruned Grapevines

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 309 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJS Downton ◽  
WJR Grant
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Photosynthetic Physiology ◽  
Area Development ◽  
Leaf Area Development

Canopy development, photosynthetic performance and yield characteristics of Riesling grapevines managed by either conventional spur pruning or minimal pruning were compared over a growing season. Leaf area development 4-5 weeks after budburst was 4-5-fold greater on the minimal pruned vines due to the 6-7-fold greater number of buds that burst to produce shoots. By time of flowering (8 weeks after budburst) there was less than a 2-fold difference between the pruning treatments in leaf area per vine. At time of harvest the leaf area of spur pruned vines on a Y-shaped trellis exceeded that of minimal pruned vines. Average photosynthetic rates of leaves on shoots on minimal pruned vines were 40% higher than on spur pruned vines at 4 weeks after budburst, but average rates were similar the following week and thereafter. Calculated instantaneous photosynthetic rates for entire vines were 3-6-fold higher for the minimal pruned vines at 4-5 weeks after budburst. However, by time of flowering, vines in both treatments had similar photosynthetic rates. At harvest, spur pruned vines showed somewhat greater instantaneous carbon gain than minimal pruned vines. Carbon gain per vine per day estimated from hourly measurements of irradiance over the canopy showed a similar trend to the instantaneous rates. Leaf conductances did not differ with pruning treatment. Calculated instantaneous water loss per vine was 2-5-fold higher for minimal pruned vines 4-5 weeks after budburst, but from flowering onwards spur pruned vines were likely to use more water than minimal pruned vines. Minimal pruned vines yielded twice the quantity of fruit of spur pruned vines, but only one-quarter the dry weight of new canes. Total carbon invested in fruit, new canes and leaves, however, was similar in both pruning treatments, accounting for 60-70% of the estimated carbon gain by the vines.

Corrigendum - Leaf area development in barley—model construction and response to soil moisture status

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 845
Author(s):  
SP Milroy ◽  
PJ Goyne
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Area Development ◽  
Leaf Area Development

A model to simulate leaf area development for barley at the whole plant level was constructed. Data for leaf area development in the absence of soil water stress were collected from irrigated field trials grown at Hermitage Research Station, near Warwick, Queensland, in 1990. The response of leaf area expansion to soil water status was measured in a glasshouse trial. In the model, green leaf area per plant (GPLA) is derived as the difference between total leaf area produced per plant (TPLA) and senesced leaf area (SPLA). TPLA and SPLA are described by logistic functions of thermal time. Two types of senescence are included: that due to ageing of the whole plant (ontogenetic senescence) and senescence associated with the development of large canopies (light-induced senescence). The onset of ontogenetic senescence is linked to anthesis, whereas light-induced senescence occurs if the leaf area index of the crop exceeds 5.5. Leaf expansion of plants in pots varying in the fraction of transpirable soil water available (FTSW) was compared with leaf expansion of those in well-watered pots three times per week. The relationship between relative leaf expansion (RLE) and FTSW was described by a logistic function (r2 = 0.96). A 50% reduction in RLE occurred when FTSW = 0.34. Similarly, a logistic function described the relationship between relative transpiration (RT) and FTSW (r2 = 0.96). A 50% reduction in RT occurred when FTSW = 0.17. Potential leaf expansion as predicted by the non-stressed model was reduced in response to moisture stress via a ramp function relating RLE to RT. The model gave an unbiased prediction of the leaf area dynamics for 21 rainfed and irrigated crops of barley grown in southern Queensland between 1986 and 1993 (RMSD = 1.09 m2 m-2, r2 = 0.75, n = 76). Precision may have been reduced by the lack of information available on parameters for soil water balance when barley is grown on a range of soil types.

Effects of Sowing Date on Growth, Development and Yield of Photosensitive Sorghum at Samaru, Northern Nigeria

1975 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Kassam ◽  
D. J. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Head Development ◽  
Definite Effect ◽  
Filling Phase ◽  
Total Growth ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Total Dry Weight

SUMMARYPerformance of Short Kaura, a photosensitive Nigerian sorghum, was compared at Samaru in ten sowings in 1972. Except for a two-week interval between the fifth and sixth sowings, all sowings were at weekly intervals from 12 May to 21 July. Total dry weight and grain yield decreased with delay in sowing after 26 May at the rate of 1700 kg.ha.−1 week−1 and 360 kg. ha.−1 week−1 respectively. Each week's delay in sowing after 12 May shortened the total growth cycle by 5·9 to 6·0 days, with 77 to 78 per cent in the vegetative phase, 7 to 8 per cent in the head development phase and 14 to 16 per cent in the grain filling phase. Although the date of head initiation seemed to be determined by photoperiod, sowing date also had a small but definite effect.

scholarly journals Modeling the Effects of Drought Stress on Leaf Development in a Brassica oleracea Doubled Haploid Population Using Two-phase Linear Functions

2009 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Uptmoor ◽  
Mildred Osei-Kwarteng ◽  
Susanne Gürtler ◽  
Hartmut Stützel
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Doubled Haploid Population ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Soil Water Status ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
Area Development ◽  
Leaf Area Development

The combination of quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis and ecophysiological modeling has been suggested as an approach to reveal the genetic basis of complex traits since phenotypes change with time and environmental conditions and the variation within populations can be described by genotype-specific parameterization of response curves on time and influential environmental factors. The objectives of the present study are a genotype-specific parameterization of a model describing leaf area development under well-watered and drought stress conditions, the use of QTL for estimating model input parameters, an evaluation of the model, and a comparison of the genotype-specific and QTL-based model parameterization. We used a two-phase linear function to describe preflowering leaf area development in a Brassica oleracea L. doubled haploid population. To illustrate effects of drought on leaf growth, the function was combined with a plateau function, which estimates the soil water status at which stress effects begin to reduce leaf expansion, a genotype-specific slope of the response to soil water status, and the soil water status at which leaf expansion becomes zero. A total number of 14 QTL were detected on the parameters of the two-phase linear function describing preflowering leaf area development and the plateau function describing the effects of drought on leaf area development. Nine of these QTL colocalized to QTL detected on data of static leaf area measurements and osmotic adjustment. The entire model was able to distinguish between genotypes during later growth stages under well-watered and drought stress conditions. However, the predictability was largely reduced when drought stress became more severe at the final measurement dates. Independent evaluation trials showed that the accuracy of the model was on the same level or even higher when genotype specific input parameters were replaced by allele-specific QTL effects.

Stomatal Adjustment to Water Deficits in Three Tropical Grasses and a Tropical Legume Grown in Controlled Conditions and in the Field

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Ludlow ◽  
MJ Fisher ◽  
JR Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Buffel Grass ◽  
Heteropogon Contortus ◽  
Tropical Legume ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Leaf Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Response To Water

Stomatal conductance (g) and leaf photosynthetic rate (P) of many species in the field are often less sensitive to water deficits than when grown in small pots under controlled conditions. This may result from stomatal adjustment in field-grown plants in response to water deficits that develop slowly, whereas adjustment does not occur under the rapid drying experienced by plants in small pots. To test this hypothesis we studied the response to water potential (Ψl) of g and P in three tropical C4 grasses, green panic (Panicum maximum var. trichoglume), buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and spear grass (Heteropogon contortus) and a tropical legume, Siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum), grown under controlled conditions and in the field. Field experiments clearly showed that stomatal adjustment occurred so that g and P were progressively less sensitive to the decline in Ψl as water deficits increased during a long soil drying cycle. For example in one experiment, the Ψl at which P approached zero fell from - 1.9, -2.0 and -2.4 MPa to -4.0, -4.0 and -3.3 MPa for green panic, spear grass and buffel grass, respectively. This stomatal adjustment was reversed within 10 days after rewatering to the well watered condition. Little stomatal adjustment occurred in plants grown under controlled conditions in small pots in which both soil water and Ψl fell rapidly. However, if plants were grown in similar conditions but in large pots of soil so that soil water and Ψl decreased slowly, stomatal adjustment comparable with field-grown plants was observed. Siratro showed much less stomatal adjustment than the grasses and Ψl at which P approached zero only fell from - 1.2 to - 1-5 MPa.

Leaf area development in barley—model construction and response to soil moisture status

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 845
Author(s):  
SP Milroy ◽  
PJ Goyne
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Area Development ◽  
Leaf Area Development

A model to simulate leaf area development for barley at the whole plant level was constructed. Data for leaf area development in the absence of soil water stress were collected from irrigated field trials grown at Hermitage Research Station, near Warwick, Queensland, in 1990. The response of leaf area expansion to soil water status was measured in a glasshouse trial. In the model, green leaf area per plant (GPLA) is derived as the difference between total leaf area produced per plant (TPLA) and senesced leaf area (SPLA). TPLA and SPLA are described by logistic functions of thermal time. Two types of senescence are included: that due to ageing of the whole plant (ontogenetic senescence) and senescence associated with the development of large canopies (light-induced senescence). The onset of ontogenetic senescence is linked to anthesis, whereas light-induced senescence occurs if the leaf area index of the crop exceeds 5.5. Leaf expansion of plants in pots varying in the fraction of transpirable soil water available (FTSW) was compared with leaf expansion of those in well-watered pots three times per week. The relationship between relative leaf expansion (RLE) and FTSW was described by a logistic function (r2 = 0.96). A 50% reduction in RLE occurred when FTSW = 0.34. Similarly, a logistic function described the relationship between relative transpiration (RT) and FTSW (r2 = 0.96). A 50% reduction in RT occurred when FTSW = 0.17. Potential leaf expansion as predicted by the non-stressed model was reduced in response to moisture stress via a ramp function relating RLE to RT. The model gave an unbiased prediction of the leaf area dynamics for 21 rainfed and irrigated crops of barley grown in southern Queensland between 1986 and 1993 (RMSD = 1.09 m2 m-2, r2 = 0.75, n = 76). Precision may have been reduced by the lack of information available on parameters for soil water balance when barley is grown on a range of soil types.

Factors Affecting Leaf Area Development in Husk Leaf of Flint Corn

Crop Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1826-1831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo Sato ◽  
Naoki Sakurai ◽  
Sigeyuki Sendo ◽  
Hirofumi Saneoke ◽  
Hiroyuki Nobuyasu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Area Development ◽  
Leaf Area Development
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