Growth Pattern, Carbon Dioxide Exchange and Dry Weight Distribution in Wheat Growing Under Differing Photosynthetic Environments

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Gifford
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Reciprocal Effect ◽  
Area Index

Wheat (cv. WW15) was grown as a crop stand in different CO2 concentrations (ambient, ambient plus 200 � 20 vpm CO2, ambient minus 150 � 20 vpm CO2) from germination to maturity in naturally lit growth cabinets under winter or summer light conditions, at 21°C by day and 16°C at night. Ambient CO2 concentration during the daylight hours averaged 280-300 vpm. CO2 level had little effect on phenology of the mainshoot; most of the growth response was through tillering. From data on flag leaves in the winter light experiment, there was no indication of any positive or negative feedback on growth acting through maximum leaf net photosynthesis rate. Leaf area index was increased by CO2 at low light and the related self-shading acted as a negative feedback partially countering the effect due to an enhanced rate of CO2 uptake per unit leaf area. Dark respiratory CO2 loss represented a greater proportion of CO2 uptake in the light for the CO2-depleted crop than for the control crop. But the reciprocal effect was not evident for the enriched crop. Contrary to classical ideas on growth responses to variation of colimiting factors, the growth response to CO2 enrichment was relatively greater under the low radiation than the high radiation regime. The grain was the tissue most flexible in its responsiveness to changes in assimilation under the conditions of the summer experiment. For this crop, for which the grain yield of the control was very high (0.97 kgm-2), response of yield to CO2 enrichment corresponded to 0.25% per vpm.

Characteristics of the canopy, root system and grain yield of a crop of Lupinus angustifolius cv. Unicrop

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
EAN Greenwood ◽  
P Farrington ◽  
JD Beresford
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Plant Parts

The time course of development of a lupin crop was studied at Bakers Hill, Western Australia. The aim was to gain insight into the crop factors influencing yield. Weekly measurements were made of numbers and weights of plant parts, and profiles of roots, leaf area and light interception. A profile of carbon dioxide in the crop atmosphere was taken at the time of maximum leaf area, and the net carbon dioxide exchange (NCE) of pods was estimated for three successive weeks. The crop took 10 weeks to attain a leaf area index (LAI) of 1 and a further 9 weeks to reach a maximum LAI of 3.75, at which time only 33% of daylight reached the pods on the main axis. Once the maximum LAI was attained at week 19, leaf fall accelerated and rapid grain filling commenced almost simultaneously on all of the three orders of axes which had formed pods. Measurements of NCE between pods on the main axis and the air suggest that the assimilation of external carbon dioxide by the pods contributed little to grain filling. Grain dry weight was 2100 kg ha-1 of which 30%, 60% and 10% came from the main axis, first and second order apical axes respectively. Only 23% of the flowers set pods and this constitutes an important physiological limitation to grain yield.

Productivity of Vegetable Crops in a Region of High Solar Input. IV. Field Chamber Measurements on French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) And Cabbages (Brassica oleracea L.)

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJM Sale
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Area Index ◽  
French Beans

Net CO2 uptakes have been measured for crop canopies of French beans and cabbages, sown at two plant densities, using a large field assimilation chamber and a semi-closed gas-analysis system. For both species, the maximum rates of uptake were a little less than 40 mg CO2 dm-2 (ground area) h-1, and light saturation of the canopy occurred at 600-650 W m-2 (French beans) or about 800 W m-2 (cabbages). Net CO2 uptake decreased with leaf area index at values below about 5, but was relatively insensitive to temperature over the range used. Once this leaf area index was reached, the relationship between net uptake and solar radiation remained fairly constant throughout the growth period. For both species, dark respiration rates were markedly dependent on temperature, and also were lower at night than during the day when measured at the same temperature. For both French beans and cabbages, growth analyses showed the maximum growth rates to be 18-19 g dry weight m-2 (ground area) day-1. The mean growth rate from emergence to harvest for an overwintered cabbage crop was 5.5 g m-2 day-1. It is suggested that the main advantage of the region in terms of plant productivity lies in the long frost-free growing season and the ability of frost-tolerant crops to maintain fairly high growth rates throughout a mild and comparatively sunny winter.

Influence of Herbaceous Interference on Growth and Biomass Partitioning in Planted Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda)

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Britt ◽  
Bruce R. Zutter ◽  
Robert J. Mitchell ◽  
Dean H. Gjerstad ◽  
John F. Dickson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Biomass Partitioning ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Weed Interference

Three herbaceous regimes were established, using herbicides, to examine the effects of interference on growth and biomass partitioning in loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.). Trees were sampled near Auburn and Tallassee, AL. Trees at the Auburn site grown with low weed interference (LWI) had 4, 10, 10, 8, and 4 times greater total aboveground biomass than did trees with high weed interference (HWI) for ages one through five, respectively. Medium weed interference (MWI, Auburn site only) resulted in three times greater biomass the first 4 yr and two times greater total biomass by the fifth year compared to trees grown with HWI. Trees growing with LWI were 5, 8, 10, and 6 times larger than those with HWI for ages one through four, respectively, at the Tallassee site. At all levels of interference, the percentage of total biomass in foliage decreased, and stem and branch components increased, with increasing tree size at both sites. Trees growing with HWI had a lower percentage of total biomass in foliage and a greater percentage of total biomass in stem than those growing with LWI when compared over a common size. Growth efficiency per tree, expressed as annual increase in stem biomass per unit leaf area (g m−2), was slightly greater for trees growing with LWI compared to HWI when leaf area index (LAI3, total surface) was less than 0.2. For LAI values greater than 0.2 the relationship was reversed. The latter contradicts the idea that growth efficiency can be used as a measure of vigor for young loblolly pine. Changes in carbon partitioning to the development of leaf area are suggested to be driving the accelerated growth responses associated with a reduction of weed interference.

Effects of repeated fertilization on needle longevity, foliar nutrition, effective leaf area index, and growth characteristics of lodgepole pine in interior British Columbia, Canada

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 440-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac G Amponsah ◽  
Philip G Comeau ◽  
Robert P Brockley ◽  
Victor J Lieffers
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Needle Longevity ◽  
Effective Leaf Area Index

We investigated the effects of repeated fertilization (either periodically every 6 years or annual fertilization) on needle longevity and growth response in two juvenile lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) stands in the interior of British Columbia, Canada. Annual fertilization decreased needle longevity by 23% at the Kenneth Creek site and by 30% at Sheridan Creek, compared with the control treatments at each site. At Sheridan, repeated fertilization significantly increased effective leaf area index, foliated shoot length, and annual shoot growth. However, none of these variables was significantly altered by repeated fertilization at Kenneth. At both locations, fertilization elevated nutrient concentrations in the current year's foliage. Annual fertilization increased nitrogen concentration in mid-crown branches of retained cohorts (1998–2002) at both study sites. Furthermore, annual nitrogen addition apparently induced or exacerbated copper and iron deficiency in these stands, especially at Kenneth Creek, which may be related to the premature loss of foliage. Nutrient imbalance may also be related to poor effective leaf area index and growth response at Kenneth Creek. Stem growth efficiency declined with annual fertilization at Kenneth Creek because of accelerated turnover of needles, increased allocation of growth to branches, and probably reduced photosynthetic capacity.

scholarly journals Growth Response of Greenhouse-Produced Muskmelon and Tomato to Sub-Surface Drip Irrigation and Soil Aeration Management Factors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Li ◽  
Wenquan Niu ◽  
Xiaoshu Cao ◽  
Mingzhi Zhang ◽  
Jingwei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Soil Aeration ◽  
Surface Drip Irrigation

Abstract Background: Hypoxia causes injury and yield loss. Soil aeration has been reported to accelerate the growth of plants and increase crop yield. The aim of this study was to examine growth response of greenhouse-produced muskmelon to 3 levels of sub-surface drip irrigation (I), 3 different installation depths of drip laterals in the soil (D), and 4 levels of supplemental soil aeration frequency (A). A fractional factorial experiment was designed to examine these treatment effects on marketable fresh fruit yield, leaf area index during 3 growth stages, and dry matter partitioning at harvest. In addition, we studied the response of fruit yield and dry matter of tomato to 2 levels of burial depths of subsurface tubing in combination with 3 frequency levels of soil aeration. Results: Results showed that soil aeration can positively influence the yield, leaf area index, dry matter and irrigation use efficiency of the muskmelon (p<0.05). The fruit yield of muskmelon and tomato were increased by 21.5% and 30.8% respectively with 1-d and 2-d aeration intervals compared with the no aeration treatment. Conclusions: The results suggest that soil aeration can positively impact the plant root zone environment and more benefits can be obtained with aeration for both muskmelon and tomato plants.

scholarly journals Growth Response of Greenhouse-Produced Muskmelon and Tomato to Sub-Surface Drip Irrigation and Soil Aeration Management Factors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Li ◽  
Wenquan Niu ◽  
Xiaoshu Cao ◽  
Mingzhi Zhang ◽  
Jingwei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Soil Aeration ◽  
Surface Drip Irrigation

Abstract Background: Hypoxia causes injury and yield loss. Soil aeration has been reported to accelerate the growth of plants and increase crop yield. The aim of this study was to examine growth response of greenhouse-produced muskmelon to 3 levels of sub-surface drip irrigation (I), 3 different installation depths of drip laterals in the soil (D), and 4 levels of supplemental soil aeration frequency (A). A fractional factorial experiment was designed to examine these treatment effects on marketable fresh fruit yield, leaf area index during 3 growth stages, and dry matter partitioning at harvest. In addition, we studied the response of fruit yield and dry matter of tomato to 2 levels of burial depths of subsurface tubing in combination with 3 frequency levels of soil aeration. Results: Results showed that soil aeration can positively influence the yield, leaf area index, dry matter and irrigation use efficiency of the muskmelon (p<0.05). The fruit yield of muskmelon and tomato were increased by 21.5% and 30.8% respectively with 1-d and 2-d aeration intervals compared with the no aeration treatment. Conclusions: The results suggest that soil aeration can positively impact the plant root zone environment and more benefits can be obtained with aeration for both muskmelon and tomato plants.

Photosynthesis of wheat under field conditions. IV. The influence of density and leaf area index on the response to radiation

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Puckridge ◽  
DA Ratkowsky
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Good Prediction ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Rectangular Hyperbola ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Uptake ◽  
Good Agreement

The photosynthesis of two cultivars of wheat at three densities of sowing was measured during the growing season of 1968. When the data were plotted as carbon dioxide uptake versus leaf area index (LAI) (leaf laminae and green stem) for a fixed value of solar radiation, it was found that all of the data could be fitted by a single curve, irrespective of variety, sowing density, or time of season when the measurements were made. Since the curve was of continuously decreasing slope, the carbon dioxide uptake per unit LAI was highest for the low values of LAI and was reduced with the increased light interception at high LAI. For a solar radiation of 0.6 cal/cm2/min the approximate maximum net photosynthesis was 4.5 g CO2/m2/hr for an LAI of 6. A mathematical model for photosynthesis was found to give good prediction of carbon dioxide uptake versus solar radiation for most of the period of measurement. For each plot, a rectangular hyperbola was fitted to the data. When the parameters of the model were subsequently plotted as a function of LAI, then within a given variety, it was found that lines of common slope but differing intercepts could be drawn through the points for different sowing densities. From these fitted lines together with the measured values of LAI and respiration, carbon dioxide uptake was then predicted as a function of solar radiation by employing the rectangular hyperbola model. Good agreement between predicted and measured values of photosynthesis was obtained.

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